W

??? ?

K
ELossFEBandwidthF

KERepeatersF

ETwo-wire linesF

ECoaxial CablesF

K EWaveguidesF

E25F

E1880)

EPhotophoneF

E1958F
(1970FK

E20 dB/kmF

KECorning Inc.F

E3 dB/kmFEFirst WindowF(850 nmF

ESecond WindowFK

(0.5 (1310 nm)

KdB/km)

EThird WindowFENTTFE1977F

(1550 nmF

K E0.2 dB/kmF

E1976FEAirborne Light Optical Fiber Technology ALOFTF

E1977F(GTEFEAT&T)
EBellFK

E611)(1980F
K

E1550 nm1310 nmF

ESoliton TransmissionFEWDMF

(7500 kmFE2.5 Gbit/sF(1990) EBell LabsF

EEDFAF

E100FEFKERegeneratorsF

E10 Gbit/sF(400 kmF

EDense Wavelength-Division MultiplexingF

KEDWDMF

E90 %F

K
K

K(SONET/SDH)

K
K

W
W

KKK
WW
K J
K J
K J

K J
W
KW
W
J
K"Power Point" J
K JW

--

Basics of Transmission Lines

? ?

K J

KEKKKF

KEF
W

Two -Wire Lines J

Coaxial Cable J
Waveguides J

Microstrip Line J
Optical Fibers

K


--

Two -Wire Lines

EGo LineF

EReturn LineF

(MHz)

EUniformF K(Low Pass Filters-LPF)

EF

EBalanced LinesF

K
JW

Open Two-Wire Line J

KKEShortF

Shielded Pair Transmission Line J

K J
K

Twisted Pair Transmission Line J

--

Coaxial Cable J

K J
J
K

J
K

KECoaxial CablesF
Basic Construction J J
WE JF
EInner Conductor F J
EOuter Conductor F J
EDielectricF J
KEJacketF J
K

--

E JF

EUnbalanced LinesF

K
W
Rigged or Air Coaxial Cables J

KEShortF

Flexible Coaxial Cables J

KEF

--

J J
Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables
Advantages W

EReliableF J
K
KEInstallationF J
EBandwidthF J
K
Disadvantages
KEInsertion LossF J
KEPower LimitationsF J
KWW

Main Parameters of Transmission Lines

W

--

Operating Frequency J J

KEF(Bandwidth)

(MHz)

E3GHzFEMHzFE200MHzF
Electrical Equivalent Circuit J J

EF

KEdxF

EHomogeneousLine F

W KEdxF
R' = R / ohm/m
G' = G / mho/m
C' = C /

F/m

L' = L /

H/m

EFEResistanceFR
EFEConductanceF G
EFECapacitanceFC
EFEInductanceFL
K(dxFE JF

EdxFE JF
.EF

--

L' dx
2

R' dx
4

G' dx
2

C ' dx
2

R' dx
4

C ' dx
2

G' dx
2

R' dx
4

R' dx
4

(dx)E JF
R' dx

L' dx

C' dx

G' dx

(dx)E JF

Characteristic Impedance?Zc? J J
ER',L',C',G'F

E1.1FZc
Zc

R' j L'
G' j C'

(1.1)

W
--

Mathematical Determination of Characteristic Impedance

W J
Zc

276

2x
Log 10

(1.2)

Kx

Kd

Kr
W J
Zc

138

D
Log 10 ,
d

(1.3)

Kd
K D
W
J
(D/d3.6)

W J
KEZc = 50 F
E Zc = 75 F
ECTVDF

--

JW

J
J
J

Practical Determination of Characteristic Impedance

W
Zc Zi,0 Zi,

(1.4)
W

KE JFE Zout = 0 F Zi,0

KE JFE Zout = FZi,
EMultimeterFEViFEIiF

W(Zi,FEZi,0F

Z i ,0

Vi
Ii

V
Z i, i
Ii

(Zout 0

(1.5)

when (Z out

(1.6)

when

- -

Ii

Vi

Input

Output Short

Short E JF
Ii

Input

Vi

Output Open

OpenE JF

Attenuation and Line Loss J J

W (Loss)EAttenuationF

JW J
K(R)

JW J
KEDielectric Constant ""F

JW J

EShieldingF

- -

JW J

F
E
K

Reflection Coefficient
(ComplexFEF

ZL - ZC
ZL ZC

(1.7)

KZc

KELoadFZL
EStanding WaveF

EForward WaveF

EReverse WaveF

JW

SWR

Vmax 1

Vmin 1

(1.8)

Power Handling J J
- -

Input and Output Impedance

J J

EInputF

(ZinFKEOutputF

WK(ZoutF

Input Impedance - Zin J

ESourceF

E JF EZLF
Vin
Z

in I
in

(1.9)

Iin

ZL

Vin

E JF

Output Impedance - Zout

- -

ELoadF

WE JF EZSF

Viout
Z

out

I out

(1.10)

Iout

Vout

ZL

E JF

Impedance Matching J J

JWK

K J
K J
K J
( = 0 & SWR = 1) (1.8) (1.7F JW
W
- -

/4Transformer

/4 J

EResistive LoadF

EZc ZLF
KE/4F
Shunt Stubs Method J

EF

E JF

KEZc = ZLF

Zin

ZL = RL XL

E JF

Series Stubs Method J

EF

E JF

KEZc = ZLF

- -

Zin

ZL = RL XC

E JF

Transmission Lines Applications J

W
EF J
J
ELANF J
W
E(10,000)F J
ECTVDF J
J
ELANF J

- -

WW
X=1 cm

d=2 mm

f = 100 MHz

r =2

WW
D = 10 mm

f = 100 MHz

d = 1 mm
r = 4

WW
I1 = 100 mA

I1 = 150 mA

V1 = 18 V

V1 = 20 V V

Satellite FW

(70 )KEReceiver

K(75 )

WW
K J

K J

K J

K J

KELPFF J

K J

- -

K J
K J

K J

- -

W
KKKW
WW

K J

K J
K J

K J
K J
W
KW
W
K J
K"Power Point" J
K JW

- -

Optical Fibers

KE J F
(1012 Hz FKEnmF

(1016Hz )

E J F K
-:
KE800 nm380 nmFEVisible LightF J

K(800 nm)EInfraredF J

.(380 nm)EUltravioletF J

E JF
- -

E JFK
K

E JF

[ Hz]

[nm]

7.9 1014

380

6.59 1014

455

6.12 1014

490

5.45 1014

550

5.17 1014

580

4.83 1014

620

4 1014

750

3.75 1014

800

??W

Advantages of Optical Fibers J

E
JW

- -

Large Transmission Capacity J J

E1014 HzF

Immunity to interference J J
EF

K
Low Loss J J

E = 1550 nmFE0.2 dB/km F

E 100 kmFERepeatersF
K

Small Size and Weight J J

E125 mF

K

- -

Greater Security J J

KEF

K
Flexibility J J

KW
Greater Safety J J

K
Longer Life Span J J

3020

1512

Ease of Expansion System Capability J J

F
KEWDM
- -

High Quality Transmission J J

WEBERF
BER = 10 -6
BER 10 -9

Low Installation and Operation Cost J J

- -

Optical Fiber Disadvantages J

W
K K
K K
K K
K K

Fiber Optic Applications J

W
KLong Distance Telecommunications J
KLocal Telephone Networks J
KCTVD J
KInternet and data communications J
KMilitary Communications J

- -

Fundamentals of Optical Fiber J

WKECarrierF
KEWave TheoryF J
KEGeometric OpticsF J

Quantum FEPhotonsF J

KETheory

KEKKKF

Light Ray Theory J J

K
KEnF
WEnFEcnF

cn = c / n

(2.1)

KEc = 3 108 m/sFc

KE-F

- -

E JF

1.33

1.5

3.5

1.59

Snell's Law J

E JFK
W
EIncident RayF J
EReflected RayF J
ERefracted RayF J
( Incident Angle ) i J
ERefracted AngleF r J
EReflected AngleF 'i J

- -

n2

n1

'i

E JF

W
n 1sin i = n 2 sin

( 2 .2 )

En2F??En1F

K??

