SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2010/2011
COURSE CODE : SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622

COURSE : HYDRAULICS

PROGRAMME : SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : APRIL 2011

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWER FIVE (5) QUESTIONS ONLY.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of (8) printed pages only.

 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 2

Q1. (a) Briefly explain the hydraulics characteristics of:

(i) Conveyance factor and channel section factor
(ii) Very wide open channel and roughness coefficient
(iii) Best hydraulics section and compound channels
(6 marks)

(b) (i) A semicircular concrete-lined canal of diameter 1.83m, flowing

full and carrying 7.36m3/s discharges into a rectangular
concrete-lined channel 1.83m wide. If the two canals have the
same slope, calculate the flow depth in the rectangular channel.
(7 marks)

(ii) After the development, the flow rate in b(i) above is expected
to increase by 25%, and as civil engineers your have decided to
replace both channels with a single trapezoidal channel section.
The new channel should have Manning’s n 0.013 with the
1:1000 bed slope. Design the new open channel having
hydraulically best section.
(7 marks)
(20 marks)

Q2. (a) Describe the state of flow at an open channel and describe two
conditions that the water profile will change due to the height of the
broad crested weir.
(5 marks)

(b) Water is flowing uniformly with flow depth 1.88m in a rectangular

canal of width 3.3m having Manning’s n 0.017 and bottom slope
0.16%.

(i) Calculate the maximum weir height that can be constructed in

the channel without causing any water rise upstream from the
weir.
(4 marks)

(ii) If a 2.2m high broad crested weir is to be constructed in the

channel, calculate the water depth above the weir, at upstream
and at downstream just after the weir. Sketch the hydraulic
flow profile with the corresponding specific energy.
(7 marks)
 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 3

(iii) If the water depth just upstream of a weir is allowed to rise 1m

from the normal depth, calculate the weir height to be
constructed in the channel.
(4 marks)
(20 marks)

Q3. (a) Channel constriction is one of the hydraulic structures for the purpose
of flow control and flow regulation. Explain in details how these
functions were performed. You may use diagrams to further illustrate
your explanations.
(6 marks)

(b) A rectangular channel 3.05m wide has a horizontal bed. It is desired to

measure the flow through it by a constriction to produce critical flow at
the narrowest section (at channel constriction).

(i) If the upstream depth is 1.52m when the flowrate is 7.08m3/s,

calculate the width of the channel at the constriction?
(5 marks)

(ii) What will happen to the flow profile if the constriction

becomes narrower?
(2 marks)

(iii) If critical flow is desired at the constriction, calculate the

channel width at the constriction and calculate the flow depths
when this situation happened.
(7 marks)
(20 marks)
 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 4

Q4. (a) Briefly explain the phenomenon of non-uniform flow. Using a sketch
diagram, differentiate the phenomena of rapidly varied flow (RVF) and
gradually varied flow (GVF) in an open channel.
(4 marks)

(b) Water overtops a weir produces a hydraulic jump at downstream. The

jump occurs into a horizontal rectangular channel of 3m wide. If the
depths before and after the jump are 0.5m and 1.0m, calculate:

(i) Froude numbers before and after the jump.

(ii) The flowrate.
(iii) Energy (head) loss in the hydraulic jump.
(iv) Type of hydraulic jump.
(8 marks)

(c) Water is flowing into a rectangular channel which ends in a free

outfall. The channel has 3m wide with a channel slope and bed
roughness of 0.0025 and 0.016 respectively. If the discharge is 10m3/s,
calculate:

(i) Normal depth, yo

(ii) Critical depth, yc
(iii) Compute the distance between the critical depth up to the
upstream normal flow depth. Limit your calculation to 4 steps
only (N=4).
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

Q5. (a) Why do we need dimensional analysis and hydraulic similitude?

(4 marks)

(b) (i) Obtain an expression for the discharge per unit crest length of a
rectangular weir over which a fluid of density, (kg/m3),
dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s), surface tension (N/m), height
of weir above channel bed, P(m), Head, H(m), and the
acceleration of gravity (m/s2) as a function of non
dimensionless groups.
(8 marks)
 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 5

(ii) A model of a proposed dam spillway was constructed to a scale

of 1:15. The design flood discharge over the spillway is
1000m3/s. What discharge should be provided in the model?
What is the velocity in the prototype corresponding with a
velocity of 1.5m/s in the model at the corresponding point?
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

Q6. (a) (i) What are the design criteria are that must be attained at the
outflow points of the pipe network.

(ii) State three conditions that must be considered when analysing

flow distribution in a pipe network.
(5 marks)

(b) A simple water supply pipe network system of a housing area is as

shown in Figure Q6. The pipes are, each 300m long and 30cm in
diameter except pipe BC which is 300m long and 15cm diameter. The
inflows and outflows at junction A, E and F as shown in the figure.
Using the Hardy Cross or head balance method, compute the flow rate
in each pipe. State your answer after two complete iterations. The
f=0.01for all pipes.
(15 Marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q6: Pipe network system

 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 6

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.

2 1
2 2
AR 3 So 2 v v q2
Q H z y E y y
n 2g 2g 2 gy 2

2 3 2 2
Q Ac q n gAc
yc 3 Sc
g Tc g 4/3
Tc R c
2
yc E min
3

Q v
zc = hmin = Eo - Emin Bc B max Fr
3 gD
gy c1
v
Fr
gy

3 y1
y2 y1 1 2
E EL P gQE 1 8 Fr2 1
4 y1 y 2 L L y2 2

Q2
M Ax
gA

2 10 / 3
Ko yo
1 1
y K y y
So So
x 3
x 3 yc
yc 1
1 y
y

AR 2 / 3
K
n

hf Q
hf kQn Q hf
nh f Q
Q nh f
Q2 = Q1 + Q

fL 10.67 L
HJ2 = HJ1 - hf k k
3D 5 C 1.85 D 4.87
 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 7

0.0001 0.001 0.0 0.1 1 10

10 1

NOTE :
2
3
nQ
Rectangula z=1.0 AR
S0
r z=0.5

Circular
yo 1 1
z = 1.5
B z = 2.0
z = 2.5
or z = 3.0
z = 3.5
yo 1 y
Φ z
B

0. 0.1
1

0.01 0.01
0.000 0.00 0.0 0. 1 10
1 1 1 12 2
AR 3 AR 3

8
or 8
B 3
Φ 3
Chart for determining normal depth in open
channels
 SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 8

Z
for TRAPEZOIDAL and RECTANGULAR sections
B 2. 5
0.00 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
101 m=0.5
10

m=1.0
Rectangular
NOTE: Z =
Q
g

akaw fkautm
1 m = 1.5 1
m = 2.0
m = 2.5
yc m = 3.0
m = 3.5
B
or 1 y
yc m
B
Φ Circular

0.1 0.1

y
akaw fkautm

0.01 0.01
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Z
for CIRCULAR sections
Chart for determining critical depth in open Φ 2. 5
channels
SAB 2513/ SAM 3513/ SAA 3622 9