E{FW

KEi = 'i F

WE2.2FW

sin i
n
2
sin r
n1

( 2 . 3)

Ei < rFEn1 > n2F

Critical Angle " c" J

En1 > n2FE90F

KE JF

- -

n2
r = 90

n1
i =c

E JF

WEcF
n1sin i = n2 sin r
n1 sin c = n2 sin 90
n1sin c = n2
sin c = n2/n1
n
c sin 1 2
n1

(2.4)

En2 / n11F"1"
(90FEn1FEn2F
Total Internal Reflection J

Ei > cFK

KEF

En1FW

En2F
KE JF

- -

i > c
n2
n1

E JF

JW J

ECoreFW
En2FECladdingF (n1F

ECoatingF

EcFK

E F

K
E JF K? ?

E JF
- -

E JF

(iF(B)EAF
K
n2
n1
i i

i i

n2

E JF

ECoreF
ECladdingF
KE JF

E JF

- -

Acceptance Angle " a" J

KEaF

KE JF

E JF

EaFEA)

EcFEiF
(B)KEF

EcF EaF

(a) . (aF

EAcceptance ConeF
K

- -

Numerical Aperture "NA" J

EaF

KEn2F(n1F
ENAF
W

NA n o sin a n12 n 22

(2.5)

F (no)

WEno = 1

a sin1 NA

(2.6)

W(n2FEn1FEFENA)

NA n1 2

(2.7)
W ()

n 12 n 22

2n 12

(2.8)
W
90 a J

NA J
E << 1F J

- -

W
En2FEn1F K
Ei F K
EcF

E aF E F K
Fiber Modes J
EBeamsF

KERaysF
KEPropagation ModesF

KEMode IndexF

TE - modesETransverse Electric Modes F J

TM - modesETransverse Magnetic Modes F J
HEE Hybrid ModesF J
EHEHybrid ModesF J
KKKKKKHE11, EH12, TE01, TM02W
- -

Normalized Frequency"V" J J

E V-Number F V-

2
a NA

(2.9)

2
a n1 2

(2.10)

V
V

J
K a J
Optical Fiber Types J

JWW
KEStep-Index FibersF J
EGraded-Index FibersF J
K
WW
KEMultimode Fibers F J
KHE11ESingle Mode FibersF J
- -

WW
KEGlass Optical FibersF J
KEPlastic Optical FibersF J
K J
EF

Step-Index Fiber J J

En1F

E JFEn2F

KErF(n(r))

Core
n1

Cladding n2

n( r )

r, m
- d -a

E JF
- -

EaF(d)

K[m]

En1F (n2F
K""

WEMS)
V2
MS
2

(2.11)

WE2.1F

c n1 c

(2.12)

n1

KEn1F

KE JF

E JF

KEF

E JF

- -

Graded Index Fiber J J

F
En=n2FEn=n1

EParabolicFETriangularFW
KEn2FK

EgFK

E JFEKKKKF

Cladding n2
Core
n(r)

n (r)
n1

g =
g=2
g=1

-d

-a

E JF
- -

(g)

(g= 1.98)
JWENear Parabolic ProfileF

K g = 1
K g = 2
K g =
WEMgF
Mg

g V 2

2
2

(2.13)

.(VF(g)

E JF
E JFEF

(n)

KEF(n)EF

E JF
- -

K
Single Mode Fiber J J

HE11ESingle ModeF

EF

EFundamental ModeF
(V)

(VcFECutoff V-NumberF
K(V Vc)

JWE2.10)

KEaF

KEF

KEF

WEF(VcF
JW J
Vc 2.405

(2.14)

JW J

2
Vc 2.405 1
g

(2.15)
"amax"

EamaxF

WEamaxFE{F
- -

a max

VC
2 n1 2

(2.16)

KEamaxF

(VcFEamaxF
WE{F J
a max

2.405
2 n 1 2

(2.17)

WE{F

a max

2
2.405 1

2 n 1 2

(2.18)

Cutoff Wavelength "c"

EcF
WE{F

2 a n1
VC

(2.19)

(VcFEcF
WE{F J
c

V
2.405

(2.20)

- -

WE{F J
V

2.405

(2.21)

2
1
g

KEcF
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) J

K
Mode Field F

KEMFDFEDiameter

EoFWE-FEGaussian DistributionF

Spot FEMode Field RadiusF

KESize

E(r)
Eo

e = 2.71
Eo /e

0
Radius, m
-6

-4

-2

MFD = 2 0

E(r)E JF
- -

K
K(12 mF (10 mF
Plastic Optical Fiber ( POF ) J J
EPOFF

KE650 nmF
W
K J

KE1000 mF J
KE0.5FENAF J
K J
W
KE200 dB/km FEAttenuationF J
KE5 MHz.kmFEBandwidthF J
EF

K
JW J
E1.48FEF
KK(1.46)
- -

Kn2= 1.404 n1= 1.495 EF

EF

(cFKEcF

1.46
-1
= sin-1 ( 0.986 )
= sin
1.48

n2
c= sin-1
n1

i > c

c = 80.57.

EF
1.404
-1 n 2
-1
= sin-1 ( 0.938 ) = 69.68.
= sin c = sin
1.495
n1

.EaF
JW J
WKn2= 1.47 n1= 1.5
EcFEF
EF
EaFEF
n2 n1EFEF

- -

n
1.47
c= sin-1 2 = sin-1
= 78.5.
1 .5
n1

EF

1.5 2 1.47 2 =

= 0.3

EF

n12 n22 NA =
EF

a = sin-1 ( NA ) = sin-1 ( 0.3 ) = 17.4.

EF

n 12 n 22
2n 12

1.5 2 1.47 2
2 1.5 2

0.02

JW J
( 850 nm)
W 40mK = 1.5 %1.48

KEV- NumberFEF
KEF

EF
2
an1 2

2 40 10 6 1.48
V
2 0.015
0.85 10 6
V 75 .8
V

- -

WEF
M

V 2
5745 . 6

2873
2
2

JW J
W
= 1.5 %, n1 = 1.48, = 850 nm
W
EF
EF

KEn1 = 1.5, = 1%FE1.3 mF

EcFEF
= 0.25 %a = 4.5 m n1 = 1.46

EF
amax

Vc
2.405 845 10 9

1.3m
2n1 2
2 1.48 0.03

W2 amax
= 2 x 1.3 = 2.6 m

EF
( g = 2 ) Vc 2.405 1
- -

2
2.405 2 3.4
g

a max

3 . 4 1 . 3 10 6

3 . 3 m
2 1 . 5 0 . 02

EF

WE cF

2 3.14 4.5 m 1.46 2 0.0025

2 a n 1 2

2.405
2.405

= 1.214 m = 1214 nm.

Practical Characteristics Of Optical Fiber J

E JF

ECoatingF

EBufferF

ETubeF
KK

E JF
Group
Number

Core
Diameter
[m]

Cladding
Diameter
[m]

Coating
Diameter
[m]

Buffer or tube
Diameter
[m]

8 to 10

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

II

50

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

III

62.5

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

85

125

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

100

140

250 or 500

900 or 2000 -3000

IV
V

- -

W
I. Core: 8 to 10 / 125
Single mode fiber with:
NA: smallest (< 0.1 )
Loss: lowest ( 0.2 dB / km ) at = 1550 nm
BW: highest, tens GHz km.
Wavelength: 1310 or 1550 nm
2 km Cable length:

II. Core: 50 / 125

Multimode fiber with:

NA: smaller ( 0.2 )
Loss : lower ( 3 to 4 dB / km )
BW: higher (few GHz km)
Wavelength : 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length: ( ~ 0.2 to 0.3 km)

III. Core: 62.5 / 125

Multimode fiber with:

NA : medium ( 0. 3 )
Loss : low ( 4 dB / km )
BW: medium ( hundred MHz km )
Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length: 1.5 km
- -

IV. Core: 85 / 125

{ European Fiber Size }

Multimode fiber with:

NA: large ( 0.3 )
Loss : high ( 5 dB / km )
BW: low ( tens MHz km )
Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length : ( 1.5 km )

V. Core: 100 / 140

Multimode fiber with:

NA: largest ( 0.4 )
Loss: higher ( 5 dB / km )
BW: lowest ( MHz km )
Wave length: 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length: ( 1. 5 or 1. 8 km )

- -

W
E JF

Specifications

value

Explanation

Core diameter

62.5 m

Multi mode fiber

Cladding diameter

125 m

Doesnt included Coating

Coating diameter

250 m

Plastic-colored coating

Mode-field diameter

-----

Attenuation:
at = 850 nm

3.5 dB / km

at = 1310 nm

1 dB/ km

This value is used only for

single mode fibers
Maximum loss

Fiber-optic bandwidth:
At = 850 nm

160 MHZ km

At = 1310 nm

500 MHZ km

Chromatic dispersion

0.1 nS / nm km

Cutoff wavelength

-------------------

Fiber manufactures

company name

For single mode fibers only

- -

WW
En = 1.5F J
En = 1.33F J
En = 1.54F J
En = 4F J
En = 1.5FEFW

K2 km

En = 3FEF
20m
W

K(1s)

( a , c , 2 , 1 )W

K( = 1310 = 0.01, n2 = 1.48 F

n1 = 1.5

a
air n0 = 1

50 m

WW
62.5 m

n2 = 1.47;
- -

= 1300 nm;

a = 30

EF
EV-numberFEF
EF
Eg =2FEFW

K(100F
K = 1 %, = 1550 nm, n1 = 1.5
WW

= 1310 nm; n1 = 1.5;n2 = 1.47; 62 m

KENAFEFW
KEF
WW
K = 1300 nm; n1 = 1.5; = 0.1 %; 22.66 m
Kg
W

KEg = 1F

g FEcFW
.( = 0.1 % )

(n1 = 1.5F(8 mFE= 2

WW
n1 = 1.48; n2 = 1.46;

a = 25 m

W
- -

J
J
J
J
J

- -

W
KKKW
WW
K J
K J

K J

K J
W
KW
W
K J
K"Power Point" J
K JW

- -

Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers

EAttenuationFWK

KEDispersionF
Attenuation J

EOptical PowerFELossF
EF

EInputFWKERepeatersF
EConnecting pointsFEOutputF

KW

K()

dB 10 Log [ Pin / Pout ]

( 3 . 1)

KdB JW
KPin J
KPout J

- -

Pin

Optical Fiber

Pout

E JF

P
1

10 Log in

( dB / km )

L
P
out

(3.2)

.(km)L J

(dB)

Decibel Unit "dB" J J

(dB)

W
F

KE

Ex / y)K(Amplifiers)
WEyFExF

x / y = 100
10 Log x / y = 10 Log 100 = 20 dB
- -

K(10)(20F EyFExF
WE JF
E JF
x/y

10 Log (x / y), dB

10

10

1000

30

0.01

-20

0.0001

-40

0.5

-3

40

16.02

250

23.98

107

70

10-3

-30

W
EPower LevelF

EPower MetersF
KEReference ValueF

(dBw) (1 Watt) J
PdBw = 10 Log [ power/ 1W ]

dBw

EdBm)(1milliwatt) J
- -

PdBm = 10 Log [ power/ 1mW ]

dBm

EdB) (1 microwatt) J
PdB = 10 Log [ power/ 1W ]

dB

E JF
E JF
Power

Power Level
0 dBw

1W
100 W

20 dBw

10 mW

- 20 dBw

1mW

0 dBm

0.5 mW

- 3dBm

1W

30 dBm

0.1 mW

-10 dBm

2 mW

3 dBm

1 W

0 dB

1 mW

30 dB

1W

60 dB

0.8 mW

- 0.97 dBw

0.2 mW

- 7 dBm

20 W

13 dB

400 W

-4 dBm

- -

JWE JF
E120 W)(8 km)
WK(3 W)
KEF
KEF
(10 km) EF
K(1 dB)(1 km)

KEF

WE JFEF
dB = 10 log Pin / Pout

= 10 Log 120 w / 3 w
= 10 log 40 = 16dB

=EF
=16 dB / 8 km = 2 dB/km

(2 dB/km) (10 kmFEF

W

=2 10 = 20 dB

W
JEF\EFZ
KE9)
- -

9 dB=
HZ
Z20 dB + 9 dB = 29 dB

EF
Pin / Pout = 100.1*29 = 102.9 = 794.3

J J

WK
Light Absorption

FESilicaF

EFESiO2

EIntrinsic AbsorptionF

EHeatF

KE1600nm800 nmF

EOH ionsF

- -

Scattering J

Rayleigh FK

K(4)EScattering

EF
K

Geometric Problems J

EMicrobendingsFEMacrobendingsF

KE JF
EMinimum Bend radiusFEInstallationF

K
K

E JF

- -

E"c"F
KEMode CouplingF
J J
W
EF J
J
J
EF J
K J

WE JFK

EFirst WindowF = 850 nm

ESecond WindowF = 1300 nm
EThird WindowF = 1550 nm

KE0.2 dB/kmF(1550 nm)

- -

E JF

Dispersion J

EAnalog SystemsFESignal DistortionF

KEDigital SystemsF

E JF EBroadeningF

Intersymbol FK

EErrorsFEInterference
KEBERFEBit Error RateF

- -

W J

W
EMaximum Bit RateF J
EMaximum Transmission DistanceF J
EPWinFE JF
Input Pulse

Output Pulse

Optical Fiber

PWout

E JF
- -

WEt FKEPWoutF
t

PW 2 PW 2
in
out

( 3 . 3)

Et F

K[ps/km][ns/km]

Intramodal Dispersion J J

EChromatic DispersionF
F

(ChromaticF

JWKEMonochromatic)
Material Dispersion J

Narrow Spectral F

KELinewidth

Waveguide Dispersion J

KEPropagation DelayF

- -

W(1310 nm)KEF

KEZero-Dispersion WavelengthF(1310 nm)

(1550 nmF
(1550 nmF

KEDSFFEDispersion Shifted FibersF

K
Intermodal Dispersion?? J J
Multimode F

EDispersion

Fiber Bandwidth and Information Rate J

EBWFEBandwidthF

ETransmission Bit RateF

EInformation RateFEBR)

KEF
WECodeF

ENRZ- CodeF J
BW = BR

( RZ- Code ) J
- -

BW = BR/2

BRmax

0.2

bps

(3.4)

KE)

EBWLF
W

BW L

0.2

(3.5)

KETF

- -

WW
Pin / Pout

Pin / Pout in dB

1
8
300
0.02
0.0004
105
10-6

WW
Power

Power Level

2W

dBw

0.8 W

dBw

5 mW

dBm

12 mW

dBw

0.3 mW

dBm

40 W

dB

10 mW

dB

- -

K(6 km) W
K(200 W) (2 mW)

KEFW
K(2 dB/km)(15 dB)EF
(10 km) (0.8 dB/kmFW

K(0.5 mW)

(8 km) W

(2km) K
K(0.5 dB)

K(10 WF(1 mW)EFW

KEFEF
K(5 ns/km)(10 km)W

KW
KW
KW
KW

- -

W
KKKW
WW
K J

K J
K J

K J
W
KW
W
K J
K"Power Point" J
JW

- -

Fiber Optic Cables

F
WE

K JWEOutdoor CablesF J

K JWEIndoor CablesF J
Outdoor Cables J
W
K J
K J
K J
K J

J
KEMetal ArmorF

- -

Loose Tube Cable J J

ETubesF

ELooseF

(3mm) (2mmFK
KE JF 12

Aramid Yarn Protective

Sheath

Polyethylene Jacket

Filling

Steel Armor

Center Strength Member

Optical Fiber
Ripcord
Optical Fiber

Loose Fiber

2 3 mm
Gel

Loose Tube

Loose Tube

E JF

- -

EStrength MemberF

KEWater Resistant GelF

K(OTDRF

KE200F
EPulling OperationF

EStrength MemberF

EKevlarFEDielectricF

FEJacketF

ESteel ArmorFERubberFEPolyethylene
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Figure 8 Cable "8" J J
JF(8)

E
Steel HolderF

Aerial FE

KEInstallation
EKKKKF

K



- -

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Polyethylene Jacket

Figure 8

"8"E JF

Armored Cables J J

ESteel ArmorF

E JF

K
EDouble-ArmorF

EGroundingFK

- -

K
KEBuried CablesF

Polyethylene Outer
Jacket

Protective
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Polyethylene Inner
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E JF

Ribbon Cable J J

EF

K
ERibbonF

(12FKE JF
KEBuffer TubeF (24)
- -

E200) (800F

Secondary Encapsolant

Optical Fiber

Fiber Buffer

Primary
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E JF

JW
K J
J
K

J
K

JW

K J
KESplice EnclosureF J
W

- -

ESingle Central TubeFW

KE JF

ELoose TubeRibbon CableFW

KE JFELoose TubeF

Polyethylene Jacket

Steel Tape
Armor
Steel Strength
Member

Water-Swellable Tape

Buffer Tube
Fiber Ribbons

Ripcord

E J F

Central
Member

E J F

- -

Indoor Cables J

W
K J
K J
K J
Tight Buffered Cable J J
Internal

EBufferFKEApplications

(900 m) K

KE JF (250 m)ECoatingF

KE Bend RadiusF

Fan-Out Cable J J

KE JF EConnectorF
EF (900 m)

K (3000 m)

- -

Polyethylene Outer
Jacket

Aramid Yarn
Protective Sheath

Buffer

Optical Fiber
Center Strength
Member

Ripcord

E JF

E JF

- -

Fiber Optic Patch Cords J J

EJumpers F

E JF

K5

E JF

Special Cables J

Submarine Cables J

K
K

Self - Supporting Aerial Cable J

- -

KEHolderFEKevlar
All-Dielectric Self-F

K ESupporting Cable

Industrial Cables J

EGeneral Purpose CablesF

EF
KEElectromagnetic InterferenceF

Military Communication Cables J

K
K

Special Purpose Cables J

K
K

- -

Galvanic Corrosion J

K
K
Rodents J

EF

K
K
Water Ingress J

K
KEWater Resistant GelF
Temperature Change J

K
- -

E JFK

KE JF
Specification

Value

Cable type

Loose tube

Number of fibers

18

Nominal weight:

166 kg/km

Diameter

14.4mm

Explanation

Temp. range:
-Storage

-40 to 70c

-Operating

-40 to 70c

-3 active tubes, 6 fibers

-Installation

-30 to 50c

per tube

-Installation

2700 N

5%

-Permanent

600 N

Storing cable on reel

Max. Tensile rating:

Minimum bend radius:

Installed operating temperature.

-Installation

22.5 cm

-Permanent

15 cm

Maximum rise

247 m

Jacket

Polyethylene

Central member

Dielectric

Copper pairs

None

-During installation and handling

- -

W
W
W
W
K J

K J
K J

K J

K J
W
W
W
W
(Fan-Out Cable )W
W

- -

W
KKKW
WW
K J

K J

K J

KECouplersF J
W
KW
W
K J
K"Power Point" J
K JW

- -

Fiber Optic Connections

KEReceiverFETransmitterF

W
WESplicingF

EChemical SplicingFEFusion SplicingF

K
WEFiber ConnectorsF
EMechanicalSplicingF

K ERemovable ConnectorsF
Fiber Alignment and Joint Loss J

KEAlignmentF

JWK


- -

Fiber Misalignment Problems J J

Longitudinal MisalignmentW
EConnectorsF

KE JF(Z)
K

Loss

E JF

EF

KE JFEPartial ReflectionF

E JF

- -

KEIndex Matching GelFEn1F

Lateral Misalignment W

KE JF(yF

KEyF
Loss

E JF

Angular Misalignment W

KE JFEF
KEF
Loss

E JF

- -

Connection Internal Problems J J

EDifferent Core and / or Cladding DiametersF L J

(Different Numerical ApertureF J
(Different Refractive Index Profiles) J
Connectors J

K
KEConnectorsF

E JF

Cable

Tube

E JF

- -

Connector Characteristics J J
W
Insertion Loss J

WK

(0.25dBFEAverage Insertion LossF

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Return Loss J

EF

E- 50 dBFEFKEF

K
Durability J

K
K
Connector Types J J

KEF
E JFE JF
K

- -

E JF

Reading Data Sheet of Connectors J J
W
ST, SC, FC, EPlugF J
EManufacturer Brand NameF J
EConnector CompatibilityF J
EInsertion LossF J
EReturn LossF J
EDurabilityF J
EOperating Temperature RangeF J
K

- -

E JF
- -

E JF

Couplers J

EPassive ComponentsF

ECombineFK

KESplitF
E JF

- -

E JF

- -

EFE JF

E JF
Number of Output Ports

EF

Fraction of Output
Power in each Output

Loss in
dB

0.5

0.25

0.2

6.99

0.125

10

0.1

10

15

0.067

11.76

20

0.05

13

50

0.02

16.99

100

0.01

20

400

0.0025

26

1000

0.001

30

WE JF
- Fraction of Output Power in each Output = 1 / Number of Output Ports
- Loss in dB = 10 Log ( Number of Output Ports )

- -

Excess Loss J J

WK

P1 P2 ...... Pn

Exess
Loss
Log
10

[ dB]
P
in

(5.1)

Coupler Characteristics J J

W
EDirectionality of Light TransmissionF J
ENumber of Inputs and OutputsF J
EWavelength SelectivityF J
EType of Transmission: Single or MultimodeFW J
ESignal AttenuationF J
ESignal SplittingF J
EPolarization Dependent LossF J
Coupler Applications J J

WE" J"F
KELocal Area Networks- LANF
KECable Television Distribution - CTVDF
KEWavelength Division Multiplexing - WDMF

- -

E JF

- -

WW
Number of Output Ports

EF

Fraction of Output
Power in each Output

Loss in
dB

6
12
22
30
64
128
200
256
1000
2000
5000

W
W
W

- -

W
W
K
WW
K J
K J
K J
K J

K J
KEFiber TerminationF J
W
KW
W
K J
K"Power Point" J
K JW

- -

Fiber Optic Installation and Splicing

W

K
K
Fiber Optic Installation J

W
K J

KEF J
K J
K J
EOutdoorF

KEIndoorF


- -

Outdoor Fiber Optic Cable Installation J J

K (Aerial Installation)(Underground Installation)

Underground Buried Cable Installation J

EDuctF

KESteel Armored CablesF

E JF

KK
(PVCF

KEInner DuctsF

Cable

Inner Ducts

Duct

Cable

E JF

- -

W
d / D < 50%

( 6.1)
K d J
KD J

Aerial Installation J

ESteel HolderF

KE8)ESelf Supporting Fiber Optic CableF

KE JF
Cable Guide

1.2 m
Lasher

Messenger
Fiber Optic Cable

Truck
Pull Rope
Cable Reel
Hand Pull
Lasher

15 m

E JF

EPulling the Cable)

- -

EDynamometerF

K
J J

Indoor Fiber Optic Cable Installation

EDirectlyF

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KE Pull BoxesF

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K

KE

Cable Installation Procedure

KELubricantF
W

E
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KEPull TapeF E
K E
- -

FESwivelFEPulling EyeF E
KE

KESwivelF E
E
K

K(8F E
E
K

E6F E
K

EF E
KK

Installation Recommendations
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
- -

K J
W J
KEF
K
K
K
K
Fiber Splicing J

WK

KEMidspanF J
EPigtail AssemblyF J
K

EFusion SplicingFW

EMechanical SplicingF

K(POF)(Chemical Splicing)
W

W
K

ESplice VanFW
K
- -

W
KEVanF

W
K

WW
K

Splicing Procedure J J
W
K .
E3FEF .
KE JF

2 .
KE JF

K .
.
KK

- -

3 meters or more
Buffer or Tube

2 meters or more

Fibers

Cable Jacket

Strength Member

E JF

E JF

ECoatingF .

K5
K (5)EBufferF

E JF .
KEF

K .

- -

E JF

.
K

EF .
K

EF.
K

EF
K

ESplice TrayF .
KE JF

EPower MeterF .
K(OTDR)

.
KE JFESplice EnclosureF

- -

Splice Tray

Splices, Mechanical or Fusion

Fiber
Cable
Tubes

Optical Fibers
Tube Straps

E JF

E JF

- -

(OTDRFEPower MeterF K
K

K K
Fusion Splicing J J

EFusion SplicerF

EEnd PreparationFE JF

EF

KK

E J F

W
- -

K
K
K
K
K
K
KEMicroprocessorF
Mechanical Splicing J J

EGlueF
WK
Capillary Splice J

E JFEF

Rotary or Polished Ferrule Splice J

EFerruleFECoatingF

KE JF

- -

Transparent Adhesive

Hole

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Glass or Ceramic Alignment

Tube

E JF

E JF
- -

Optical Fiber

V- Groove Splice V- J
W

KKE JF

1 dB0.1 dB

V-E JF

- -

Connector's Installation

Optical Fiber Termination J J

WEFiber TerminationF
Field-Installable Connector J

FK
KE J

E JF

- -

Pigtail Termination

KE JF

W
K

Field Installed
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Pigtail

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Splice Tray

Splice Mech. or Fusion

Strap

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Optical Fiber

E JF

Cable Termination J J

WEFiber Optic Cable TerminationF

- -

Termination Without Enclosure J

KE? J?F

KEF

Termination in a Splice Enclosure J

KE JF

E JF

Patch Panel Termination J

FK

KE J

- -

E JF

- -

W
W

W
W
W
KW

W
W
EPigtail TerminationFW
W
W
(20 mmFW

- -

W
W
KKK

WW
K J

K J

K J
K J

K J

K J
W
KW
W
K J

K"Power Point" J
K JW

- -

Light Sources and Optical Detectors

(Electrical SignalsF

Light Sources J

ELight Emitting DiodeF

ELDFELaser DiodeFELEDF

Source Requirements

EF J
K

EmWF J
K

- -

KEF J
ESource Emitting AreaF J
KEFiber Core AreaF

J
K

KEModulation AbilityF J
EModulation RateF J
K

K J
K J
Operating Wavelengths J J

= 850 nm J
K

K = 1310 nm J
=1550nm J
K

K = 650 nm J

- -

WEPhotonsF
Eg hf

hc

(7.1)

EEnergy GapFEg
f

c
KEh = 6.626 10-34 J.sFh
W

hc
Eg

(7.2)

[m]Ee.vF

WE7.2F

1.24
Eg

( 7 . 3)

KELinewidthFESpectralWidthF

- -

EF

KE JFE%50)
E50 nm F E 20 nmF

KE 1nm)

Power
max -

max/2

, nm
840

850

860

870

EFE JF

W
K J
K J
J
Light Emitting Diodes J J

KE125 Mbit/sF

E850 nm)KELANF
KE650 nm)E1310 nmF
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EPN JunctionF"PN"

EF
GaAsP, GaAs)WESemiconductor MaterialsF

ECompoundsFEInGaAsP

E JFK
K

KE JF

Material

AlGaAs

GaAs

InGaAsP

Type

Wavelength
[nm]

Spectral Width
[nm]

Output Power
[W]

Forward Current
[mA]

S-LED

660

20

190 - 1350

20

E-LED

850

35 - 65

10 - 80

60 - 100

S-LED

850

40

80 - 140

100

E-LED

850

35

10 - 32

100

S-LED

1300

110

10 50

100

E-LED

1300

25

10 150

30 100

E-LED

1550

40 - 70

1000 - 7500

200 - 500

S-LED: Surface Emitter Light Emitting Diod.

E-LED: Edge-Emitter Light Emitting Diode.

Laser Diode J J
(1970)

" Laser "K

- -

WELight Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

EAmplificationF
W
K J
K J
ESpontaneous EmissionFELEDF
EStimulated EmissionF

K (Feedback)

WK

J
K

K J
K J
KEPowered OffF J
F J
KE

- -

Laser Characteristics

Laser Quantum Efficiency "" J

K
E = 0.7FK

Threshold Current Temperature Dependence J

Rise and Fall Time J

K(0.1 nsFENanosecondF
Frequency Chirp J

W
J
K
- -

Response J
K

EDynamic ShiftF

K EF

Dynamic Response J
E JF

EtdFEDelayF

(Relaxation (10GHz)

KOscillation-RO)

Light Output
Relaxation Oscillation
Pout

Time
td

E JF

Mode Hopping J

K
K
- -

Reliability J

K(105F(104F

Output Power and Light Coupling J J

EWF

KE100W)

WEE%1) F
KERadiation AngleF

KELight Emitting AreaF

KEAlignment of the Source and FiberF
KEFiber Numerical ApertureF
KE JF

WEc FECoupling EfficiencyF

c

Pin
Ps

(7.4)

K Pin
KPs

- -

LED

2a

Fiber Core

Axis

E JF

Photodetectors J

KEF

KEPhotodiodeF
Photodetector Requirements

W
KEHigh SensitivityF J
KEFEHigh Quantum EfficiencyF J
KEShort Response TimeF J
KEMinimum Noise ProducedF J
KEStability of Performance CharacteristicsF J
- -

K J
KELow Bias VoltageF J
KEHigh ReliabilityF J
KELow CostF J
Photodetector Types J J

KE JFPN

RLELoadFEPhotocurrentF
K

Vb

RL

photons
PNE JF

PN Photodiode PN J

PN
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P-I-N Photodiode P-I-N J

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KEIFE JF(NP)EIntrinsicF

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P-I-NE JF

Avalanche Photodiode "APD" J

EAPD photodiodeF

(P-I-N)(APD)KESensitivityF

K
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K

- -

Phototransistors J

K
K

Bipolar Junction F

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Photodiode Characteristics J J
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KE0.7F
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KE)
Response Time J

EtrFERise TimeF

KEtfFEFall TimeF

K(0.1) ns
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NF

KEP
K(APD)E200 V)E5 VF

Photodiode Noise J J

Dark Current Noise J

EIdFEDark CurrentF

K J
K J

K J

K
Shot Noise J

EIpF

Noise Equivalent Power "NEP" J

- -

ENEPF

EIp,rmsF
K(1 Hz)

Detectivity J
W
D

1
NEP

(7.5)

ED*FESpecific DetectivityF

D* D A

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JWE JF

(100 50 m)(P-I-NF

KE10-14 W NEP= 8.78 F

E7.6F
D

( 7.5)

10-14 D = 1 / NEP = 1 / 8.78

D = 1.139 1013

- -

1/W

D* = 1.139 1013 100 10 6 50 10 6

D* = 8.1 108

m/W

m/W

Minimum Detectable Power "MDP" J

F
KE

Excess Avalanche Noise Factor J

WK
F (M) = M x

(7.7)

EFM
Kx

KE1F(0.7)(0.5F (0.3)(xF

J J
K

WKEFESFEAF
K(S>A)
K(S<A)

- -

W
Power, mW
2-

, nm
840

850

860

870

KEFEF
KEFEF

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K[nm]EF

KEF

(1.3 mF(2 109FW

KE1.5 1010F
KEF

W
WW
= 1.55 m, = 1.31 m, = 0.85 m,

- -

W
W
W

- -

W
KKW
WW
K J
K J

K J
K J
W
KW
W
K J

K"Power Point" J

JW

- -

Introduction to Fiber Optic System Design

KK
Component Selection J

EDistortionFEBandwidthF

KESignal to Noise RatioF

EBit Rateper Second "bps" F

KEBit ErrorRateF

W
KW J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
- -

K J
K J
K J
Light Source J J

(LaserFELEDF
Optical Fiber J J

W
K J
K[dB/km] J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
KEF J
W
K

J
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W
J
K

K(1550 nm1310 nm) J

F J
KE

W
ESplicingF J
KETerminationF

J
KEF

K J
J
WK
K J
KELAN NetworksF J
KEF J
K J
K J
W
- -

K J

Fiber Optic Cable J J

WK
K J
K J
K J
K J

KEkg/kmF J
Optical Photodetector J J

(P-I-N)W
WKEAPD)

KEReceiver SensitivityF J
KEF J
K J
K J

- -

(P-I-N)

(APDFK(APD)

Optical Link Budget J

EPower BudgetF

EF

KKKKWDM
WK

:1310 nm

5.4dB(0.35 dB/km15.5 km)

0.2 dBE0.1 dBF

1.0 dBE0.5 dBF

0.0 dB -
2.0 dB -

8.6 dB -
- 10 dBm

- 18.6 dBmE JF -

- 10dBm to 25 dBm -
- -

- 25 dBm 10-9 -

6.4 dBE JF -

W
J Link Optical Budget Example:

(a) Optical fiber loss at 1300 nm:

15.5 km length at 0.35 dB/km

5.4 dB

(b) Splice loss:

2 splices at 0.1 dB/splice

0.2 dB

(c) Connection loss:

2 connections at 0.5 dB/connection

1.0 dB

(d) Other component loss

0.0 dB

(e) Design margin

2.0 dB

(f) Total link loss

8.6 dB

(g) Transmitter average output power

- 10 dBm

(h) Receiver input power ( g f )

- 18.6 dBm

(i)

Receiver dynamic range

- 10 to 25 dBm

(j)

Receiver sensitivity at BER 10-9

- 25 dBm

(k) Remaining margin ( h j )

6.4 dB

Design Procedure J
- -

W J
W J
K

W
WE JF .
K J
K J
K J
KEMHz.kmF J
K J
K J
W
=( Lossmax )
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Lossmax = PT - Pr

W .
- -

K J
K J
K J
J
K J
K .
K .
E JF

Fiber
NA

Fiber
Bandwidth
[ MHz km ]

Maximum
Loss [ dB]
at 850 nm

Maximum
Length
[ km ]

Number

Fiber
type
[ m ]

Fiber
Attenuation
[ dB/km ]

50 / 125

3.0

0.2

50

2.0

0.6

50 / 125

2.7

0.2

50

2.0

0.7

62.5 / 125

3.5

0.29

50

5.0

1.4

62.5 / 125

3.0

0.29

50

5.0

1.6

100 / 140

5.0

0.29

50

9.5

1.5

100 / 140

4.0

0.29

50

9.5

1.8

JWE JF
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E JF

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E JF

E100/140FE62.5/125FE JF .
KE J4FK1.2 km

W .
K(1.2 km) J
.(2) J
K(3) J
KW J

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W .
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0.3 dB K(0.1 dBF3 W J

2.0 dB K(1 dB) W J

0.0 dB

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K E - 2.9 dB F
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K
KW
JWE JF
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EZ5 dB/kmF J
EPinZ-16 dBmF J
EPrZ-30 dBm) J
- -

EFEAc= 1.5 dBF J

E M = 5 dB) J
KEF
KEF

W
M = Pin L 2Ac Pr
5 dB = 16 dBm L 21.5 (30 dBm)

L = 6dB L = 6dB / 5dB/km = 1.2 km

WE JF

Power, dBm

-16
-18
-19.5

- 21.5
-23
-25
-30

M = 5 dB

0.4

0.8

1.2

Length,
km

E JF

Passive Components J
- -

WW

EPassive ComponentsF
Fiber-Optic

EActive ComponentsFWENetworks

W
WDM components J

WEWDMFEWavelength Division MultiplexingF

Multiplexer J

K
Demultiplexer J

K
Router
J

Add - Drop Multiplexer J

- -

(Bit

KStream)
Filters J

K
Attenuators J

KEOverloadF

K
Optical Isolators J

K
Active Components J
W
Modulation and Modulators J

EDirect ModulationF
KEExternal ModulationF
Direct Modulation J

- -

EInjection CurrentF

KELEDF

EDirectlyF

External Modulation J

E1 Gbit/sF
W

ELimited output PowerF J

ELimited Modulation SpeedF J
KEOn-Off RatioF J
ENonlinear EffectsF J
EFrequency ChirpF J

EElectro-Optical ModulatorF
KE10 Gbit/sF
Optical Switches J

K
KEOutputsFEInputsF
W
- -

KERoute RestorationF J

KEChanging ConfigurationF J

(Dynamically Switching Large J

blocks of Traffic)
KEWavelength Management in WDM systemsF WDM J

Wavelength Converters J

E JF

KEWDM SystemsF

E JF

- -

WW
(62 m) J
(1 dB/km) J
(- 10 dBm) J
(- 40 dBm) J
(5 km) J

(22 km) J
(1 dBF J
K
WW
(155 MbpsF J
E25 mF J
(0.7 dB/kmF J
(0 dBm) J
E5 dBF J
(6 kmF J

(0.5 dB)(3) J
EFW
- -

EF
EF
W

EFW
EF
EF
Power, dBm
- 12
- 16

- 19
- 20
- 22
- 22.5
0

Length, km

?EF?

(34 (1 km)W

E250 meters)Mbps)

KE JFK(0.8 dB)

K(1kmFEFW

W
- -

W
W
W
KW

W
W
W

- -

W
(SDH\SONET)W
KKK
WW
K(SONETF J

K(SONET) J

K(SDHF J

K(SDHF (STM-x) J

K(SDHF J

K(PDHF J
W
KW
W
K J
K"Power Point" J
JW

- -

Optical Network

(Plesiochronous

Digital Hierarchy-PDH)

(140 Mbps)

(Synchronous Optical Networking-SONET)

Synchronous Digital F

EHierarchy-SDH

ESDH )

E JF K
K

K (SONET/SDH) K(155Mbps 10Gbps)

(SDH)

K(SONET)(SDH)
- -

Japans Standards
5

North American
Standards

European Standards

397200 Kbps

564992 Kbps

4
4

97728 Kbps

274176 Kbps

3
3

32064 Kbps

44736 Kbps
5

2. Order

139264 Kbps

343264 Kbps

6312 Kbps

8448 Kbps
3

4
Primary rate

1544 Kbps

2048 Kbps
24

30

64 Kbps

E JF

Synchronous Optical Network-SONET J
(SONET)

K
KEOptical Carriers-OCF(SONET)

(51.84 Mbps) (OC-1)

ESynchronous Transport Signal STS-1F

(OC-192) (OC-48) (OC-12) (OC-3)K

(51.84) (OC-768)

(Add-Drop) (OC)
- -

E JF K
K(SONET)

(SONET) E JF
Signal

Capacity

Bit Rate

STS-1,

OC-1

28 DS1s or

1 DS3

51.840 Mbps

STS-3,

OC-3

84 DS1s or

3 DS3s

155.520 Mbps

STS-12,

OC-12

336 DS1s or 12 DS3s

622.080 Mbps

STS-48,

OC-48

1344 DS1s or 48 DS3s

2488.320 Mbps

STS-192, OC-192

5376 DS1s or 192 DS3s

9953.280 Mbps

STS-768, OC-768

21704 DS1s or 192 DS3s

39813.12 Mbps

OC-1 J J
(OC-1)

JF E JF E "9" C "90")

(8000)(810 byte/Frame)E

(810)(125SF
JW(OC-1)(8 bit)

BR 8000Frame/ s 810byte/Fr ame 8 bit/byte

5184000 bps 51 .84 Mbps
(9 .1)

- -

B B B

78B

125 S
Transport
Over head

Synchronous Payload Envelope

B= 8 bit=1byte
OC-1 E JF

90 Columns

Transport
Overhead

87 Columns
9
Rows

STS-1, OC-1

STS-1 Synchronous
Payload Envelope

E JF

(Virtual Trunks VTsFE F ( CO-1)

(E1F (DS-1)F
WKE

(DS-1) (1.728Mbps) WVT 1.5

(E1) (2.304Mbps)WVT2

(3.456Mbps)WVT3

K(1.544Mbps)

(2.048Mbps)

- -

(DS-2F (6.912Mbps) W VT6

(6.312Mbps)

F (1 DS-3 F (28 DS-1) (OC-1)

KE JFE672FE44.736Mbps)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy-SDH J

(SDH) (SONET)

(SONET)

(2430byte) (SDH) (810byte)

K(SDH)
SDH Frame Structure SDH-STM-x J J

(SONET)(SDH)

(Synchronous Transport (SDH)

(OC-1) Module-STM)

(SONET)
STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64, STM-256

(155.52Mbps) (STM-1) (SDHF

(STM)(OC)K(CO -1)
(2430 byte/Frame) E "9"C "270")

(STM-1)E JF

BR 8000 Frame / s 2430 byte / Frame 8bit / byte 155 .52 Mbps

- -

( 2 .9 )

(CO-1)(125s)(STM-1)
270 Columns (Byte)
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

270

Transmit
Row by row

RSOH

AU pointer

Payload
(Transport Capacity)

MSOH

(SDH)(STM-1)E JF

(PDH) (STM-1)

(STM-x) E JF( 140Mbps)

K(SONET)(OC-x)
(SDH) (SONET)E JF
SONET signals

Bit rates

Equivalent SDH signal

STS-1,

OC-1

51.840 Mbps

STM-0

STS-3,

OC-3

155.520 Mbps

STM-1

STS-12,

OC-12

622.080 Mbps

STM-4

STS-48,

OC-48

2488.320 Mbps

STM-16

STS-192, OC-192

9953.280 Mbps

STM-64

STS-768, OC-768

39813.12 Mbps

STM-256

SDH Network Structure SDH- J J
- -

(Topology) (SDH)

JWE JF
Physical Layer J

PSTN/ISDN

ATM

IP

VC-12 Layer
VC-4 Layer
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section
Physical Interface
SDH E JF

Overhead Layer J
(Regenerator Section Overhead- RSOH)

K
K(Multiplex Section Overhead- MSOH)

- -

Virtual Containers -VC J

(ATM) (PDH)
JW(SDH)

JWVC-4
(ATM)(140Mbps)

(2Mbps) JWVC-12 J
(SDH) (Path Section)E JF

#
PDH
ATM

SDH
Multiplexer

SDH

SDH
Regenerator

SDH

SDH
Crossconect

PDH
SDH
Multiplexer

IP

IP

Regenerator

Regenerator

Section

Section

ATM

Multiplex

Multiplex

Section

Section
Path

"SDH" E JF

- -

SDH J J
(Ring Structure)E JF

(SDH)

E F K (SDH)

JW

140Mbps
2Mbps

TM

STM-1
ADM

ADM
2Mbps
34Mbps

STM-4/-16

ADM

STM-1, STM-4
140Mbps
34 Mbps
8Mbps

AM- STM-1
Switch

2Mbps
DXC
LAN

STM-1 /STS-3C Gateway To SONET

ADM: Add-Drop Multiplexer

DXC: Digital Cross Connect
TM: Terminal Multiplexer

2 Mbps
34Mbps
140 Mbps
STM-1
STM-4

SDH E JF

Regenerators J

K
KE JF

- -

SDHE JF

Terminal Multiplexer-TM J
E JF

K(STM-N)

TME JF

Add/Drop Multiplexer-ADM J J

(ADM) J

K(SDH)

ADME JF

- -

Digital Cross Connection-DXC J

E JF(DXC)

(Virtual Containers-VC)(PDH)
K (VC-12)(VC-4)

DXCE JF

SONET/SDH J
W

"10Gbps" J
J

(Overhead bytes&Payload) J
- -

(Synchronous Multiplexing) J

(Demultiplex)

(Add-Drop)
K

J
.

J
K

J
K

. J

J
(Overhead) (Tributary Signal)

(Jitter) J
(byte by byte)
K(bit by bit)

(Multiplexer) J
K

- -

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy-PDH J

(PDHF

(E-1F(64Kbps)
K (565 Mbps) E140 Mbps)
K ESDHSONET)

Future Of SDH/SONET J
K (SONET/SDH)

(40Gbps)

KEF

(Wavelength Diviation Multiplexing -WDMF

(Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing - DWDM)

(SDH) F
KE(SONET)

- -

(SONET)W
OC-3W
(SONET)W
(SDH)(SONET)W

(SDH)(SONET)W
(SDH)W
(SDH)W
(SONET/SDH)W
(SONET/SDH)W

- -

a
ADM

Add/Drop Multiplexer
Max. radius of optical fiber core

APD

Avalanche Photodiode

BJT

Bipolar Junction Transistor

BW

Bandwidth

Capacitance

Light Velocity in space

cn

Light Velocity in materials

dB

Decibel

dBm

Decibel per watt

dBw

Decibel per milliwatt

dB

Decibel per microwatt

DSF

Dispersion Shifted Fibers

DXC

Radius of optical fiber core

amax

DWDM

(3 108 m/s)
n

Dense Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing

Digital Cross Connection

Eg

Energy Gap

Frequency

F(M)

Excess Avalanche Noise Factor

FET

Field Effect Transistor

Conductance

Graded Index Fiber Coefficient

- -

Planck's constant

Id

Dark Current

IR

Infrared

Inductance

LASER
LD

LPF

Low Pass Filters

MDP

Minimum Detectable Power

MFD

Mode Field Diameter

??

Laser Diode
Light Emitting Diode

MS

E6.626 10-34 J.s)

Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation

LED

Mg

No. of modes propagated in graded

Index Fiber
No. of modes propagated in Stepped
Index Fiber

Refraction Coefficient

NA

Numerical Aperture

NEP

Noise Equivalent Power

NRZ- Code

Non Return to Zero Code

OC
OTDR
PDH

??

Optical Carriers
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Pin

Input optical power

POF

Plastic Optical Fiber

Pout

output optical power

PWin

pulse width at input

- -

PWout
R
RZ- Code
SDH
SONET

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Synchronous Optical Networking

Synchronous Transport Signal

SWR

Standing Wave Ratio

UV

Return to Zero Code

STS

TM - modes

Resistance

Synchronous Transport Module

TL

pulse width at output

STM

TE - modes

Transverse Electric Modes

Transmission Line

Transverse Magnetic Modes

Ultraviolet

Normalized Frequency OR VNumber

Vc

Cutoff Normalized Frequency O

VC

Virtual Containers

VL

Visible Light

VT

Virtual Trunks

WDM

V-?

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Zc

Characteristic Impedance

Zin

Input Impedance

ZL

Load Impedance

Zout

Output Impedance

dB

Attenuation

Attenuation with decibel unit

- -

dB/Km

Attenuation with decibel unit per Km

Relative refraction Coefficient

difference

Dispersion

Dielectric Constant

Quantum Efficiency

Acceptance Angle

Critical Angle

Wavelength

Cutoff Wavelength

Root Mean Square of optical pulse

broadening

Incident Angle

Refracted Angle

Mode Field Radius

Spectral Width

Reflection Coefficient

??

- -

References
1. Bob Chomycz,: Fiber Optic Installers Field Manual, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
2. Djafar K. Mynbaev, Lowell L. Scheiner: Fiber Optic Communications Technology,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
3. Franz J.H., Jain V.K.: Optical Communication Component and Systems, Alpha Science,
2000.
4. Jeff Hechet: Understanding Fiber Optics, Prentice Hall, 1999.
5. John M. Senior: Optical Fiber Communications, Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall,
1992.
6. Robbert J. Hoss,: Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook,
Prentice Hall, 1990.
7. Jose Caballero,Francisco Hens, Roger Segura, Andreu Guimer: Installation and
Maintenance of SDHSONET, ATM, xDSL and Synchronization Networks.
8. Huub van Helvoort, 2005 John Wiley & Sons (Ltd)HB. Next Generation
SDH,SONET.
9. Khurram Kazi, Ph.D, 2006: Optical Networking Standards A Comprehensive Guide for
Professionals,
10. Wavetek Wandel Goltermann Eningen: Guide to Synchronous Communications
Systems, GmbH& Co.Marketing International PostfachPocket

- -

??WK K
K

KL?? K
KL?? K
??WK K
K

- -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Basics of Transmission LinesW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTwo -Wire Lines J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Coaxial Cable J

KKKKKKKKMain Parameters of Transmission Lines J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTransmission Lines Applications J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOptical Fibers W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAdvantages of Optical Fibers J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOptical Fiber Disadvantages J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFiber Optic Applications J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFundamentals of Optical Fiber J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFiber Modes J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOptical Fiber Types J

KKKKPractical Characteristics Of Optical Fiber J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Transmission Characteristics of Optical W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFibers

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Attenuation J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Dispersion J

KKKKKFiber Bandwidth and Information Rate J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFiber Optic CablesW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Outdoor Cables J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIndoor Cables J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSpecial Cables J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFiber Optic ConnectionsW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Fiber Alignment and Joint Loss J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Connectors J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKCouplers J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKK Fiber Optic Installation and Splicing W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Fiber Optic Installation J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Fiber Splicing J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Connector's Installation J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKLight Sources and Optical detectorsW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Light Sources J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Photodetector Detectors J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Introduction to Fiber Optic System W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKDesign
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Component Selection J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOptical Link Budget J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Design Procedure J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPassive Components J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKActive Components J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Optical NetworkW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSynchronous Optical Network-SONET J

KKKKKKKKSynchronous Digital Hierarchy-SDH J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSONET/SDH J

KKKKKKPlesiochronous Digital Hierarchy-PDH J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFuture Of SDH/SONET J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK