Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Spanish
How to Understand and Speak
a New Language
Course Workbook
As a doctoral student at Brown University, Dr. Worden was awarded the David and Ruth Kossoff Prize for Leadership
in Language Teaching by the Department of Hispanic Studies and the Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching
by the Graduate School. He also was chosen by fellow graduate students to give the address at the Graduate School
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Spanish and Advanced Grammar and Composition to undergraduate and graduate courses in 16th- and 17th-century
Spanish literature. He has directed doctoral dissertations on colonial Latin American literature, early modern Spanish
OLWHUDWXUHDQGth-century Latin American literature.
Dr. Worden’s main area of research is the work of Miguel de Cervantes, especially his novel Don Quixote. Dr. Worden
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literature. He also has published on pedagogical topics, including how to teach Spanish at the middle school and high
school levels and how to help undergraduate students make connections to Don Quixote,QDGGLWLRQ'U:RUGHQLVDQ
award-winning speaker who has lectured on such subjects as the prose of Cervantes, early modern Spanish poetry,
and approaches for helping beginning language students become comfortable speaking Spanish.
For a number of years, Dr. Worden served The University of Alabama’s Department of Modern Languages and
Classics as the Director of the Spanish Language Program and was responsible for supervising all graduate teaching
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Foreign Language Teachers selected Dr. Worden as the winner of the annual Outstanding Foreign Language Teacher
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Dr. Laura Rojas-Arce, author of the workbook and coauthor of the speaking activities, grew up in Costa Rica,
where she studied psychology as an undergraduate student at the Universidad Hispanoamericana in Heredia. She
completed her doctoral studies with a focus on contemporary Central American literature and received her Ph.D. from
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i
Table of Contents
Lesson Guides
LESSON 1
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'H¿QLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1RXQV ........................................................................................................................
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6XEMHFW3URQRXQVDQGWKH9HUESer ........................................................................................................... 15
LESSON 4
5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW ................................................................................................................
LESSON 5
,QGH¿QLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR .......................................................................................................
LESSON 6
7KH9HUEEstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU ......................................................................................................
LESSON 7
5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW .....................................................................................................
LESSON 8
7KH9HUEIr in the Present........................................................................................................................... 46
LESSON 9
Expressing Time in Spanish .......................................................................................................................
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([SUHVVLRQV8VLQJWKH9HUETener ............................................................................................................. 59
LESSON 11
9HUEVOLNHHacerDQG,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV .................................................................................................. 66
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7KH9HUEVSaber and Conocer ................................................................................................................... 72
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6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV ................................................................................................................................ 78
ii
Table of Contents
LESSON 14
Ver, DarDQG2WKHU,UUHJXODU9HUEV ............................................................................................................
LESSON 15
The Present Progressive ............................................................................................................................ 89
LESSON 16
Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs ......................................................................................................... 95
LESSON 17
$I¿UPDWLYHV1HJDWLYHVDQG'HPRQVWUDWLYHV ...........................................................................................
LESSON 18
0RUH$I¿UPDWLYHDQG1HJDWLYH([SUHVVLRQV ............................................................................................
LESSON 19
,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV ...........................................................................................................................111
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Double Object Pronouns .......................................................................................................................... 116
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5HÀH[LYH9HUEV.........................................................................................................................................
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Talking about the Past: Acabar and Hace ................................................................................................
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Talking about the Past: ¿Desde Cuándo…? ............................................................................................
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Formal Commands and Unequal Comparisons .......................................................................................
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,QIRUPDO&RPPDQGV .................................................................................................................................
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Superlatives and Equal Comparisons ...................................................................................................... 149
/(6621
5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH .............................................................................................................
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5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH .................................................................................................. 157
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,UUHJXODU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH..................................................................................................................
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1H[W6WHSVLQ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SDQLVK ..................................................................................................... 166
iii
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Supplemental Material
Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................. 172
Los glosarios / The Glossaries ................................................................................................................ 178
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic...................................................................................................... 180
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates ......................................................................................... 196
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary ................................................................................ 202
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary ................................................................................ 219
Resources for Further Study .................................................................................................................... 236
Photographic Credits ................................................................................................................................ 238
iv
Scope
his course introduces learners to the Spanish language and the cultures of the Spanish-speaking world.
T Because the course is designed for learners with no previous experience with the language, the lessons begin
with the building blocks of Spanish: the alphabet, the proper pronunciation of consonant and vowel sounds,
and greetings and responses to greetings. As you move forward in the course, you will be introduced to a variety of
fundamental grammar topics, ever-increasing vocabulary lists, and cultural information that will teach you about the
countries in the world where Spanish is spoken and help you understand how to use the grammar and vocabulary you
will learn about in their proper cultural context.
The purpose of this course is not simply to teach you about Spanish, but rather to develop your language skills so
that you can communicate successfully in the language. For that reason, the course includes a variety of components
designed to allow you to practice and improve your abilities in reading, writing, speaking, and understanding spoken
Spanish.
This course exposes learners to a variety of cultural aspects in the Spanish-speaking world, both in the video lessons
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wish to consult any standard introductory Spanish textbook for reference.
Throughout the course, you will learn more than a thousand of the most commonly used words in Spanish and become
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learn how to form the present tense of all verbs, as well as the present progressive construction, which is used to
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use several expressions that talk about past events. Moreover, you will learn how to conjugate and use one past
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competence in using, for example, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs—all the necessary linguistic tools that will allow
you to communicate successfully in Spanish. This course offers the requisite linguistic and cultural knowledge that will
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1
Workbook Introduction
elcome to the workbook for Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language. The
W exercises included here are designed to help develop your reading and writing skills in Spanish while you
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ZRUNERRN¿WVLQZLWKWKHRWKHUFRPSRQHQWVWKDWDFFRPSDQ\WKLVFRXUVHVRWKDW\RX¶OONQRZKRZEHVWWRPDNHXVHRIDOO
of them to help develop your Spanish skills.
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speaking activities that follow the audio glossary are designed to help you improve your listening and speaking skills,
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want to do the speaking activities before or after you do the workbook exercises, but you should do both of these only
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Spanish Glossary, and Resources for Further Study at the end of the workbook.
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presented in the audio glossary. Next, the General Review section summarizes the material covered in the lesson,
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also contains six Cultural Readings about different aspects of Latin American culture.
The Activities in this workbook are contextualized in a series of short stories dealing with several families and their
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America. The principal characters in the stories are the Cortés Ruiz family, the Quirós García family, and the González
Fallas family. The Cortés Ruiz family has three sons, and the Quirós García family has two daughters and a son.
Those two families also have two very young granddaughters. The González Fallas family, who just recently moved to
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Most of the words used in the Activities will be ones you will have already been introduced to in the course. When this
is not the case, the workbook will give the English for the Spanish word. The six Cultural Readings do indeed include
vocabulary and grammar you will have already seen in the course. But they also purposely include some material a
bit beyond your current level of comprehension. This will force you to make some educated guesses while reading—a
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good understanding of it. The English translation for the Cultural Readings can be found after the Correct Answers, so
you will be able to see how well your understood what you read.
And now, it’s time to get to work. Or, as we would say in Spanish: ¡A trabajar!>/HW¶VZRUN@Ŷ
Workbook Families
Luis Cortés Navarro Cecilia Ruiz Ramírez Esteban Quirós Sánchez /XLVD*DUFtD9HJD
Diana Mariana
Pablo Marisol
Lesson Introduction to the Spanish Language
1
¿Cómo estás?±+RZDUH\RX">LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@
Bien, gracias. ¿Y tú? – Fine, thanks. And you? Bien, gracias. ¿Y ustedes? – Fine, thanks. And you?
>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ >IRUPDOSOXUDO@
Estoy mal.±,¶PQRWZHOO
buen día – good morning buenas noches – good evening, good night
encantado±SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RX>VSHDNHU Es un placer.±,W¶VDSOHDVXUH
PDVFXOLQH@
gracias – thank you muy bien, gracias – very well, thank you
Te presento a…. – Let me introduce you to…. Les presento a…. ±/HWPHLQWURGXFH\RXWR«>SOXUDO@
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la cultura – culture
importante – important
Spanish is also spoken more and more each year in the mainland United States. According to the latest census data,
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the Spanish language, concluded that there are more Spanish speakers in the United States than there are in Spain.
C. 9DULHWLHVRI6SRNHQ6SDQLVK
The three main differences that distinguish how Spanish is spoken in one place versus another are vocabulary, accent,
and grammar. Differences in vocabulary result in different words being used in different places to refer to the same
thing. To say “the computer,” for example, in Latin America you’d say la computadora, while in Spain it’s much more
common to say el ordenador.
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Perhaps the most notable difference in accent among Spanish speakers relates to the way to pronounce the letter z
and the letter c followed by e or i,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDWKHOHWWHUz and the letter combinations ce and ci are pronounced
with an s sound, while in northern and central Spain this is pronounced with a th sound. The Spanish word for “shoe”
is zapato, which in Madrid is pronounced as “thapato” and in Latin America is pronounced “sapato.”
There are not many grammatical differences among regions, but there are a few, and one deals with the plural form of
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an informal, plural way to say “you,” which is vosotros in the masculine or vosotras in the feminine. But vosotros and
vosotras are not used in Latin America; instead, ustedes is used for the plural “you” in all cases.
Despite these differences in vocabulary, accent, and grammar, hundreds of millions of Spanish speakers communicate
successfully across all the countries where the language is spoken. Speakers of Spanish—even from different
regions—understand each other extremely well.
5
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
D. 3URQXQFLDWLRQRI9RZHOV
Pronouncing words in Spanish is simpler than it is in English because when you look at a letter in Spanish, with
very rare exceptions you know exactly how to pronounce the sound of that letter. One challenging aspect of Spanish
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(DFK RI WKH ¿YH YRZHOV²a, e, i, o, u—makes just one sound in Spanish, a short sound that stays the same from
beginning to end.
• A, found in the common Spanish word casa, is the easiest vowel sound to make. For the other four vowel
sounds, focus on keeping the vowel sound short and uniform.
• E makes the sound pronounced in the English word “taNH´,W¶VQRW³H\\\\´<RXGRQ¶WFORVHLWRIIDWWKHHQGDV
you often do in English.
• I makes the sound pronounced in the word “fee´,W¶VQRW³L\\\\´
• O makes the sound pronounced in “toOO´,W¶VQRW³RZZZZ´
• U makes the sound pronounced in “ruOH´,W¶VQRW³XZZZZ´
The video lessons, audio glossaries, and speaking activities model proper pronunciation in Spanish.
E. Greetings
Among the very common greetings in Spanish are hola>KHOOR@¿Qué tal?>+RZ¶VLWJRLQJ"@DQG¿Cómo estás? and
¿Cómo está usted?>+RZDUH\RX"@¿Cómo estás? is the informal way to say “How are you?” to someone. ¿Cómo
está usted? also asks “How are you?” but is used with someone you address formally.
&RPPRQH[SUHVVLRQVXVHGZKHQ\RXPHHWVRPHRQHIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHDUHmucho gusto>QLFHWRPHHW\RX@encantado
>SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RXPDVFXOLQHIRUP@encantada>SOHDVHGWRPHHW\RXIHPLQLQHIRUP@Es un placer>,W¶VDSOHDVXUH@
and igualmente>OLNHZLVH@
Greetings dependent on the time of day include buenos días or buen día >JRRG PRUQLQJ@ buenas tardes >JRRG
DIWHUQRRQ@DQGbuenas noches>JRRGHYHQLQJRUJRRGQLJKW@:D\VWRVD\³JRRGE\H´LQFOXGHadiós>JRRGE\H@chao
>E\H@hasta luego>VHH\RXODWHU@hasta mañana>VHH\RXWRPRUURZ@hasta pronto>VHH\RXVRRQ@DQGnos vemos
>VHH\RX@
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of all new vocabulary words. Then, it will be time to practice what you’ve learned. The speaking activities for each lesson
are designed to help you improve your listening and speaking skills. And the workbook exercises will allow you to practice
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exercises, but you should do both of these only after watching the video lesson and listening to the audio glossary.
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social interaction, so take the course with a friend or seek out opportunities to speak Spanish with someone who
already knows the language. The more contact you have with Spanish, both within the course and beyond it, the better
your progress will be.
6
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Although it might seem that Spanish has gained importance in the United States only recently, in 1787 Thomas
Jefferson wrote the following about the Spanish language in a letter to his nephew: “Bestow great attention on this,
and endeavor to acquire an accurate knowledge of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish America, will
render that language a valuable acquisition.” What was true in Jefferson’s time remains true today. Spanish is a
world language, and its importance now extends beyond its use in other countries to the mainland of the United
States.
Acquiring Spanish is a way of broadening your horizons and becoming more connected to the diverse traditions that
are being lived out across oceans and right next door. A sincere desire to learn accompanied by diligent practice
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a. Completa las siguientes frases con la expresión apropiada. / Complete the following sentences with the appropriate
expression.
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7
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. Escribe una expresión similar a la expresión original. / Write an expression similar to the original expression.
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0X\ELHQJUDFLDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB1RVYHPRV ______________________________________
c. Escoge una respuesta apropiada en cada situación. / Choose an appropriate answer in each situation.
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4. Hasta mañana.
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5. ¿Cómo te llamas?
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el±WKH>PDVFXOLQHVLQJODU@ los±WKH>PDVFXOLQHSOXUDO@
la±WKH>IHPLQLQHVLQJXODU@ las±WKH>IHPLQLQHSOXUDO@
el papel – paper
inteligente – intelligent
de – of, from
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• Europe: Spain.
• North America: Mexico.
• Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama.
• The Caribbean: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
• 6RXWK$PHULFD9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD(FXDGRU3HUX%ROLYLD3DUDJXD\&KLOH8UXJXD\$UJHQWLQD
• Africa: Equatorial Guinea.
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has more Spanish speakers than any other country except Mexico. Spanish is also widely spoken in Canada, Belize,
and the Philippines.
B. Nouns
All nouns in Spanish have a gender, meaning that they are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns that end in -o are
masculine, while most that end in -a are feminine. Beyond gender, nouns also have a number, meaning that they are
either singular or plural.
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:KLOH³WKH´LVWKHRQO\GH¿QLWHDUWLFOHLQ(QJOLVKLQ6SDQLVKWKHUHDUHIRXUIRUPVRIWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHelPDVFXOLQH
VLQJXODUlaIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUlosPDVFXOLQHSOXUDODQGlasIHPLQLQHSOXUDO([DPSOHVRIGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHVXVHG
with nouns include el libro >WKH ERRN@ la mesa >WKH WDEOH@ los cuadernos >WKH QRWHERRNV RU WKH ZRUNERRNV@ las
señoras>WKHZRPHQ@:KHQWKHSUHSRVLWLRQde>RI@LVIROORZHGE\WKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHel, de + el contracts to del. So, El
cuaderno del curso is “The workbook of the course,” or “The course’s workbook.”
Although nouns ending in -o are usually masculine and nouns ending in -a are usually feminine, there are many nouns
in Spanish that have an ending other than -o or -a. For that reason, you should always learn a new noun with its
DFFRPSDQ\LQJGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH$V\RXOHDUQIRUH[DPSOHWKDW³WKHKRWHO´LVel hotel, you are reinforcing that hotel is a
masculine noun. And you need to know the gender of a noun, for example, so that you can use the proper form of an
adjective to describe the noun.
'H¿QLWHDUWLFOHVKDYHDYDULHW\RIXVHVLQ6SDQLVK$VLVWKHFDVHZLWK(QJOLVKWKH\FDQUHIHUWRVRPHWKLQJVSHFL¿F
For example, “The class is interesting” is La clase es interesante 8QOLNH (QJOLVK GH¿QLWH DUWLFOHV DUH DOVR XVHG
when talking about a noun in a general sense. To say, for example, “Freedom is important,” you would say La libertad
es importante'H¿QLWHDUWLFOHVDUHDOVRQHHGHGZKHQVSHDNLQJRUZULWLQJDERXWSHRSOHZLWKWLWOHVVXFKDVseñor,
señora, señorita, profesor, profesora, doctor, and doctora. To say “Professor Ana Cano is popular,” for example,
you would say La profesora Ana Cano es popular1RGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHLVQHHGHGZKHQWDONLQJGLUHFWO\WRDSHUVRQZLWK
a title, so “Hello, Professor Cano” is Hola, Profesora Cano.
11
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
,Q WKH ZD\ WKDW QRXQV HQGLQJ LQ -o are usually masculine, nouns ending in -r and -l are also usually masculine.
Examples of masculine nouns ending in -r and -l include el televisor>WHOHYLVLRQVHW@DQGel hotel >KRWHO@
Words ending in -ista look feminine because they end in -a. But these words actually can be either masculine or
feminine, as seen, for example, in el futbolista>PDOHVRFFHUSOD\HU@DQGla futbolista>IHPDOHVRFFHUSOD\HU@6SDQLVK
words ending in -ma also look feminine because of the -a ending, but many of these words are actually masculine,
including el sistema>V\VWHP@DQGel problema>SUREOHP@
6SHFL¿F ZRUGV WKDW VHHP WR EH RQH JHQGHU EXW DUH WKH RWKHU LQFOXGH el día >GD\@ DQG el mapa >PDS@ ZKLFK DUH
masculine, and la mano>KDQG@ZKLFKLVIHPLQLQH
Feminine nouns beginning with the sound -a in a stressed syllable use el rather than la DV WKHLU GH¿QLWH DUWLFOH El
agua>ZDWHU@IRUH[DPSOHLVLQGHHGDIHPLQLQHQRXQEXWLWXVHVel rather than laDVLWVGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH>1RWH,Ila
ZHUHXVHGDVWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHIRUagua, then the two a sounds when pronounced would run together and sound like
laaaagua. Using el instead of laDYRLGVWKLVSUREOHP@)HPLQLQHQRXQVEHJLQQLQJZLWKWKHVRXQGa in a syllable that is
QRWVWUHVVHGNHHSWKHXVXDOGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHRIlaHJla actitud>DWWLWXGH@
The letters f, l, m, and n are pronounced the same in Spanish as they are in English and are found in such words as la
profesora>IHPDOHSURIHVVRU@la libertad>OLEHUW\IUHHGRP@la música>PXVLF@DQGla nación>QDWLRQ@
The letter s is always pronounced as s and never as z. The name José, for example, is pronounced with an s sound,
not a z sound.
The letter t in Spanish is never aspirated when pronounced, meaning that you produce no puff of air when you make
the sound of t,QIDFWWKHt in Spanish sounds like a combination of t and d.
The sound that corresponds with single r in Spanish is similar to the sound made when d is pronounced in English.
The sound corresponding to j in Spanish, as used in the names Juan and José, has no exact equivalent in English.
Both the audio glossaries and the speaking activities offer numerous opportunities for you to listen to the pronunciation
of words in Spanish and practice your own pronunciation. The best way to improve your pronunciation is to listen
carefully when you hear Spanish and speak a lot of Spanish yourself.
/HVVRQ²'H¿QLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1RXQV
b. La familia González Fallas desempaca las cajas que tienen las cosas que necesitan en su nueva casa. / The
González Fallas family is unpacking the boxes that have the things they need in their new home.
$\XGDDODIDPLOLD*RQ]iOH])DOODVDGHVHPSDFDUVXVFRVDV$JUHJDHODUWtFXORGH¿QLGRDSURSLDGRDFDGDVXVWDQWLYR
+HOSWKH*RQ]iOH])DOODVIDPLO\XQSDFNWKHLUWKLQJV$GGWKHDSSURSULDWHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHWRHDFKQRXQ
BBBBBBBBFRPSXWDGRUD>FRPSXWHU@ BBBBBBBPHVDV
c. La familia González Fallas no recuerda cuántas cosas tienen en las cajas. / The González Fallas family doesn’t
remember how many things they have in the boxes.
$\~GDORVKDFLHQGRHOSOXUDOGHODVVLJXLHQWHVFRVDVTXHKDQGHVHPSDFDGR+HOSWKHPE\PDNLQJWKHSOXUDORIWKH
following things they have unpacked.
HOWHOHYLVRUBBBBBBBBBBBBB ODELFLFOHWD>ELF\FOH@BBBBBBBBBB
HO]DSDWR>VKRH@BBBBBBBBB HOSHUIXPH>SHUIXPH@BBBBBBBB
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 1. el 6. la
ODV ORV
ODV ORV
4. los 9. los
OD ODV
d. DUHORMHV
EWHOHYLVRU
EKRWHOHV
FGRFWRUD
FHO
EOD
DORV
DORVDQGEODV
DORVDQGEODV
EHO
14
Lesson Subject Pronouns and the Verb Ser
yo±, él – he
usted±\RX>VLQJXODUIRUPDO@
nosotros±ZH>PDVFXOLQH@ ustedes±\RX>SOXUDOIRUPDO@
nosotras±ZH>IHPLQLQH@ ellos±WKH\>PDVFXOLQH@
vosotros±\RX>PDVFXOLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@ ellas±WKH\>IHPLQLQH@
vosotras±\RX>IHPLQLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@
viejo – old
avergonzado – embarrassed
15
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
la mujer – woman
y – and sí – yes
o – or no – no, not
B. Subject Pronouns
The singular subject pronouns in Spanish are yo ± , tú ± \RX >VLQJXODU LQIRUPDO@ usted ± \RX >VLQJXODU IRUPDO@
él – he; and ella – she. The plural subject pronouns are nosotros ± ZH >PDVFXOLQH@ nosotras ± ZH >IHPLQLQH@
vosotros±\RX>PDVFXOLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@vosotras±\RX>IHPLQLQHSOXUDOLQIRUPDO@ustedes±\RX>SOXUDOIRUPDO@
ellos±WKH\>PDVFXOLQH@DQGellas±WKH\>IHPLQLQH@
The informal, singular way to say “you” is tú; the formal, singular way to say “you” is usted,I\RX¶UHVSHDNLQJWRD
family member, a friend, or someone else you’re well acquainted with, you’ll probably use tú<RX¶OOXVHusted when
WDONLQJZLWKVRPHRQH\RXKDYHDIRUPDOUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKRUZLWKVRPHRQH\RXGRQ¶WNQRZZHOO,I\RX¶UHQRWVXUHZKLFK
pronoun to use, it’s better to use usted, because using the informal tú can be seen as rude by someone you don’t
know well.
The pronouns nosotros, vosotros, and ellos are used when referring to a group of all men or a mixed group of men
and women. Even a group of many women and just one man would be referred to with these masculine pronouns. The
pronouns nosotras, vosotras, and ellas are used only when every member of the group is female.
C. 7KH9HUEser
7KHLQ¿QLWLYHIRUPZKLFKLVWKHYHUEIRUPIRXQGLQWKHGLFWLRQDU\RIDOO6SDQLVKYHUEVHQGVLQ-ar, -er, or -ir. Ser, the
LQ¿QLWLYH IRUP PHDQLQJ ³WR EH´ KDV WKH IROORZLQJ VL[ IRUPV LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.
Conjugating a verb means giving its proper verb forms for different subjects in a given tense. Ser is conjugated with
the subject pronouns in the present tense as follows.
Ser with singular subject pronouns: yo soy; tú eres; usted, él, or ella es
Ser with plural subject pronouns: nosotros or nosotras somos; vosotros or vosotras sois;
ustedes, ellos, or ellas son
Any singular subject that is not yo or tú uses the verb form esHJLa clase es importante
Any plural subject that is not nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, or vosotras uses the verb form sonHJLos amigos
son optimistas
16
/HVVRQ²6XEMHFW3URQRXQVDQGWKH9HUESer
D. Cognates
Spanish and English share many cognates, which are words that are the same or similar in two languages. Sometimes
Spanish cognates are spelled the same as the word in English: normal, hotel, usual. Other Spanish cognates are
spelled similar to, but not the same as, the word in English: activo, responsable, excelente<RXUFRPSUHKHQVLRQRI
Spanish will improve if you listen for cognates when conversing and look for them when reading.
Occasionally, a Spanish word will look like an English word but mean something else. These words are called false
cognates. Examples include largoZKLFKORRNVOLNH³ODUJH´EXWPHDQV³ORQJ´DQGcolegioZKLFKORRNVOLNH³FROOHJH´
EXW PHDQV ³KLJK VFKRRO´ )DOVH FRJQDWHV KRZHYHU DUH UHODWLYHO\ UDUH FRPSDUHG WR WKH YDVW QXPEHU RI FRJQDWHV
shared by English and Spanish.
E. Adjectives
$GMHFWLYHVLQ6SDQLVKPXVWDJUHHLQQXPEHUDQGJHQGHUZLWKWKHQRXQEHLQJPRGL¿HG6RLIWKHVXEMHFWLVPDVFXOLQH
singular, the adjective must also be masculine singular, and if the subject is feminine plural, the adjective must also be
feminine plural.
Adjectives ending in -o have four forms. For example, viejo, meaning “old,” has the following four forms: viejo
PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODUviejaIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUviejosPDVFXOLQHSOXUDOviejasIHPLQLQHSOXUDO
Adjectives ending in -e have two forms, as can be seen in responsable PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH VLQJXODU DQG
responsablesPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSOXUDO
Adjectives ending in -ista have two forms, as can be seen in pesimista PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH VLQJXODU DQG
pesimistasPDVFXOLQHDQGIHPLQLQHSOXUDO
<RXDUHDERXWWRFDOO\RXUIULHQGWRDVNKLPWRZDWFKWKHJDPHZLWK\RX ________________________________
<RXUXQFOHZDQWVWRERUURZ\RXUFDU ____________________________________________________________
<RXUERVVMXVWVHQW\RXDQHPDLO ______________________________________________________________
<RXUQHLJKERULVLQYLWLQJ\RXWRDJDWKHULQJRQ6DWXUGD\ ____________________________________________
<RXMXVWPHWVRPHRQH_______________________________________________________________________
<RXDQG\RXUVLVWHUDUHJRLQJWRFHOHEUDWHKHUELUWKGD\ _____________________________________________
<RXPHHWDUDQGRPSHUVRQDWWKHVXSHUPDUNHW __________________________________________________
17
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. Alejandra está hablando sobre su familia con su vecina Cecilia. / Alejandra is talking about her family with her
neighbor Cecilia.
Agrega la conjugación correcta del verbo ser. / Add the correct conjugation of the verb ser.
&DUORVBBBBBBBBBBPLHVSRVR>P\KXVEDQG@
3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBPLKLMR>VRQ@
0DULVROBBBBBBBBBPLKLMD>GDXJKWHU@
3DEOR\0DULVROBBBBBBBBBPLVKLMRV>FKLOGUHQ@
<RBBBBBBBBBBODHVSRVD>ZLIH@GH&DUORV
<RBBBBBBBBBBODPDGUH>PRWKHU@GH3DEOR\0DULVRO
&DUORVBBBBBBBBHOSDGUH>IDWKHU@GH3DEOR\0DULVRO
c. /D IDPLOLD *RQ]iOH] )DOODV FRQWLQ~D FRQRFLHQGR D ORV PLHPEURV GH VX QXHYR YHFLQGDULR HQ 9LOOD &HOHVWH 7KH
*RQ]iOH])DOODVIDPLO\FRQWLQXHVWRPHHWWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHLUQHZQHLJKERUKRRGLQ9LOOD&HOHVWH
Completa el diálogo entre Alejandra, Luisa, Pablo y Marisol usando el verbo ser y palabras para saludarse y
presentarse. / Complete the dialogue between Alejandra, Luisa, Pablo, and Marisol using the verb ser and words to
greet others and introduce oneself.
$OHMDQGUD£+ROD0HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB$OHMDQGUD
/XLVD£(QFDQWDGD0LQRPEUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/XLVD
/XLVD£BBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQJUDFLDV
0DULVRO£BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJXVWR
(OHQD,JXDOPHQWH(ULFD\)HOLSHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVKHUPDQRV
¿Qué pronombres personales necesita Elena para hablar de…? / What subject pronouns does Elena need to talk
about…?
18
/HVVRQ²6XEMHFW3URQRXQVDQGWKH9HUESer
0LVYHFLQDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(OH[QRYLR>H[ER\IULHQG@GH(OHQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
9. Elena ______________.
3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/DKHUPDQD>VLVWHU@GH(OHQD\(OHQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
e. Luisa está hablando con su esposo Esteban sobre los nuevos vecinos. / Luisa is talking with her husband Esteban
about the new neighbors.
Completa las frases usando la forma correcta de los adjetivos y el verbo ser si es necesario. / Complete the sentences
using the correct form of the adjectives and the verb ser if it’s necessary.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBB
19
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 1. es 6. soy
HV VRPRV
HV HV
4. son 9. son
5. soy
c. 1. llamo 8. es
JXVWR 0X\
0HOODPR6R\0LQRPEUHHV SUHVHQWRD
4. presento 11. es
HV 0XFKR
HV VRQ
7. Mucho gusto. / Encantado. / Es un placer.
d. 1. nosotros 8. ellas
HOODV \R
pO pO
4. ellos 11. nosotros
HOOD QRVRWUDV
QRVRWURV XVWHGW~
7. ellos 14. ustedes / vosotros
e. 1. Es 8. son
VLPSiWLFDIDQWiVWLFD
IDQWiVWLFDV
VRQ HV
4. simpáticos / fantásticos 11. inteligente
VRQ IDQWiVWLFDV
HV VRQ
7. activo 14. inteligentes
$V LV WKH FDVH ZLWK DOO RI WKHVH H[DPSOHV WKH ZD\ \RX DGGUHVV WKHVH SHRSOH GHSHQGV RQ WKH FORVHQHVV RI \RXU
UHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHP,W¶VDOVRSRVVLEOHWKDW\RXPLJKWDGGUHVV\RXUXQFOHLQDIRUPDOZD\
7KH ZRUG fantástica already conveys the idea of something extremely good, so it would be odd to say muy
fantástica because it would be redundant. Simpática is the better answer.
Lesson Regular -ar Verbs in the Present
4
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
7KH LQ¿QLWLYH IRUP RI WKH YHUE KDV WZR SDUWV WKH VWHP RI WKH ZRUG ZKLFK LV HYHU\WKLQJ EHIRUH WKH HQGLQJ DQG WKH
HQGLQJLWVHOIZKLFKLVHLWKHU-ar, -er, or -ir)RUH[DPSOHWKHVWHPRIviajar³WRWUDYHO´LVviaj-, and the verb’s ending
is -ar2QFH\RX¶YHLGHQWL¿HGWKHVWHPRIDYHUE\RXFRQMXJDWHWKHYHUEE\DGGLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHHQGLQJWRWKHVWHP
for the given subject.
ayudar>WRKHOS@
The verb form ayudamos, for example, can mean “We help,” “We do help,” “We are helping,” or even—in certain
contexts—“We are going to help.”
C. :KHQWR8VH6XEMHFW3URQRXQVEHIRUH9HUEV
Because the ending of a verb indicates the verb’s subject, most often Spanish speakers do not include a subject
pronoun before the verb. There are, however, two common cases in which subject pronouns are used. They are often
used before verbs in the third-person singular and plural because there can be many possible subjects for these verb
forms. Trabaja muchoIRUH[DPSOHFRXOGPHDQ³<RXZRUNDORW´ZLWKWKHVXEMHFWEHLQJustedRULWFRXOGEH³+H
works a lot,” or “She works a lot.” To clarify, then, it’s common to include a subject with a third-person form of the verb
and say, for example, Usted estudia mucho.
$QRWKHUWLPHWRXVHDVXEMHFWSURQRXQLVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHVXEMHFW,IIRUH[DPSOHSHRSOHDURXQG\RXDUHVD\LQJWKDW
they don’t sing much, and you actually do, it would be appropriate to say Yo canto muchoHPSKDVL]LQJ³,do sing a lot.”
E. Placement of Adjectives
$GMHFWLYHVLQ6SDQLVKDOPRVWDOZD\VIROORZWKHQRXQPRGL¿HGHJlas doctoras ideales7RPRGLI\DQRXQZLWKWZR
adjectives, put the adjectives after the noun and put y³DQG´EHWZHHQWKHPHJel pianista famoso y egoísta
Bueno and maloFDQJREHIRUHRUDIWHUWKHPRGL¿HGQRXQ%HIRUHPDVFXOLQHQRXQVERWKRIWKHVHDGMHFWLYHVGURSWKH
-oHJel buen hombre; el mal día$GMHFWLYHVRITXDQWLW\SUHFHGHWKHPRGL¿HGQRXQHJmuchos estudiantes;
poca agua
/HVVRQ²5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
F. Pronunciation of Consonants
The double-r sound requires that you roll your r, creating a sound that does not exist in English. The sound is required
when a word has the letter combination rr, when a word starts with r, and after the letters l, n, and sHJcarro, Raúl,
alrededor, Enrique, Israel<RXPDNHWKHVRXQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJZLWKrr by having your tongue vibrate up against the
center of the roof of your mouth.
At the start of a word or after the letters n and l, you pronounce d as you would in English. After a vowel, the sound of
the d should be like the th sound of the English word “this.” When saying the name David, for example, you should
SURQRXQFHWKH¿UVWd similar to the d sound made in English and the second d similar to the th of “this.”
There are variations by country, but in many places, both y and ll are pronounced similar to the way y is pronounced
in English.
Completa las frases siguientes con la conjugación del verbo en presente. / Complete the following sentences with the
present tense conjugation of the verb.
b. De la historia anterior, escribe la forma negativa de los siguientes verbos. / From the previous story, write the
negative form of the following verbs.
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
c.5HVSRQGHDODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDD¿UPDWLYD$QVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVDI¿UPDWLYHO\
¢&ODUD\5REHUWREDLODQWDQJR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢(VWXGLDVHQODXQLYHUVLGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢7~\WX>\RXU@IDPLOLDSUHSDUDQODFHQDMXQWRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢,VDEHOFRPSUDODFRPLGDHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR>VXSHUPDUNHW@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢/DVFKLFDVPLUDQHOI~WERO>VRFFHU@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢(VFXFKDQXVWHGHVP~VLFDHQHOFDUUR>FDU@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
d. Cecilia Ruiz Ramírez está en un simposio esta semana. Ella está impresionada por la organización del simposio. /
Cecilia Ruiz Ramírez is at a symposium this week. She is impressed by the organization of the symposium.
e. Luis Cortés Navarro es el dueño de una agencia de viajes. El conoce a muchas personas de distintas nacionalidades.
eO HVWi PLUDQGR XQ iOEXP GH IRWRV \ HVWi UHFRUGDQGR ODV QDFLRQDOLGDGHV GH VXV DPLJRV \ DPLJDV /XLV &RUWpV
Navarro is the owner of a travel agency. He knows many people of different nationalities. He is looking at a photo
album and is remembering his friends’ nationalities.
/HVVRQ²5HJXODUDU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
ODFLXGDG>FLW\@GH*XDGDODMDUD0p[LFReOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPH[LFDQRPH[LFDQDPH[LFDQRV
PH[LFDQDV
+DJHQ+RIIPHLWHU\VXHVSRVD>ZLIH@%ULJLWWHVRQGH1~UHPEHUJ(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDFWLYRDFWLYD
2UWL]HVGH2YLHGR$VWXULDV(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVSDxROHVSDxRODHVSDxROHVHVSDxRODV
3LHUUH'XERLVHVGH'LMRQ\VXIDPLOLDHVGH7RXORXVHeOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIUDQFpVIUDQFHVD
-XDQ0DQXHO5tRVHVGH%XHQRV$LUHVeO\VXKHUPDQRVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSURIHVRUSURIHVRUD
/DIDPLOLD)ORUHV4XLVSHHVGH/LPD(OORVVRQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHUXDQRSHUXDQDSHUXDQRV
SHUXDQDV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUDJXD\RSDUDJXD\DSDUDJXD\RVSDUDJXD\DV
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
d. 1. mucha 5. muchas
PXFKRV 6. muchas
SRFR 7. pocas
4. pocas
Lesson ,QGH¿QLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR
5
un±DDQ>PDVFXOLQHVLQJODU@ unos±VRPH>PDVFXOLQH@
una±DDQ>IHPLQLQHVLQJXODU@ unas±VRPH>IHPLQLQH@
cinco±¿YH
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
B. ,QGH¿QLWH$UWLFOHV
:KLOH³D´DQG³DQ´LQWKHVLQJXODUDQG³VRPH´LQWKHSOXUDODUHWKHLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHVLQ(QJOLVKLQ6SDQLVKWKHUHDUH
IRXU IRUPV RI WKH LQGH¿QLWH DUWLFOH un PDVFXOLQH VLQJXODU una IHPLQLQH VLQJXODU unos PDVFXOLQH SOXUDO unas
IHPLQLQHSOXUDO([DPSOHVRILQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHVXVHGZLWKQRXQVLQFOXGHun zapato>DVKRH@una cerveza>DEHHU@
unos kilómetros >VRPHNLORPHWHUV@DQGunas águilas >VRPHHDJOHV@
,QJHQHUDOWKHLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHLQ6SDQLVKLVXVHGPXFKDVLWLVLQ(QJOLVK)RUH[DPSOH³&DUORVLVWDNLQJDQH[DP´LV
Carlos toma un examen8QOLNH(QJOLVKLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHVDUHW\SLFDOO\QRWXVHGZKHQWDONLQJDERXWRQH¶VSURIHVVLRQ
UHOLJLRQ RU QDWLRQDOLW\ HJ ³0DUtD LV D GRFWRU´ LV María es doctora; “Pedro is a Catholic” is Pedro es católico;
“Teresa is a Spaniard” is Teresa es española:KHQKRZHYHUWKHSURIHVVLRQUHOLJLRQRUQDWLRQDOLW\LVPRGL¿HGE\
DQDGMHFWLYHWKHQDQLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHLVXVHGHJMaría es una doctora excelente; Pedro es un buen católico;
Teresa es una española famosa
Feminine nouns beginning with the sound a in a stressed syllable use un rather than unaDVWKHLULQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHUn
águila>DQHDJOH@IRUH[DPSOHLVLQGHHGDIHPLQLQHQRXQEXWLWXVHVun rather than unaDVLWVLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH>1RWH
,IunaZHUHXVHGDVWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHIRUiJXLODWKHQWKHWZRa sounds would run together when pronounced and
sound like unaaaáguila; using un instead of unaDYRLGVWKLVSUREOHP@)HPLQLQHQRXQVEHJLQQLQJZLWKWKHVRXQGa in
DV\OODEOHWKDWLVQRWVWUHVVHGNHHSWKHXVXDOGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHRIunaHJuna actitud>DQDWWLWXGH@
C. 1XPEHUVWR
Once you learn the numbers one to ten, you can use those numbers to help you learn ten to twenty and then the
multiples of ten from ten to one hundred. Notice the similarities and differences in the following numbers.
Usually, a number doesn’t change its form when modifying a noun. For example, siete stays the same in Hay siete
chicos and Hay siete chicas. Numbers that do change are those ending in -un or -una. For example, “twenty-one men”
uses the masculine form veintiún hombres, while “forty-one women” uses the feminine form cuarenta y una mujeres.
D. Pronunciation
The Spanish letters b and v are associated with the same sound: the sound made when a b is pronounced in English.
Like the sound associated with the letter t, the sounds associated with the letters p, b, v, and k in Spanish are not
aspirated, meaning that you produce no puff of air when you pronounce words with these letters in them. When you
/HVVRQ²,QGH¿QLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR
The letters k and w are hardly used in Spanish because they only appear in words that come from other languages
HJel kilo, el whisky7KHVRXQGDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHOHWWHUw in Spanish is the same as it is in English.
The sounds made when pronouncing the letters c and g are as follows: The k sound is made when c appears before
a, o, or uHJla casa, el taco, CubaLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDWKHs sound is made when c appears before e or i, while in
Spain, the sound made is th, as in the English word “this.” So, Latin Americans would pronounce cero and cinco by
saying these words with an s sound, while someone from Madrid would say these words with a th sound. The sound
associated with z is always the same as the sound associated with ce and ci: Latin Americans would say zapato
>VKRH@E\SURQRXQFLQJDQs sound, while someone from Madrid would pronounce the word with a th sound.
The letter g is like c because the way it’s pronounced depends on the letter that follows it: The hard g sound is made
when g is followed by a, o, or uHJla galleta >FRRNLH@Gonzalo, GustavoWKH6SDQLVKj sound is made when the
letter following g is e or iHJArgentina, el gigante>JLDQW@
The letter x in Spanish is usually associated with the same sound produced by the xLQ(QJOLVKHJel taxi:LWK
certain Mexican place names, the x is pronounced with the sound made by jotaHJMéxicoDWRWKHUWLPHVWKHx is
pronounced as an s, as in el xilófono>[\ORSKRQH@7KHOHWWHUñ is associated with the sound made in the English word
³RQLRQ´HJEspaña
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. El padre de Marisol, Carlos González, quiere aprender a hacer algo nuevo en su tiempo libre. / Marisol’s father,
Carlos González, wants to learn how to do something new in his free time.
&RPSOHWDODVIUDVHVFRQHODUWtFXORLQGH¿QLGRFRUUHFWR&RPSOHWHWKHVHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHFRUUHFWLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH
&DUORVTXLHUHDSUHQGHUDKDFHUDOJRQXHYReOPLUDBBBBBBBBBBBBVLWLRVZHE>ZHEVLWHV@LQWHUHVDQWHV
BBBBBBBBBBBDPLJROHUHFRPHQGy>UHFRPPHQGHGWRKLP@WRPDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFXUVRHQFDVD$KRUDpO
EXVFDBBBBBBBBBBBBFXUVRGHIRWRJUDItD>SKRWRJUDSK\@GH7KH*UHDW&RXUVHVeOQHFHVLWDBBBBBBBBBBBBB
FiPDUD>FDPHUD@BBBBBBBBBBBBLGHDV>LGHDV@\BBBBBBBBBBBBEXHQDDFWLWXG
c. /D IDPLOLD *RQ]iOH] )DOODV HVWi FRQRFLHQGR D ORV YHFLQRV GH 9LOOD &HOHVWH (OORV KDEODQ VREUH ODV SURIHVLRQHV
TXHWRGRVWLHQHQ7KH*RQ]iOH])DOODVIDPLO\LVJHWWLQJWRNQRZWKHLUQHLJKERUVLQ9LOOD&HOHVWH7KH\WDONDERXWWKH
professions that everyone has.
&RPSOHWDODVIUDVHVFRQHODUWtFXORLQGH¿QLGRFRUUHFWR6LODIUDVHQRQHFHVLWDXQDUWtFXORHVFULEH³;´&RPSOHWHWKH
VHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHFRUUHFWLQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH,IWKHVHQWHQFHGRHVQRWQHHGDQDUWLFOHZULWHDQ³;´
/XLV&RUWpVHVBBBBBBBBBBGXHxR>RZQHU@GHXQDDJHQFLDGHYLDMHV6X>+LV@HVSRVD>ZLIH@&HFLOLDHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBVHFUHWDULDHMHFXWLYD&HFLOLDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVHFUHWDULDH[FHOHQWH6XKLMR>VRQ@$OEHUWR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBLQJHQLHUR>HQJLQHHU@PX\UHVSRQVDEOH(ORWUR>RWKHU@YHFLQR(VWHEDQ4XLUyVQRVRORHV
7. _____________ doctor, él es 8. ____________ doctor muy famoso en el hospital. Luisa, la esposa de Esteban,
HVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQXWULFLRQLVWD>QXWULWLRQLVW@(OODHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQXWULFLRQLVWDPX\WUDEDMDGRUD
d. (VFULEHORVQ~PHURVFRUUHFWRV:ULWHWKHFRUUHFWQXPEHUV
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__________________.
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___________________________.
/HVVRQ²,QGH¿QLWH$UWLFOHVDQG1XPEHUVWR
La comida latinoamericana es más que burritos, quesadillas y tacos. Aunque en los Estados Unidos una de las
comidas más conocida es la comida mexicana, esta también está compuesta de una gran variedad de ingredientes,
FRORUHV\VDERUHV(QODFRPLGDODWLQRDPHULFDQDKD\XQDPH]FODGHFXOWXUDFRQLQÀXHQFLDLQGtJHQD\HXURSHDSRU
HMHPSORGH(VSDxD,WDOLDHLQFOXVRGHÈIULFD
(V LPSRUWDQWH QRWDU TXH OD FRPLGD YDUtD VHJ~Q OD UHJLyQ JHRJUi¿FD \ HO
país. Estas variaciones gastronómicas dependen de los productos de cada
región, de la cercanía con el mar, de la geografía particular de cada zona y
de las tradiciones y orígenes culturales de cada pueblo. Por ejemplo, en el
norte de México los tamales se envuelven con las hojas de maíz y en el
sur con las hojas del plátano. Pero en general, en todo México se utilizan
GLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHFKLOHVSDUDVD]RQDUODVFRPLGDV\SRUHVRHVFRP~QTXH
la comida mexicana sea muy picante. Los elementos básicos en el país
son las tortillas, el arroz, los frijoles, el ajo y los chiles picantes.
/DFRPLGDODWLQRDPHULFDQDWLHQHXQDLQÀXHQFLDLQGtJHQD\HXURSHD __________________________________
/RVWDPDOHVHQHOQRUWH\HOVXUGH0p[LFRVRQGLIHUHQWHV __________________________________________
4. Dos elementos básicos de la comida de México son los chiles picantes y los tostones. ____________________
5. Los argentinos y uruguayos son famosos por la preparación de la carne de res. _________________________
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 1. unos 5. una
8Q 6. unas
XQ 7. una
4. un
c. ; 6. un
; ;
XQD 8. un
4. un ;
; XQD
Lectura cultural
) & & ) &
Latin American food is more than burritos, quesadillas, and tacos. Even though in the United States Mexican food is
RQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQNLQGV0H[LFDQIRRGLVDOVRFRPSRVHGRIDJUHDWYDULHW\RILQJUHGLHQWVFRORUVDQGÀDYRUV
,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDQIRRGWKHUHLVDPL[WXUHRIFXOWXUHZLWKLQGLJHQRXVDQG(XURSHDQLQÀXHQFHIURPIRUH[DPSOH6SDLQ
,WDO\DQGHYHQ$IULFD
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depend on the products of each region, proximity to the sea, the particular geography of each zone, and the traditions
and cultural origins of each nation. For example, in the north of Mexico tamales are wrapped in corn husks and in the
south in banana leaves. But in general, in all of Mexico, different types of chili peppers are used to season food, and
for that reason it’s common for Mexican food to be spicy. The basic elements in the country are tortillas, rice, beans,
garlic, and hot chilis.
,Q&HQWUDO$PHULFDWKHIRRGLVVLPLODUWR0H[LFDQIRRGEXWHDFKFRXQWU\KDVLWVRZQW\SLFDOGLVKHV$OVRRQWKHFRDVWV
PDQ\VKHOO¿VKDUHXVHGWKDWFDQEHSUHSDUHGLQVWHZVRQWKHJULOOUDZRUSLFNOHGDVLQFHYLFKH$OWKRXJKFHYLFKH
LV HDWHQ LQ &HQWUDO$PHULFD DQG 6RXWK$PHULFD LW LV HVSHFLDOO\ IDPRXV LQ 3HUX %DVLF FHYLFKH FRQVLVWV RI UDZ ¿VK
marinated in citrus fruit like lemon. Condiments like onion, chili peppers, pepper, and salt are added to it.
The Argentines and the Uruguayans are the most known for consuming and cooking beef, followed by the Colombians,
9HQH]XHODQV DQG %UD]LOLDQV %DQDQDV DUH YHU\ FRPPRQ LQ GLVKHV RI &RORPELDQ DQG &HQWUDO $PHULFDQ IRRG
Patacones IULHG JUHHQ EDQDQDV IURP &RORPELD DUH IDPRXV DQG LQGLVSHQVDEOH LQ &RORPELDQ IRRG 7KH\ DUH DOVR
WUDGLWLRQDOLQ9HQH]XHODQDQG3XHUWR5LFDQGLVKHVEXWSHRSOHWKHUHFDOOWKHPtostones.
Lesson The Verb EstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU
6
feliz – happy
¡Empecemos!±/HW¶VJHWVWDUWHG
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
B. 7KH9HUEestar
Using these three questions with our new verb produces the following answers.
estar>WREH@
The yo form of estar has the same -oy ending as the yo form of ser7KHRWKHU¿YHHQGLQJVIRUestar are almost the
same as the regular -arHQGLQJVH[FHSWWKDWWKHHQGLQJVIRUestar have accents in the tú, usted, and ustedesIRUPV
D. 1XPEHUVRYHU
Use the numbers one to ten to help you learn the multiples of one hundred from one hundred to one thousand. Notice
the similarities and differences in the following numbers.
uno cien
dos doscientos
tres trescientos
cuatro cuatrocientos
cinco quinientos
seis seiscientos
siete setecientos
ocho ochocientos
nueve novecientos
diez mil
“One hundred cars” is cien carros and “one thousand churches” is mil iglesias, but “one million dollars” is un millón
de dólares. Examples of years in Spanish are the following: 1578 is mil quinientos setenta y ochoDQGLVdos
mil diecienueve.
,QPXFKRIWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOGWKHXVHRISHULRGVDQGFRPPDVZLWKQXPEHUVLVWKHRSSRVLWHRIZKDWLWLVLQ
WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6RZKDWLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZRXOGEHZULWWHQDVZRXOGEHZULWWHQDV
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEEstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU
E. Differences in Accents
,QDOOUHJLRQVZKHUH6SDQLVKLVVSRNHQce and ci are always pronounced the same as z,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDz makes the
s sound, as seen in the pronunciation of the words cero, cinco, and zapato, which in Latin America are pronounced
as “sero,” “sinco,” and “sapato.” This is called the seseoYDULHW\RI6SDQLVK,QQRUWKHUQDQGFHQWUDO6SDLQZKHUHs
is pronounced as an s and z is pronounced as th, these words are pronounced “thero,” “thinco,” and “thapato.” This
accent, which shows a distinction between the pronunciation of s and th sounds, is called the distinción variety of
Spanish, and it characterizes the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain. Finally, there are just a few areas in
very southern Spain where the letters s and z are pronounced the same, but the sound made for both letters sounds
like th. This rare variety of Spanish is called the ceceo variety.
Completa el diálogo siguiente con las palabras y las conjugaciones apropiadas del verbo estar. / Complete the
following dialogue with the appropriate words and verb conjugations of estar.
/XLV +ROD$OHMDQGUD¢&yPRBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"7HSUHVHQWRD-XDQ0DQXHOeOHVPLDPLJRGH
Argentina.
$OHMDQGUD £+ROD-XDQ0DQXHOBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
-XDQ0DQXHO £BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/XLVD ¢(UHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"£4XpLQWHUHVDQWH
/XLVD ¢<FyPRHVWiV"
-XDQ0DQXHO %XHQR>:HOO@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB0LYXHOR>ÀLJKW@WDUGy>WRRN@
PXFKDVKRUDV>KRXUV@3HURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUTXH>EHFDXVH@/XLV
HVPLEXHQDPLJR\DKRUD>QRZ@HVWR\FRQ>ZLWK@pO\VXIDPLOLD
/XLV <&HFLOLD\\RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUTXH-XDQ0DQXHO
_____________ de visita.
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. De acuerdo a las siguientes situaciones, ¿cuál sería la emoción o la condición esperada para estas personas? /
According to the following situations, what would be the expected emotion or condition for these people?
Completa las frases con la conjugación apropiada de estar y el adjetivo correspondiente a la situación. / Complete the
sentences with the appropriate conjugation of estar and the adjective corresponding to the situation.
/XLV&RUWpVWUDEDMDPXFKDVKRUDVHQVXWUDEDMReOVLHPSUH>DOZD\V@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&HFLOLDWLHQHTXH>KDVWR@SUHSDUDUXQLQIRUPH¿QDQFLHUR>¿QDQFLDOUHSRUW@HQTXLQFHPLQXWRV>PLQXWHV@
-XDQDHVWiGLYRUFLDGD>GLYRUFHG@eO\VXH[HVSRVR>H[KXVEDQG@QRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0DULDQDHVPX\SHTXHxD\VLHPSUHWRPDORVMXJXHWHV>WR\V@GH'LDQDFXDQGRHVWiQHQHOSDUTXH'LDQD
_____________ ______________.
+D\XQH[DPHQHQODFODVHDODV/RVHVWXGLDQWHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(ULFDHVWiHPEDUD]DGD>SUHJQDQW@(OOD\VXHVSRVRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPX\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$OEHUWRXQKRPEUHGHWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRV>\HDUV@YLYHHQODFDVDGHVXVSDGUHV\WLHQH>KDV@SRFRVDPLJRV
eOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$OEHUWRWDPELpQHVHJRtVWD\QRD\XGDDVXVSDGUHVDOLPSLDU>WRFOHDQ@ODFDVD6XVSDGUHVBBBBBBBBBBB
*HQHUDOPHQWH>*HQHUDOO\@¢FyPRHVWiVHQXQD¿HVWD>SDUW\@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
c.)HOLSHWXYRXQD¿HVWDDQRFKH\DKRUDHVWiUHYLVDQGRVXFDVDGHVSXpVGHOD¿HVWD7RGDODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH
Felipe had a party last night and is now looking over his house after the party. The whole house is a disaster.
Completa las frases con la conjugación de estar y el adjetivo de condición apropiados. / Complete the sentences with
the appropriate conjugation of estar and the appropriate adjective of condition.
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEEstarDQG1XPEHUVRYHU
)HOLSHHVWiPX\SUHRFXSDGR\QHUYLRVRSRUTXHGHVSXpVGHOD¿HVWDWRGDODFDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBB7RGDVODVSXHUWDV>GRRUV@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB\HOWHOHYLVRUBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBB/DVYHQWDQDV>ZLQGRZV@GHODFDVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB\KD\PXFKRSROHQ
>SROOHQ@HQHODLUH6RORHOEDxR>EDWKURRP@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
d. Escribe en qué lugares se pueden localizar las siguientes personas o cosas. / Write in which places the following
people or things can be found.
/RVOLEURV\ODVUHYLVWDV>PDJD]LQHV@HVWiQHQODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
8QDVHFUHWDULDHMHFXWLYD>H[HFXWLYHVHFUHWDU\@JHQHUDOPHQWHWUDEDMDHQXQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/RVGRPLQJRV>2Q6XQGD\V@KD\PXFKDVSHUVRQDVHQODVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
e. Escribe los siguientes años en español. / Write the following years in Spanish.
1. 1886 _______________________
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BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$'BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
c. 1. está 6. roto
GHVRUGHQDGD 7. están
HVWiQ 8. abiertas
4. abiertas / cerradas 9. está
5. está RUGHQDGR
d. 1. hospitales 5. universidades
ELEOLRWHFD 6. iglesias
R¿FLQD 7. parques
4. supermercado
Lesson Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Present
7
su / sus±KLVKHUWKHLU\RXU>IRUPDOVLQJXODUDQG
SOXUDO@
¿verdad? – right?
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
estudiar>WRVWXG\@
estudio estudiamos
estudias estudiáis
estudia estudian
,QWKLVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKDW-er verb endings in the present can be formed by making just one change to the above
-ar endings: Replace any a you see in an -ar ending with the letter e. Making that one change gives us the following
-er endings in the present.
beber>WRGULQN@
bebo bebemos
bebes bebéis
bebe beben
Making the following two changes to -er endings gives us the -ir endings in the present: emos Æ imos, éis Æ ís.
Those two changes give us the following -ir endings in the present.
dedidir>WRGHFLGH@
decido decidimos
decides decidís
decide deciden
:KHQWZRYHUEVDUHXVHGWRJHWKHU\RXFRQMXJDWHWKH¿UVWDQGSXWWKHVHFRQGLQWKHLQ¿QLWLYHIRUP7KLVFDQEHVHHQ
ZLWKD¿UVWYHUEOLNHdeberVKRXOGRUnecesitarWRQHHG³:HVKRXOGUXQ´LVDebemos correr. “They need to open
the book” is Necesitan abrir el libro,QERWKRIWKHVHFDVHVWKH¿UVWYHUEdebemos, necesitanLVFRQMXJDWHGZKLOH
WKHVHFRQGYHUEcorrer, abrirLVLQWKHLQ¿QLWLYHIRUP
B. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives agree in number and gender with the thing possessed. They are as follows.
C. $VNLQJD<HV1R4XHVWLRQ
There are three ways to ask yes/no questions in Spanish.
Here are the ways to make the following statement into a question: Pedro vende su casa>3DEORLVVHOOLQJKLVKRXVH@
/HVVRQ²5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
Completa el diálogo siguiente con los adjetivos posesivos apropiados. / Complete the following dialogue with the
appropriate possessive adjectives.
0DULVRO £+ROD¢&yPRHVWiQ"
3LODU £1RVRWUDVHVWDPRVPX\ELHQ¢<W~"
Marisol: Estoy un poco triste porque no estoy con ustedes, pero estoy bien.
0DULVRO (
VPX\JUDQGH\PX\ERQLWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFODVHGHLQJOpVHVH[FHOHQWH\
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBOLEURVSDUDODFODVHVRQPX\LQWHUHVDQWHV
0DULVRO (QBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFODVHKD\HVWXGLDQWHV
Pilar: Carolina y yo estamos en una clase de historia fenomenal y en una clase de matemáticas terrible. En
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFODVHGHKLVWRULDWDPELpQKD\HVWXGLDQWHVSHURHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&DUROLQD ¢4XpWDOVRQORVPDHVWURV>WHDFKHUV@HQODQXHYDHVFXHOD"
Marisol: 8. Todos _____________ maestros son inteligentes, pero no todos son simpáticos.
b. )HOLSH HVWi OLPSLDQGR VX FDVD GHVSXpV GH XQD ¿HVWD +D\ PXFKRV REMHWRV SHUR )HOLSH QR VDEH D TXLpQHV
pertenecen. Felipe está hablando con su hermana Elena sobre los objetos encontrados. / Felipe is cleaning his house
after a party. There are many objects, but Felipe doesn’t know to whom they belong. Felipe is talking with his sister
Elena about the found objects.
Completa las frases con los adjetivos posesivos correctos. / Complete the sentences with the correct possessive
adjectives.
41
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
)HOLSH(OHQDHOOLEURGH,VDEHO$OOHQGHHVGHPDPL¢FLHUWR"
)HOLSH(OHQDORVSDSHOHVVRQGH0DULDQD¢YHUGDG"
)HOLSH(OHQDORVFXDGHUQRVVRQGH6DQGUD\9DOHQWLQD¢YHUGDG"
c. Contesta las siguientes preguntas. Conjuga el verbo en el presente. / Answer the following questions. Conjugate
the verb in the present.
/HHVOLEURVGHFLHQFLD¿FFLyQ>VFLHQFH¿FWLRQ@¢QR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
%HEHVPXFKDDJXD¢YHUGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WXDPLJRYHQGpLVFDUURVHQYXHVWURWUDEDMR¢FLHUWR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7UDEDMDVKRUDVDODVHPDQD>KRXUVSHUZHHN@¢YHUGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WXIDPLOLDFRPHQSL]]DHQFDVD¢YHUGDG"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7~\WXIDPLOLDYLYHQHQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV¢FLHUWR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢'HEHQHVWXGLDUP~VLFDWXVKHUPDQRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/HVVRQ²5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
d. Luis Cortés le está explicando a su amigo Juan Manuel Ríos el parentesco de sus amigos en el vecindario. / Luis
Cortés is explaining to his friend Juan Manuel Ríos the kinship of his friends in the neighborhood.
Completa las frases con la información apropiada. Nota: Necesitas consultar la información de las familias del
YHFLQGDULRDOLQLFLRGHOFXDGHUQR&RPSOHWHWKHVHQWHQFHVZLWKWKHDSSURSULDWHLQIRUPDWLRQ1RWH<RXQHHGWRFRQVXOW
the information about the neighborhood families at the beginning of the workbook.
-DYLHUHVHOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH/XLV\&HFLOLD
DDEXHOR EKLMR FVREULQR
0DULDQDHVODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH'LDQD
DQLHWD EDEXHOD FKHUPDQD
$OEHUWR\'LHJRVRQORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGH0DULDQD
DSULPRV EWtRV FKLMRV
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
e.£$KRUDHVWXWXUQR&RQWHVWDODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDV1RZLW¶V\RXUWXUQ$QVZHUWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQV
¢4XLpQHVVRQWXVKHUPDQRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢4XLpQHVVRQWXVDEXHORV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
f. ¿Puedes adivinar los apellidos de las siguientes personas? / Can you guess the last names of the following people?
3DGUHV(VWHEDQ4XLUyV6iQFKH]\/XLVD*DUFtD9HJD
3DGUHV&DUORV*RQ]iOH]3pUH]\$OHMDQGUD)DOODV8UHxD
44
/HVVRQ²5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHVHQW
c. 6tOHROLEURVGHFLHQFLD¿FFLyQ1RQROHROLEURVGHFLHQFLD¿FFLyQ
6tEHERPXFKDDJXD1RQREHERPXFKDDJXD
6tYHQGHPRVFDUURVHQQXHVWURWUDEDMR1RQRYHQGHPRVFDUURVHQQXHVWURWUDEDMR
6tWUDEDMRKRUDVDODVHPDQD1RQRWUDEDMRKRUDVDODVHPDQD
5. Sí, comemos pizza en casa. / No, no comemos pizza en casa.
6. Sí, vivimos en los Estados Unidos. / No, no vivimos en los Estados Unidos.
7. Sí, los estudiantes asisten a una buena escuela. / No, los estudiantes asisten a una mala escuela.
6tPLVKHUPDQRVGHEHQHVWXGLDUP~VLFD1RPLVKHUPDQRVQRGHEHQHVWXGLDUP~VLFD
45
Lesson The Verb Ir in the Present
8
el sustantivo – noun
ir – to go terminar±WR¿QLVK
pasar – to happen
el teatro – theater
posiblemente – possibly
46
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEIr in the Present
B. Ir in the Present
The verb ir, meaning “to go,” has the following conjugation in the present.
ir>WRJR@
voy vamos
vas vais
va van
The preposition a, meaning “to,” is often used after ir. For example, Elena va a la farmacia means “Elena goes / is
JRLQJGRHVJRWRWKHSKDUPDF\´:KHQXVHGEHIRUHWKHPDVFXOLQHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHel>WKH@a + el contracts to al >WR
WKH@VR³,DPJRLQJWRWKHEDQN´LVVoy al banco,QDSUHYLRXVOHVVRQ\RXOHDUQHGWKDWde + el contracts to del>WRWKH@
HJEs el día del examenLV³,W¶VWKHGD\RIWKHH[DP´7KHRQO\WZRFRQWUDFWLRQVLQ6SDQLVKDUHal and del.
D. Palabras interrogativas,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV
,QWHUURJDWLYHZRUGVDUHXVHGZKHQDVNLQJTXHVWLRQV7KHVHZRUGVZKLFKDOOKDYHDQDFFHQWPDUNLQFOXGH¢cuánto?
>KRZPXFK"@¢cuántos?>KRZPDQ\"@¢cómo?>KRZ"@¢qué?>ZKDW"@¢dónde?>ZKHUH"@¢adónde?>WRZKHUH"@
¿cuándo?>ZKHQ"@¢quién?>ZKR"VLQJXODU@¢quiénes?>ZKR"SOXUDO@DQG¢por qué?>ZK\"@
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Being able to acquire and use new vocabulary is one of the major challenges when learning a language. For that
reason, you should try different techniques to learn new words in order to determine which approach works best for you.
6RPH OHDUQHUV ZLOO ¿QG WKDW OLVWHQLQJ WR WKH DXGLR JORVVDU\ D QXPEHU RI WLPHV IRU HDFK OHVVRQ ZLOO EHVW KHOS WKHP
UHPHPEHUQHZYRFDEXODU\$W¿UVW\RXVKRXOGVLPSO\UHSHDWWKH6SDQLVKZRUGIRUWKHJLYHQ(QJOLVKZRUG:LWKWLPH
and practice, you should be able to say the Spanish word for the given English word before hearing it.
0DNLQJ DQG XVLQJ ÀDVKFDUGV LV DQRWKHU DSSURDFK WR OHDUQLQJ QHZ YRFDEXODU\ WKDW ZRUNV IRU PDQ\ OHDUQHUV 7KH
physical act of writing English on one side of the card and Spanish on the other can help you remember new words,
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Spanish side of the card can help make it easier to remember new words in Spanish. Consider the case of the verb
47
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
correr, which means “to run.” As you think about “to run,” you might imagine a student running down a corridor in
school. So, on one side of the card you write, “to run,” and on the other you write correr in the middle of the card and
“corridor” in the upper-left corner. As you practice with the word, you start with the English “to run,” which makes you
think of “corridor,” which reminds you of correr. The connector can be a word, an image, or anything else that helps
\RXPDNHDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH(QJOLVKDQG6SDQLVKZRUGV2QHDGGLWLRQDODGYDQWDJHRIPDNLQJÀDVKFDUGVLV
WKDWWKH\DOORZRWKHUVWRKHOS\RXOHDUQYRFDEXODU\,I\RXKDYHIULHQGVRUIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQWHUHVWHGLQKHOSLQJ\RX
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¢9DVDOHHUORVOLEURVPDxDQD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢9DLVDOODPDUSRUWHOpIRQRDYXHVWURKHUPDQR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢9DDLUDOFLQH)HUQDQGRFRQVXVDPLJRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢9DDWRPDUFDIp(OHQDDODVWUHVGHODWDUGH"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢7XVDPLJRV\W~YDQDEDLODUHQHOFOXE"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
b. Esteban y Luisa quieren ir de vacaciones con sus hijos Felipe y Elena, pero no saben adónde ir. / Esteban and
Luisa want to go on vacation with their children Felipe and Elena, but they don’t know where to go.
Lee el siguiente diálogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following dialogue and answer the questions.
(VWHEDQ £9DPRVGHYDFDFLRQHVD3XHUWR5LFR
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qué no vamos a Ecuador?
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a México.
(OHQD 3UH¿HUR>,SUHIHU@LUDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD
/XLVD <RFUHRTXH>WKDW@0p[LFRHVXQDEXHQDLGHD
)HOLSH £6tPDPL0p[LFRHVXQDEXHQDLGHD
(VWHEDQ £(VWiELHQ9DPRVD0p[LFR
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Dominicana. ¿Está bien?
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Solo vamos a ir a México para nuestras
YDFDFLRQHV(QGRVDxRVYDPRVDOD5HS~EOLFD
Dominicana, ¿OK?
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)HOLSH <RTXLHURLUODSUy[LPDVHPDQD
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48
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEIr in the Present
________________________________________________________________.
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__________________________________________________________________________.
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______________________________________________________________________________.
___________________________________________________________________________.
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______________________________________________________________________________.
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_____________________________________________________________________________.
c.£$KRUDHVWXWXUQR&RPSOHWDODVVLJXLHQWHVSUHJXQWDV1RZLW¶V\RXUWXUQ&RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV
¢&XiQGRYDQGHYDFDFLRQHVW~\WXIDPLOLD"
¢$GyQGHYDQXVWHGHV"
__________________________________________ Chile.
¢4XLpQHVWXIXWEROLVWDIDYRULWR"
______________________________________ en su casa.
6. ¿Por qué viaja Roberto mucho a Panamá? _____________________________ sus abuelos viven en Panamá.
49
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
d. De las siguientes frases, escoge la opción más apropiada. / From the following sentences, choose the most
appropriate option.
/DIDPLOLD4XLUyV*DUFtDYDDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB0p[LFRHOSUy[LPRPHV
DYLVLWDU EYLVLWDQ FYLVLWiLV
&HFLOLDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQVXPDGUHWRGRV>HYHU\@ORVGtDV
DKDEODQ EKDEOD FKDEODU
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DYDQ«FDQWDU EYDLV«FDQWDU FYDPRV«FDQWDU
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEIr in the Present
c. 9DPRVGHYDFDFLRQHVHQFLQFRGtDV
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4. Ana estudia español en su casa.
9R\DOFLQH\DOWHDWURFRQPLVDPLJRV
6. Roberto viaja mucho a Panamá porque sus abuelos viven en Panamá.
51
Lesson Expressing Time in Spanish
9
¿Entiendes? ±'R\RXXQGHUVWDQG">LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@
jueves – Thursday
Lesson 9—Expressing Time in Spanish
el verano – summer
“What is today’s date?” is ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?. The answer to this question is, for example, Es el veintidós
de marzo ZKLFK LV ³,W¶V 0DUFK WZHQW\WKLUG´ 6SDQLVK W\SLFDOO\ XVHV FDUGLQDO QXPEHUV IRU WKH GDWH HJ Es el tres
de noviembre; Es el once de agosto H[FHSW ZKHQ LW¶V WKH ¿UVW IRU ZKLFK 6SDQLVK VSHDNHUV RIWHQ XVH primero
HJ³,W¶VWKH¿UVWRI-XQH´LVEs el primero de junio:KHQVD\LQJWRGD\¶VGDWHWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHel is not needed
HJ³7RGD\LVWKHVHYHQWHHQWKRI0D\´LVHoy es diecisiete de mayo
C. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SRNHQ6SDQLVK
One way to improve your ability to speak Spanish is to listen and repeat what is being said by a newscaster either
on the radio or on television. Newscasters tend to speak slowly and clearly, offering beginning language learners the
chance to repeat what they hear. This exercise is really about getting used to saying things in Spanish and much less
about understanding it, because beginning language learners will understand only some of what is said in the news.
Still, this repetition of Spanish is a valuable exercise to help you get used to making the sounds of spoken Spanish.
And this activity will be helpful in improving your ability to pronounce words in Spanish, because if you limit yourself to
saying only things you understand perfectly well, you won’t actually be speaking much Spanish.
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
¢&XiOHVODIHFKDGHOGtDGH6DQ9DOHQWtQ"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢&XiOHVODIHFKDGHOGtDGH6DQ3DWULFLR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢&XiOHVODIHFKDGHOGtDGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLD>LQGHSHQGHQFH@GHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV"
_____________________.
¢&XiQGRHVHO'tDGH$FFLyQGH*UDFLDV>7KDQNVJLYLQJ@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
b. Javier le está explicando a su nieta Diana los meses del año. ¿Puedes ayudarle a Javier? / Javier is explaining to
his granddaughter Diana the months of the year. Can you help Javier?
Los meses del año son: / The months of the year are:
1. e __________________ 7. j _________________
4. a _________________ RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6. j __________________ GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
c. Diego es estudiante de maestría en negocios y les está explicando a sus padres Luis y Cecilia su horario para este
semestre en la universidad. / Diego is a master’s degree student in business, and he is explaining to his parents Luis
and Cecilia his schedule for this semester at the university.
Completa el diálogo con la información necesaria. / Complete the dialogue with the necessary information.
'LHJR (
VWHVHPHVWUHWHQJR>,KDYH@FODVHVORVOXQHV>RQ0RQGD\V@GHSP
/RVPLpUFROHVQRWHQJRFODVHVSHURVLHPSUH>DOZD\V@KD\XQDUHXQLyQDSP
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQODFDIHWHUtD>FDIHWHULD@/RVMXHYHVYR\DFODVHVD
54
Lesson 9—Expressing Time in Spanish
8. ___________________ voy a la biblioteca. Estoy muy contento porque los viernes no voy a la
XQLYHUVLGDG%XHQR>:HOO@¢TXpKRUDHV"
'LHJR £2KQRQHFHVLWRLUDODXQLYHUVLGDG£$GLyV
d. La abuela de Diana le compró un reloj muy bonito. Diana está aprendiendo a usar el reloj. / Diana’s grandmother
bought her a very nice watch. Diana is learning how to use it.
&HFLOLD'LDQD¢TXpKRUDHV"
____________________________________________________.
&HFLOLD'LDQD¢TXpKRUDHV"
____________________________________________________.
55
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
e. Pablo es estudiante de la universidad, y Marisol es estudiante de secundaria. Ellos son hermanos, y están hablando
sobre sus planes para esta semana. / Pablo is a college student, and Marisol is a high school student. They are
siblings, and they are talking about their plans for this week.
Completa la información con las respuestas más lógicas. / Complete the information with the most logical answers.
0DULVRO/RVOXQHVYR\DOJLPQDVLR>J\PQDVLXP@ _________________________________________________ .
3DEOR<RWDPELpQ>DOVR@YR\DOJLPQDVLRSHUR __________________________________________________ .
0DULVRO/RVMXHYHVWHQJRPLODERUDWRULR>ODERUDWRU\@GHELRORJtD>ELRORJ\@ _____________________________ .
56
Lesson 9—Expressing Time in Spanish
f. Contesta las preguntas de acuerdo al horario de Marisol para el próximo mes. / Answer the questions according to
Marisol’s schedule for next month.
mayo
lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado domingo
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Examen de Laboratorio de Recital de
español biología ballet
DP SP
9
Examen de Concierto
cálculo Shakira
SP
22
Examen de Cita con Fiesta de Clase de
biología ÈQJHOD cumpleaños P~VLFD
de Elena
SP SP
SP
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Clase de ballet Clase de ballet Clase de ballet Mirar el partido
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amigas
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dentista
DP
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Es_________________________________________.
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________________________________________.
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_________________________________.
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_____________________________________.
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__________________________.
57
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
¢$TXpKRUDHVHOFRQFLHUWR>FRQFHUW@GH6KDNLUD"
_____________________________________.
¢$TXpKRUDHVODFODVHGHP~VLFD"
________________________________________________.
b. 1. enero 7. julio
IHEUHUR 8. agosto
PDU]R 9. septiembre
4. abril RFWXEUH
5. mayo 11. noviembre
6. junio GLFLHPEUH
58
Lesson Expressions Using the Verb Tener
59
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
tener>WRKDYH@
tengo tenemos
tienes tenéis
tiene tienen
Successful language learners most often have some real-world connection to the language, such as a desire to travel,
a job situation, or a relationship that gives them a personal stake in being able to communicate in another language.
There are so many Spanish speakers in the United States right now that, if you look for them, you should be able to
¿QG RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR FRPPXQLFDWH LQ WKH ODQJXDJH ,W DOVR KHOSV WR EH LQWHUHVWHG QRW RQO\ LQ WKH ODQJXDJH EXW DOVR
LQ WKH FXOWXUH DQG KLVWRU\ RI WKH 6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJ ZRUOG 3UDFWLFH RIWHQ PDNH PLVWDNHV DQG KDYH VRPH IXQ<RXU
6SDQLVKSUR¿FLHQF\LVVXUHWRLPSURYHDVORQJDVOHDUQLQJ6SDQLVKLVLPSRUWDQWWR\RX
2QHZD\WRWKLQNDERXWZKHQWRXVHWKHGLFWLRQDU\LVWKHIROORZLQJ<RXVKRXOGRQO\XVHWKHGLFWLRQDU\ZKHQ\RX¶UH
angry. This means that you should use the dictionary when you come across a word that you have seen so much—and
you still don’t know what it means—that it makes you angry. Using the dictionary only when you’re angry means that
you’ll be looking up the most important words—the ones you come across often in your reading.
F. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU5HDGLQJ6NLOOV
,I\RXPDNHLWDKDELWWREHJLQHDFKGD\E\UHDGLQJWKHQHZVLQ6SDQLVKRQWKH,QWHUQHW\RXZLOOLPSURYH\RXUUHDGLQJ
VNLOOVZKLOH\RX¿QGRXWZKDW¶VKDSSHQLQJLQWKHZRUOG$FFHSWWKDW\RX¶UHQRWJRLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHU\WKLQJ\RXUHDG
DQGWKDW¶VRND\<RXUSXUSRVHZLWKWKLVUHDGLQJLVQRWWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHU\ZRUGEXWUDWKHUWRUHDGLQ6SDQLVKWRJHWD
JHQHUDOVHQVHRIZKDW¶VJRLQJRQLQWKHZRUOGRISROLWLFVVSRUWVHQWHUWDLQPHQWRUZKDWHYHUVSHFL¿FWRSLFLQWHUHVWV\RX
Accepting less-than-perfect reading comprehension is like being willing to make mistakes in conversation. Dive in and
GR\RXUEHVWZLWKWLPHDQGSUDFWLFHLPSURYHGUHDGLQJSUR¿FLHQF\ZLOOIROORZ
/HVVRQ²([SUHVVLRQV8VLQJWKH9HUETener
Two popular websites with news from the United States are CNN en Español and Fox News Latino DVORQJDV\RX
ORRNDWWKHYHUVLRQLQ6SDQLVK)RUQHZVIURP0H[LFR\RXPLJKWFRQVXOWWKHZHEVLWHIRUWKHQHZVSDSHUEl Universal.
One good place to get news from Spain is the website for the newspaper El País,I\RX¶UHPRUHLQWHUHVWHGLQZKDW¶V
happening in some other country, do a Google search using the word periódico>QHZVSDSHU@DQGWKHQDPHRIWKH
country that interests you.
¢&XiQWDVKHUPDQRVWLHQH3DEOR" ____________________________________________________________ .
¢&XiQWRVKLMRVWLHQHQ/XLV\&HFLOLD" __________________________________________________________ .
¢&XiQWRVKHUPDQRVWLHQHXQDKLMD~QLFD" ______________________________________________________ .
¢&XiQWRVDxRVWLHQHHQXQDSHUVRQDTXHQDFLy>ZKRZDVERUQ@HQ" ________________________ .
b. Javier y Erica tienen dos hijas: Diana de cuatro años y Mariana de un año. Erica está embarazada otra vez, y
todos están muy felices. Erica y Javier están hablando sobre sus hijas y los planes para hoy. / Javier and Erica have
two daughters: Diana, who is four years old, and Mariana, who is one. Erica is pregnant again, and everyone is very
happy. Erica and Javier are talking about their daughters and the plans for today.
Completa el siguiente diálogo utilizando tener que y/o tener ganas de. Tienes que conjugar tener de manera correcta.
/ Complete the following dialogue using tener que and/or tener ganas de<RXKDYHWRFRQMXJDWHtener correctly.
SDUTXH(OODVQHFHVLWDQHVWDUFRQ>ZLWK@RWURVQLxRV>FKLOGUHQ@
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FRPSUDUVX¿FLHQWHV>HQRXJK@SDUDHO¿QGHVHPDQD
-DYLHU
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61
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
(ULFD £6tSRUVXSXHVWR>RIFRXUVH@3HURHOYLHUQHV'LDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDOGHQWLVWDDODV
1RVRWUDVYDPRVDUHJUHVDUDFDVD>JRKRPH@DODV
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-DYLHU 3
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c. Completa las siguientes frases utilizando expresiones con tener. / Complete the following sentences using
expressions with tener.
6RQODVGHODWDUGH\$OEHUWRQRKDFRPLGRQDGD>KDVQ¶WHDWHQDQ\WKLQJ@KR\
Alberto ______________.
6RQODVGHODPDxDQDSHUR'LHJRWLHQHFODVHDODV(OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSDUDOOHJDUDOD
universidad.
'RQGH>:KHUH@\RYLYRKD\SRVLELOLGDGGHKXUDFDQHV>KXUULFDQHV@GHMXQLRDQRYLHPEUH
1RVRWURVVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQHVRV>WKRVH@PHVHV
*HQHUDOPHQWH>*HQHUDOO\@'LHJRQRHVWXGLDSDUDVXVH[iPHQHVSHURVXVQRWDV>JUDGHV@VRQPX\EXHQDV
eOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/XLVWUDEDMDPXFKRSRUODQRFKH\VRORGXHUPH>VOHHSV@FLQFRKRUDVeOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
3DEOR\0DULVROHVWiQHQXQEDUFRQDLUHDFRQGLFLRQDGR>DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ@PX\IXHUWH
Ellos ____________________.
d. Luis y Cecilia van a cenar en la casa de su hijo. / Luis and Cecilia are going to have dinner at their son’s house.
Lee el siguiente diálogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following dialogue and answer the questions.
/HVVRQ²([SUHVVLRQV8VLQJWKH9HUETener
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>VRPHWKLQJ@SDUDODFHQD"
&HFLOLD 6
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Aunque la lengua española es uno de los aspectos que une al mundo hispano, también existen muchas diferencias
entre regiones y países. Ahora sabes que hay países, áreas y regiones que pronuncian consonantes y/o palabras de
PDQHUDGLIHUHQWH7DPELpQKD\SDODEUDVTXHHQXQSDtVWLHQHQXQVLJQL¿FDGRGLIHUHQWHTXHHQRWUR+D\SDODEUDVTXH
VRORWLHQHQXQXVRRVLJQL¿FDGRSDUWLFXODUHQXQDUHJLyQHVSHFt¿FDSHURQRH[LVWHQHQRWUDV3RUHMHPSOR³FDNH´HQ
Argentina se dice torta, en Puerto Rico bizcocho, en España tarta y en México pastel. Otra palabra interesante es
“popcorn,” que en Colombia se dice crispetas, en Argentina pochoclo y en España palomitas. Además, “bus” en
Argentina se dice colectivo, en Cuba y Puerto Rico guagua, en Costa Rica bus y en México camión.
Otra de las diferencias importantes es la correspondiente a la localización del país dependiendo del hemisferio. Los
países que están al norte del ecuador tienen diferentes estaciones que los países al sur del ecuador. Cuando es el
verano para los países en el hemisferio norte, es el invierno para los países del hemisferio sur. Otros países solo tienen
una temporada seca y una temporada de lluvia, pero no tienen cuatro estaciones como los Estados Unidos, por ejemplo.
Otro de los contrastes entre los países hispanos son los días feriados. Aunque muchos países tienen los mismos
días feriados, no todos hacen las mismas celebraciones. Estas celebraciones van a ser diferentes dependiendo del
país y las regiones dentro de cada país. Esto se debe a que cada país tiene su propia cultura y costumbres. Los días
feriados pueden ser nacionales o regionales, y muchas veces las celebraciones regionales dependen de creencias
religiosas y de los personajes santos asociados a una región.
(QFXDQWRDO'tDGHOD,QGHSHQGHQFLD*XDWHPDOD(O6DOYDGRU&RVWD5LFD+RQGXUDV\1LFDUDJXDORFHOHEUDQFDGD
año el 15 de septiembre, mientras que México lo celebra el 16 de septiembre y Chile el 18 de ese mes. En agosto
HVWDFHOHEUDFLyQODWLHQHQ(FXDGRU%ROLYLD\8UXJXD\(QHOPHVGHMXOLRVHFHOHEUDHO'tDGHOD,QGHSHQGHQFLDSDUD
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
9HQH]XHOD$UJHQWLQD&RORPELD\3HU~3RUVXSXHVWRHVWHGtDHVXQDFHOHEUDFLyQPX\LPSRUWDQWHHQFDGDSDtV\
tiene sus orígenes en la historia independentista de España.
1RVHSXHGHQHJDUODLQÀXHQFLDGH(VSDxDHQ+LVSDQRDPpULFD\HQFXDQWRDXQRGHORVIHULDGRVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUD
las familias se encuentra el Día de los Reyes Magos, que se celebra el seis de enero o la medianoche del cinco de
enero. La idea general y tradicional es que los Reyes Magos—Melchor, Gaspar y Baltasar—les llevan regalos a los
QLxRV(VWDFHOHEUDFLyQHVFRP~QHQPXFKRVGHORVSDtVHVKLVSDQRKDEODQWHV
³%XV´VHGLFH>LVVDLG@LJXDO>WKHVDPH@HQWRGRVORVSDtVHVGH+LVSDQRDPpULFD _________________________
7RGRVORVSDtVHVHQ+LVSDQRDPpULFDWLHQHQFXDWURHVWDFLRQHVFRPRHQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV _______________
4. Algunos países tienen una temporada seca y una temporada lluviosa. __________________________
d. &HFLOLDSUHSDUDXQSRVWUHWUHVOHFKHV>DVSRQJHFDNHVRDNHGLQWKUHHNLQGVRIPLON@
&HFLOLDWLHQHTXHFRPSUDULQJUHGLHQWHVSDUDHOSRVWUH
/XLVYDDOOHYDUXQDJXLWDUUDDODFDVDGHVXKLMR
1R&HFLOLDQRWLHQHTXHOODPDUDODR¿FLQD
Lectura cultural
) ) ) & & )
64
/HVVRQ²([SUHVVLRQV8VLQJWKH9HUETener
Although the Spanish language is one of the aspects that unites the Hispanic world, there are also many differences
EHWZHHQUHJLRQVDQGFRXQWULHV<RXQRZNQRZWKDWWKHUHDUHFRXQWULHVDUHDVDQGUHJLRQVWKDWSURQRXQFHFRQVRQDQWV
and/or words in different ways. There are also words that have a different meaning in one country than in another. There
DUHZRUGVWKDWRQO\KDYHRQHXVHRUSDUWLFXODUPHDQLQJLQDVSHFL¿FUHJLRQEXWWKDWGRQ¶WH[LVWLQRWKHUV)RUH[DPSOH
“cake” in Argentina is torta, in Puerto Rico bizcocho, in Spain tarta, and in Mexico pastel. Another interesting word
is “popcorn,” which in Colombia is crispetas, in Argentina pochoclo, and in Spain palomitas. Moreover, “bus” is
colectivo in Argentina, guagua in Cuba and Puerto Rico, bus in Costa Rica, and camión in Mexico.
Another of the important differences relates to the location of the country, depending on its hemisphere. The countries
that are north of the equator have different seasons than the countries to the south of the equator. When it’s summer
for the countries in the northern hemisphere, it’s winter for the countries of the southern hemisphere. Other countries
only have a dry season and a rainy season, but don’t have four seasons, as in, for example, the United States.
Holidays are another of the contrasts among Hispanic countries. Although many countries have the same holidays, not
all celebrate them the same way. These celebrations will be different depending on the country and the regions within
each country. This is due to each country having its own culture and customs. Holidays can be national or regional,
and often the regional celebrations depend on the religious beliefs and the saints associated with a region.
$V IRU ,QGHSHQGHQFH 'D\ *XDWHPDOD (O 6DOYDGRU &RVWD 5LFD +RQGXUDV DQG 1LFDUDJXD FHOHEUDWH LW HDFK \HDU
on September 15th, while Mexico celebrates it on September 16th, and Chile celebrates it on September 18th ,W¶V
FHOHEUDWHG LQ $XJXVW LQ (FXDGRU %ROLYLD DQG 8UXJXD\ ,QGHSHQGHQFH 'D\ LV FHOHEUDWHG LQ -XO\ LQ 9HQH]XHOD
$UJHQWLQD&RORPELDDQG3HU~7KLVGD\LVRIFRXUVHDYHU\LPSRUWDQWFHOHEUDWLRQLQHDFKFRXQWU\DQGKDVLWVRULJLQV
in the history of independence from Spain.
7KHLQÀXHQFHRI6SDLQRQ6SDQLVK$PHULFDFDQQRWEHGHQLHGDQGDPRQJWKHPRUHLPSRUWDQWKROLGD\VIRUIDPLOLHVLV
(SLSKDQ\>7KH'D\RIWKH:LVH0HQ@ZKLFKLVFHOHEUDWHGRQ-DQXDU\th or at midnight on January 5th. The general
and traditional idea is that the Wise Men—Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthasar—bring gifts to children. This celebration is
common in many of the Spanish-speaking countries.
65
Lesson Verbs like Hacer and Interrogative Words
11
explicar – to explain
¿Cómo está Carla? – How is Carla? ¿Cómo es Carla? – What is Carla like?
Caen rayos.±,W¶VOLJKWQLQJ
la coma – comma
66
/HVVRQ²9HUEVOLNHHacerDQG,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV
B. 9HUEV&RQMXJDWHGOLNHhacer
9HUEVFRQMXJDWHGOLNHhacerPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\DOVRXVHUHJXODUHQGLQJVDQGKDYHDg in the yoIRUPLQFOXGHponer
>WRSXW@salir >WROHDYHWRJRRXW@DQGtraer >WREULQJ@7KHyo forms for these verbs are pongo, salgo, and traigo.
C. ,QWHUURJDWLYHV
The meaning of cómo is different when used with estar than it is when used with ser because estar expresses a state
or condition, while ser expresses an inherent characteristic of someone or something. ¿Cómo están las chicas?
asks “How are the girls?” while ¿Cómo son las chicas? asks “What are the girls like?”
The interrogative qué >ZKDW@ LV XVHG GLUHFWO\ EHIRUH D QRXQ HJ ¿Qué clases tomas este semestre? is “What
FODVVHVDUH\RXWDNLQJWKLVVHPHVWHU"´7KHLQWHUURJDWLYHVcuál and cuáles>ZKLFKRUZKDW@DUHRIWHQXVHGDIWHUWKH
preposition de, as in ¿Cuáles de las camas es tu cama?ZKLFKLV³:KLFKRIWKHEHGVLV\RXUEHG"´<RXXVHqué
ZKHQ DVNLQJ IRU D GH¿QLWLRQ RU H[SODQDWLRQ HJ ¿Qué pasa aquí? is “What’s happening here?”; ¢4Xp VLJQL¿FD
salir?LV³:KDWGRHVVDOLUPHDQ"´7KHLQWHUURJDWLYHVcuál and cuáles are used when you want someone to tell you
VRPHLQIRUPDWLRQQRWH[SODLQLWHJ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy? is “What is today’s date?”; ¿Cuál es el nombre de
la profesora del curso?LV³:KDWLVWKHQDPHRIWKHSURIHVVRURIWKHFRXUVH"´
D. Punctuation
,Q 6SDQLVK LW LV QHYHU FRUUHFW WR SXW D FRPPD DIWHU WKH VHFRQGWRODVW LWHP LQ D OLVW HJ ³,¶P JRLQJ WR EULQJ PDQ\
books, a notebook, and a computer” is Voy a traer muchos libros, un cuaderno y una computadora
Questions in Spanish begin with an inverted question mark, which could be at the start of a sentence or at the start of
DFODXVHLQWKHPLGGOHRIDVHQWHQFHHJ¿Dónde están las camas? is “Where are the beds?”; Si tenemos tiempo,
¿debemos salir después de la clase?LV³,IZHKDYHWLPHVKRXOGZHJRRXWDIWHUWKHFODVV"´$QH[FODPDWLRQPXVW
EHJLQ ZLWK DQ LQYHUWHG H[FODPDWLRQ PDUN DQG HQG ZLWK DQ H[FODPDWLRQ PDUN HJ ¡Que día fantástico! is “What a
IDQWDVWLF GD\´ 'HVSXpV GHO H[DPHQ £TXp ¿HVWD YDPRV D KDFHU is “After the exam, what a party we’re going to
WKURZ´
67
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Probabilidad Probabilidad Probabilidad Probabilidad Probablidad Probabilidad
de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia de lluvia
¢&XiOHVODWHPSHUDWXUDPtQLPDHQ%XHQRV$LUHVHOGRPLQJR" ______________________________________ .
¢&XiOHVODWHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPDHOYLHUQHVHQ%XHQRV$LUHV" ______________________________________ .
b.'LDQDTXLHUHLUDODSLVFLQDGH9LOOD&HOHVWH(ULFDYDDUHYLVDUHOSURQyVWLFRGHOWLHPSR'LDQDZDQWVWRJRWRWKH
SRROLQ9LOOD&HOHVWH(ULFDLVJRLQJWRFKHFNWKHZHDWKHUIRUHFDVW
Lee el siguiente diálogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following dialogue and answer the questions.
'LDQD £0DPLTXLHUR>,ZDQW@LUDODSLVFLQD
Erica: Sí, está bien, pero tenemos que llevar a tu hermana Mariana con nosotras.
'LDQD (VWiELHQPDPLSHUR£YDPRVDODSLVFLQD
(ULFD 0X\ELHQSHURSULPHUR>¿UVW@YR\DPLUDUHOSURQyVWLFRGHOWLHPSR
68
/HVVRQ²9HUEVOLNHHacerDQG,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV
(ULFD 'LDQD¢SXHGHV>FDQ\RX@SRQHUODWHOHYLVLyQSRUIDYRU"
'LDQD £6tPDPL
Erica: Diana, hoy no vamos a ir a la piscina porque va a llover.
'LDQD 1RPDPL£KDFHVRO
Erica: Sí, hace sol ahora, pero en una hora va a llover mucho.
Diana: Pero yo quiero ir a la piscina.
(ULFD <RVp>,NQRZ@SHURQRYDPRVDVDOLUSRUTXHYDDOORYHU
(ULFD 0DxDQDVtYDPRVFRQWXDPLJD9DOHULD¢HVWiELHQ"
'LDQD £6tPDxDQD
¢4XpWLHPSRKDFHDKRUD" ___________________________________________________________________ .
¢&XiQGRYDDOORYHU" ______________________________________________________________________ .
c. Completa las frases con la opción apropiada. / Complete the sentences with the appropriate option.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHMHUFLFLRFRQ9LFWRULDDODVFLQFRGHODWDUGH
DKDFHPRV«KDFHU EKDFHU«YDLVDKDFHU FKDFHU«YR\DKDFHU
¢&XiOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHOQRPEUHGHWXQXHYRYHFLQR"
DHVWi EHV FVHU
¢&yPRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODSHUVRQDOLGDG>SHUVRQDOLW\@GHWXYHFLQR"
DHVWi EHV FVHU
4. <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODUDGLRWRGRVORVGtDVSHURQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODWHOHYLVLyQWRGRVORVGtDV
DSRQJR«SRQHU ESRQJR«SRQpLV FSRQJR«SRQJR
¢&XiOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVLQJUHGLHQWHV>LQJUHGLHQWV@TXHQHFHVLWDVFRPSUDUHQHOVXSHUPHUFDGR"
DHVWiQ EHUHV FVRQ
69
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
0DULVRO\9DOHULDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWRGRVORV¿QHVGHVHPDQDFRQVXVDPLJRV
DVDOJDQ EVDOHQ FVDOLPRV
¢<W~"¢&XiQGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRQWXVDPLJRV"
DVDOH EVDOHV FVDOJR
¢<XVWHGHV"¢&XiQGRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVOLEURVSDUDHVWXGLDU"
DWUDLJR EWUDH FWUDHQ
d. Escribe la expresión correspondiente a la imagen. / Write the expression corresponding to the image.
1. _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
/HVVRQ²9HUEVOLNHHacerDQG,QWHUURJDWLYH:RUGV
71
Lesson The Verbs Saber and Conocer
la respuesta – answer
el techo – roof
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEVSaber and Conocer
What do they mean? Both saber and conocer mean “to know.”
How do you use them? The verb saber expresses “to know” in the sense of knowing information or knowing how to
GRVRPHWKLQJHJEllos saben que Marta es simpática is “They know that Marta is nice”; ¿Sabes hablar italiano?
LV³'R\RXNQRZKRZWRVSHDN,WDOLDQ"´7KHYHUEconocer expresses “to know” in the sense of being familiar with
someone or with a place or thing HJ No conocemos a Arturo is “We don’t know Arturo”; Mis amigos conocen una
buena bibliotecaLV³0\IULHQGVNQRZDJRRGOLEUDU\´
How do you conjugate them? Both saber and conocer have irregular yo forms: yo sé and yo conozco7KHRWKHU¿YH
forms for both verbs are regular.
B. The Personal a
:KHQWKHGLUHFWREMHFWRIDYHUELVDVSHFL¿FSHUVRQRUJURXSRISHRSOHWKHZRUGaPXVWSUHFHGHWKHGLUHFWREMHFW,Q
the world of grammar, this is called the “personal a,” or the a personalLQ6SDQLVKHJConozco a Julia, pero no
conozco a sus padresLV³,NQRZ-XOLDEXW,GRQ¶WNQRZKHUSDUHQWV´¿A quién buscas? is “Whom are you looking
IRU"´,IWKHSHUVRQRUJURXSLVQRWVSHFL¿FQRpersonal aLVQHHGHGHJNecesitamos unos nuevos amigos is
³:HQHHGVRPHQHZIULHQGV´7KHpersonal a is generally not used with tener or hayHJTengo cuatro tíosLV³,
have four uncles”; Hay un chico al lado de mí LV³7KHUH¶VDER\QH[WWRPH´
C. 9HUEVOLNHconocer
The verbs producir >WR SURGXFH@ reducir >WR UHGXFH@ ofrecer >WR RIIHU@ parecer >WR VHHP@ traducir >WR WUDQVODWH@
and conducir>WRGULYH@DUHFRQMXJDWHGOLNHconocer, meaning that they all have a z before the c in the yo form while
WKHRWKHU¿YHYHUEIRUPVLQWKHSUHVHQWDUHUHJXODU7KHSUHVHQWWHQVHRIWKHyo forms for these verbs are produzco,
reduzco, ofrezco, parezco, traduzco, and conduzco.
D. Using en and a
The preposition en>LQDW@LVXVHGZKHQWKHUHLVQRPRWLRQH[SUHVVHGHJEstamos en el parque is “We are in the
park”; Ella estudia en la universidadLV³6KHVWXGLHVDWWKHXQLYHUVLW\´,IZKDW\RX¶UHWDONLQJDERXWLQYROYHVPRWLRQ
use the preposition a>WR@ZKLFKLVRIWHQXVHGZLWKir>WRJR@DQGllegar>WRDUULYH@HJVamos a la tienda is “We are
going to the store”; Siempre llegan a la estación de trenesLV³7KH\DOZD\VDUULYHDWWKHWUDLQVWDWLRQ´
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
¢'yQGHHVWiHO*LPQDVLR>J\PQDVLXP@$GROIR3LQHGD"
D(OJLPQDVLRHVWiHQODFDUUHWHUD3DQDPHULFDQD
E(OJLPQDVLRHVWiHQWUHOD$YHQLGD1RUWH\ODFDUUHWHUD
Panamericana.
F(OJLPQDVLRHVWiHQWUHODFDUUHWHUD3DQDPHULFDQD\OD
Avenida Sur.
¢'yQGHHVWiOD3DUURTXLD,QPDFXODGD&RQFHSFLyQ"
D/DSDUURTXLDHVWiHQHO3DUTXH'DQLHO+HUQiQGH]
E/DSDUURTXLDHVWiHQWUHOD$YHQLGD1RUWH\OD$YHQLGD
Sur.
F/DSDUURTXLDHVWiHQODFDUUHWHUD3DQDPHULFDQD
¢'yQGHHVWiHO+RWHO(O3RUWDO"
D(OKRWHOHVWiHQOD$YHQLGD1RUWH
E(OKRWHOHVWiOHMRVGHOD3DUURTXLD,QPDFXODGD&RQFHSFLyQ
F(OKRWHOHVWiFHUFDGHO3DUTXH'DQLHO+HUQiQGH]
b. El cliente de Luis no sabe exactamente dónde están los países en América Central o América del Sur. / Luis’s
customer doesn’t know exactly where the countries of Central America or South America are located.
74
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEVSaber and Conocer
Ecuador
E(FXDGRUHVWiHQWUH%ROLYLD\3DUDJXD\
F(FXDGRUHVWiFHUFDGH&RORPELD
Perú Brasil
¢'yQGHHVWi%ROLYLD" Bolivia
AMÉRICA LATINA
D%ROLYLDHVWiHQWUH%UDVLO\&KLOH Paraguay
E%ROLYLDHVWiFHUFDGH*XDWHPDOD Chile
F%ROLYLDHVWiDOVXUGH3DUDJXD\ Uruguay
Argentina
¢'yQGHHVWiOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD"
D/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVWiRHVWHGH3XHUWR5LFR
E/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVWiDORHVWHGH&XED
F/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVWiHQWUH9HQH]XHOD\&RORPELD
c. Rogelio está buscando trabajo. Hoy tiene una entrevista de trabajo en la agencia de viajes de Luis Cortés. / Rogelio
is looking for a job. Today he has a job interview in Luis Cortés’s travel agency.
Completa el siguiente diálogo entre Rogelio y Luis. / Complete the following dialogue between Rogelio and Luis
Cortés.
5RJHOLR£0XFKRJXVWRVHxRU&RUWpV
75
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
SDUDODSXEOLFLGDG>DGYHUWLVLQJ@HQXQDDJHQFLDGHYLDMHV
>RUJDQL]H@HYHQWRV>HYHQWV@"
Chile y Panamá.
/XLV £0X\ELHQ5RJHOLR£*UDFLDVSRUKDEODUFRQPLJR>ZLWKPH@
d. Escoge la respuesta correcta. No olvides conjugar el verbo. / Choose the correct answer. Don’t forget to conjugate
the verb.
'LDQDQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPDQHMDUVXELFLFOHWD>ELF\FOH@
/XLVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODFXxDGDGH$QD
$OEHUWR'LHJR\-DYLHUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBMXJDU>WRSOD\@DMHGUH]>FKHVV@
¢7~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQEXHQUHVWDXUDQWHSDUDLUDFRPHUFRQWXIDPLOLD"
<RQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQDEXHQDXQLYHUVLGDGSDUDHVWXGLDUDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHQWXULVPR
76
/HVVRQ²7KH9HUEVSaber and Conocer
(OSHULyGLFRHVWiBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHODPHVD
(OWHOHYLVRUHVWiBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHOVLOOyQ
b. F E
F D
D
c. 1. soy Vp
WLHQH 11. organizo
WHQJR RIUH]FR
4. Estudio 6DEH
5. necesito 14. sé
6. Sabe 15. traduzco
7. Sé 16. Conoce
8. tiene 17. Conozco
9. Sabe
d. 1. conocen a 6. saben
VDEH 7. Conoces
FRQRFHD 8. Sabe
4. conoce 9. conozco
5. sabe
e. 1. a la derecha 4. entre
HQFLPD 5. debajo
DODGHUHFKD
77
Lesson Stem-Changing Verbs
la conjugación – conjugation
conmigo – with me
costar – to cost
¡Qué elegante!±+RZHOHJDQW
querer>WRZDQWWRORYH@ encontrar>WR¿QG@
e Æ ie o Æ ue
78
/HVVRQ²6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV
servir>WRVHUYH@ jugar>WRSOD\@
eÆi u Æ ue
What’s easy about stem-changing verbs is remembering that all endings are regular and that the stem change happens
RQO\LQWKHERRWLQDOOIRUPVH[FHSWWKHnosotros and vosotrosIRUPV:KDW¶VGLI¿FXOWDERXWVWHPFKDQJLQJYHUEVLV
remembering which verbs change stem and what the stem change is for each verb.
B. Prepositional Pronouns
3URQRXQV XVHG DIWHU D SUHSRVLWLRQ DOVR NQRZQ DV SUHSRVLWLRQDO SURQRXQV DUH WKH VDPH DV WKH VXEMHFW SURQRXQV
ZLWK WZR H[FHSWLRQV 7KH ¿UVWSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP LV mí and the second-person singular, informal form is ti. The
prepositional pronouns are as follows.
mí nosotros, nosotras
ti vosotros, vosotras
usted ustedes
él ellos
ella ellas
Two forms that are irregular are conmigo, which means “with me,” and contigoZKLFKPHDQV³ZLWK\RX´XVLQJWKH
LQIRUPDOVLQJXODUIRUPRI³\RX´
1. When a word ends with a vowel or with the letter n or s\RXVWUHVVWKHVHFRQGWRODVWV\OODEOHHJcomen,
cervezas, trabajadora
When a word ends with a consonant that is not the letter n or s\RXVWUHVVWKHODVWV\OODEOHHJentender,
pared, accidental
:KHQDZRUGGRHVQRWIROORZWKH¿UVWWZRUXOHVDQDFFHQWPDUNLVXVHGWRVKRZZKLFKV\OODEOHVKRXOGEH
VWUHVVHGHJfrancés, Ángela, república
79
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. Pablo y sus amigos Sebastián y Guillermo están hablando con Felipe. Ellos quieren convencer a Felipe de ir a la
universidad. / Pablo and his friends Sebastián and Guillermo are talking with Felipe. They want to convince Felipe to
go to college.
Completa el diálogo con la conjugación correcta del verbo indicado. / Complete the dialogue with the correct
conjugation of the indicated verb.
>VHPHVWHU@
WUDEDMR1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHUHU
HVWUHVDUPH>VWUHVVRXW@SRUODVFODVHV\ODV
QRWDV>JUDGHV@
es mala idea.
MXQWRV>WRJHWKHU@HQODELEOLRWHFD6LQRVRWURV
SUHIHULUWRPDUFODVHVSRUODQRFKH
6HEDVWLiQ 6tHVPXFKRGLQHURSHURYDOHODSHQD>LW¶VZRUWKLW@
3DEOR*XLOOHUPR6HEDVWLiQ£1RVYHPRV
/HVVRQ²6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV
c. Escoge la preposición o el pronombre preposicional correcto para las oraciones siguientes. / Choose the correct
preposition or prepositional pronoun for the following sentences.
1. Los lunes tengo clases ____________________ las nueve de la mañana y las cinco menos diez de la tarde.
(QODFODVHKDEODPRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB&XED
+DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVDPLJRVWRGRVORVGtDV
¢4XLHUHVLUDOVHPLQDULR>VHPLQDU@GHHVWDQRFKHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"
(VWDWDUHD>KRPHZRUN@HVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODFODVHGHLQJOpV
4XLHURLUDOD¿HVWDSHURVLQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQRYR\DLU
d. Completa las respuestas de las siguientes preguntas. No olvides conjugar el verbo. / Complete the answers to the
following questions. Don’t forget to conjugate the verb.
¢-XHJDVPXFKRDOI~WEROORV¿QHVGHVHPDQD"1R _______________________________________________ .
¢*HQHUDOPHQWHPLHQWHVDWXVDPLJRV"1R _____________________________________________________ .
¢3LHUGHVODVOODYHV>NH\V@GHWXFDUURIUHFXHQWHPHQWH>IUHTXHQWO\@"6t ________________________________ .
81
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 3UH¿HUR 9. trabajo
TXLHUR SUH¿HUR
VDEHPRV 11. creo
4. estudiamos FXHVWD
5. entendemos SXHGR
6. podemos 14. juego
7. almorzamos 15. puedes
8. almuerzo 16. pensar
c. 1. entre 5. para
VREUHGH 6. ti
FRQ 7. hasta
4. conmigo 8. detrás de
d. 1RQRMXHJRPXFKRDOI~WEROORV¿QHVGHVHPDQD
1RQRPLHQWRDPLVDPLJRV
6tSLHUGRODVOODYHVGHPLFDUURIUHFXHQWHPHQWH
4. Un buen diccionario cuesta por lo menos veinte dólares.
5. Almuerzo al mediodía.
6. Sí, entiendo los verbos con cambio de raíz en el presente.
Lesson Ver, Dar, and Other Irregular Verbs
14
proteger – to protect
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
ver>WRVHH@ dar>WRJLYH@
C. 9HUEVOLNHescoger
The verb escoger>WRFKRRVH@KDVDOOUHJXODUHQGLQJVLQWKHSUHVHQWEXWWKHyo form has a j instead of a g,IWKHyo
form included a g, it would make a hard g sound, as found in tengo. To maintain the j sound present in escoger DQG
for example, ArgentinaWKHIRUPLQVWHDGLVyo escojo. Other verbs conjugated like escoger include proteger>WR
SURWHFW@DQGWKHe Æ i stem-changing verb corregir >WRFRUUHFW@7KHyo forms of these verbs in the present are yo
protejo and yo corrijo.
decir>WRVD\@ venir>WRFRPH@
eÆi e Æ ie
When conjugated in the present, oír>WRKHDU@KDVDg in the yo form; a y in the tú, usted, and ustedes forms; and an
accent in the nosotrosIRUP,WVSUHVHQWWHQVHFRQMXJDWLRQLVDVIROORZV
oír>WRKHDU@
oigo oímos
oyes oís
oye oyen
E. ,PSURYLQJ<RXU/LVWHQLQJDQG6SHDNLQJ6NLOOV
:DWFKLQJWHOHYLVLRQLQ6SDQLVKLVRQHZD\WRLPSURYH\RXUOLVWHQLQJDQGVSHDNLQJVNLOOV6SHFL¿FQHWZRUNVWKDW\RX
might have access to where you live are Univisión, Telemundo, or Azteca. Although any program you watch can
be useful, news programs are ideal for beginning language learners because newscasters tend to speak slowly
and clearly. For someone new to the language, this is exactly the kind of spoken Spanish that you are most likely
to understand. Moreover, when watching the news, you will see clips or scenes of what the newscaster is talking
about. These images, accompanying what you hear, will help provide context for what you’re hearing. When watching
television, as always when hearing Spanish, use cognates, context, and conjecture to help you make sense of what
you’re hearing.
84
Lesson 14—Ver, DarDQG2WKHU,UUHJXODU9HUEV
As has been mentioned in an earlier lesson, from time to time you should repeat what the newscaster is saying to work
on developing your speaking skills. This will help you get accustomed to the intonation used in Spanish—meaning the
way the voice rises and falls when speaking. And if you’d like to read subtitles while watching television, have them be
in Spanish if possible. This entire all-Spanish experience—meaning that both the words you’re hearing and the words
you’re reading are in Spanish—will help get you more accustomed to the language in its various aspects.
5 6
Horizontal / Across
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<RVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODYHUGDGWUXWK
Vertical / Down
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vamos a un restaurante.
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7RGRVORVDxRVpOOH>WRKHU@BBBBBBBBBBXQUHJDOR>JLIW@DVXPHMRU>EHVW@DPLJDSRUVXFXPSOHDxRV
85
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. (ULFD\VXVKLMDV'LDQD\0DULDQDHVWiQHQHO]RROyJLFR>]RR@(ULFDDQGKHUGDXJKWHUV'LDQDDQG0DULDQDDUHDW
the zoo.
Completa el diálogo con la conjugación correcta del verbo indicado. / Complete the dialogue with the correct
conjugation of the indicated verb.
'LDQD £6tPDPL
(ULFD 6RQODVJXDFDPD\DV>PDFDZV@£(VWiQFDQWDQGR
>7KH\DUHVLQJLQJ@
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ahora.
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con ella.
(ULFD ¢/RVHOHIDQWHVVRQWXDQLPDOIDYRULWR>IDYRULWH@"
86
Lesson 14—Ver, DarDQG2WKHU,UUHJXODU9HUEV
c. Lee el siguiente párrafo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Hoy, en la capital de los Estados Unidos, el presidente Obama se reunió con el presidente de México, Enrique Peña
Nieto, para hablar de la situación económica de los dos países. Durante las conversaciones, los dos presidentes
hablaron del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte y del asunto de la inmigración, tanto legal como ilegal,
entre México y los Estados Unidos. Los dos líderes van a verse de nuevo en una semana cuando el presidente
mexicano y el presidente estadounidense viajen a Río de Janeiro para una reunión de todos los jefes de Estado de
las Américas.
¢&XiQGRYDQDYHUVH>PHHWVHHHDFKRWKHU@GHQXHYR>DJDLQ@ORVSUHVLGHQWHVGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV\0p[LFR"
___________________________________________________________________________________________
¢$GyQGHYDQDYLDMDUORVSUHVLGHQWHV" _________________________________________________________ .
¢3RUTXpYDQDKDFHUHOYLDMH>WULS@" ___________________________________________________________ .
4. ¿Quiénes más van a estar con los presidentes Peña Nieto y Obama? ________________________________ .
d. Lee el siguiente párrafo. Encuentra al menos cinco cognados y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following
SDUDJUDSK)LQGDWOHDVW¿YHFRJQDWHVDQGDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQV
El náhuatl
El náhuatl es una lengua que se habla principalmente en los pueblos indígenas nahuas en México. Aunque el náhuatl,
FRQXQPLOOyQ\PHGLRGHKDEODQWHVHQHOSDtVHVODOHQJXDLQGtJHQDKDEODGDSRUHOPD\RUQ~PHURGHJUXSRVpWQLFRV
en México, también existe una gran cantidad de dialectos entre estos grupos. El náhuatl es la lengua indígena más
importante en México, pero en ese país existen más de sesenta “lenguas vivas.” Además de México, hay otros países
TXHD~QHPSOHDQOHQJXDVSUHKLVSiQLFDVFRPRSDUWHGHVXFRPXQLFDFLyQEiVLFD²SRUHMHPSOR*XDWHPDOD(FXDGRU
3HU~\RWURV(OQiKXDWO\HOHVSDxROVHKDQLQÀXHQFLDGRHQWUHVtHLQFOXVROD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODKDUHFRQRFLGR
varios préstamos lingüísticos del náhuatl al español. Palabras como, por ejemplo, “chocolate,” “tomate,” “aguacate,”
“guacamole” y “tamal” son palabras en español que vienen de náhuatl.
_______________________, ________________________.
(OHVSDxROHVODOHQJXDLQGtJHQDPiVLPSRUWDQWHGH0p[LFR ________________________________________
0p[LFRHVHO~QLFRSDtVTXHXWLOL]D>XVHV@OHQJXDVSUHKLVSiQLFDV _____________________________________
/D5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODQRKDUHFRQRFLGR>KDVQRWUHFRJQL]HG@ORVSUpVWDPRVOLQJtVWLFRV
>ORDQZRUGV@GHOQiKXDWO _____________________________________________________________________
87
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
c. 9DQDYHUVHGHQXHYRHQXQDVHPDQD
9DQDYLDMDUD5tRGH-DQHLUR
9DQDKDFHUHOYLDMHSRUTXHKD\XQDUHXQLyQGHWRGRVORVMHIHVGH(VWDGRGHODV$PpULFD
4. Todos los jefes de Estado de las Américas van a estar con ellos.
Today, in the capital of the United States, President Obama met with the president of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto, to
discuss the economic situation of the two countries. During the conversations, the two presidents discussed the North
American Free Trade Agreement and the issue of immigration, both legal and illegal, between Mexico and the United
States. The two leaders will meet again in a week when the Mexican president and U.S. president travel to Rio de
Janeiro for a meeting of all heads of state of the Americas.
d. Cognados: PLOOyQ >PLOOLRQ@ LQGtJHQD >LQGLJHQRXV@ Q~PHUR >QXPEHU@ JUXSRV >JURXSV@ pWQLFRV >HWKQLF@ H[LVWH
>H[LVWV@FDQWLGDG>TXDQWLW\@GLDOHFWRV>GLDOHFWV@LPSRUWDQWHV>LPSRUWDQW@SUHKLVSiQLFDV>SUH+LVSDQLF@FRPXQLFDFLyQ
>FRPPXQLFDWLRQ@ EiVLFD >EDVLF@ HMHPSOR >H[DPSOH@ LQÀXHQFLDGR >LQÀXHQFHG@ UHFRQRFLGR >UHFRJQL]HG@ YDULRV
>YDULRXV@FKRFRODWH>FKRFRODWH@WRPDWH>WRPDWR@WDPDO>WDPDOH@JXDFDPROH>JXDFDPROH@
88
Lesson The Present Progressive
15
posible – possible
la comunidad – community
el tazón – bowl
89
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
The construction consists of a form of estar in the present + present participle. To form the present participle, do the
following: For an -ar verb, drop the -ar ending and add -ando; for an -er or -ir verb, drop the -er or -ir ending and add
-iendoHJbailar Æ bailando; aprender Æ aprendiendo; abrir Æ abriendo$QH[DPSOHRIWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOH
being used is Estamos comiendo ahoraZKLFKLV³:HDUHHDWLQJULJKWQRZ´>1RWH7KH(QJOLVKVHQWHQFH³7RPRUURZ
she is studying all day” is Mañana ella va a estudiar todo el día, using the ir + aLQ¿QLWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQEHFDXVH
ZKDW¶VEHLQJGHVFULEHGLVQRWKDSSHQLQJULJKWQRZEXWUDWKHUZLOOKDSSHQLQWKHIXWXUH@
B. 9HUEVZLWK,UUHJXODU3UHVHQW3DUWLFLSOHV
There are two kinds of verbs with irregular present participles. One group of verbs with irregular present participles is
-er and -irYHUEVZLWKVWHPVWKDWHQGLQDYRZHO,QVWHDGRIDQHQGLQJLQ-iendo, the participle for these verbs is -yendo
with a yHJleer Æ leyendo; oír Æ oyendo; traer Æ trayendo
The second category of verbs with irregular present participles is the group of stem-changing -ir verbs. For -ir verbs
with a stem-changing e, the e becomes i in the present participle. For -ir verbs with a stem-changing o, the o becomes
uLQWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHHJpedir Æ pidiendo; dormir Æ durmiendo
8UJHQF\GRHVQ¶WPHDQWKDW\RXVKRXOGEHUDFLQJWKURXJK\RXUOHVVRQV,WPHDQVUDWKHUERWKFDUU\LQJRQFRQVLVWHQWO\
ZLWKQHZOHVVRQVLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKWKHDXGLRJORVVDU\VSHDNLQJDFWLYLWLHVDQGZRUNERRNDQGNHHSLQJLQFRQWDFWZLWK
the language even beyond the course as much as possible. This is particularly important at the stage you’re at right
QRZKDOIZD\WKURXJKWKHOHVVRQV4XLWHRIWHQWKHPLGGOHRID¿UVWFRXUVHLQ6SDQLVKLVZKHQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVWHQGWR
become frustrated, give up, and stop studying. This happens because although they’ve learned a fair amount, learners
realize that what they don’t know is much greater than what they do know. This can lead some learners to become
IUXVWUDWHGZLWKWKHLUSURJUHVV%XWDVHQVHRIXUJHQF\KHOSV¿JKWIHHOLQJVRIIUXVWUDWLRQ6RPRYHWKURXJKWKHVHOHVVRQV
DVFRQVLVWHQWO\DQGGLOLJHQWO\DV\RXUHDVRQDEO\FDQDQGZRUNWR¿QGZD\VWRXVH6SDQLVKEH\RQGWKHFODVVDVZHOO
The second trait that characterizes successful beginning language learners is belief—meaning maintaining faith that
the language-learning process really works and that it will work for you. Quite often, the learners who progress the
most in their language studies are those who truly believe that with time, practice, and consistent contact with the
ODQJXDJHWKHLU6SDQLVKVNLOOVZLOOLQGHHGLPSURYHVLJQL¿FDQWO\
7KHWKLUGWUDLWVKDUHGE\PDQ\VXFFHVVIXOODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVLVVHOÀHVVQHVV&OHDUO\\RXPDGHWKHGHFLVLRQWRVWXG\
6SDQLVKDQG\RXDUHWKHRQHWDNLQJWKLVFRXUVH%XWYHU\RIWHQZKHQDOHDUQHUJDLQVSUR¿FLHQF\LQ6SDQLVKRWKHU
SHRSOHEHQH¿WDVZHOO0D\EH\RXUODQJXDJHVNLOOVZLOOKHOS\RXGR\RXUMREEHWWHUSHUKDSVWKHUHDUHSHRSOHLQ\RXU
community you’ll be able to help when you’re bilingual. Whatever the case, be aware that your continued study of the
ODQJXDJHKDVSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVEH\RQG\RX$QGUHPHPEHULQJWKHVHEHQH¿WVWRRWKHUVPLJKWVHUYHDVDJRRGPRWLYDWLRQ
to continue your studies.
Completa las frases siguientes usando el presente progresivo. / Complete the following sentences using the present
progressive.
Lesson 15—The Present Progressive
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$OHMDQGUD £2KQR£4XpWHUULEOH
&HFLOLD £/RVp3RUIDYRU¢SXHGHVGHFLUPHORTXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
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$OHMDQGUD 1RHVWR\VHJXUD>VXUH@$KRUD$GHOD/XFHURBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
GHÈQJHO(UQHVWR
$GHOD£<DKRUDSDUHFHTXHÈQJHO(UQHVWRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
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$OHMDQGUD 6tpOHVVXQRYLR£(QHVWRVPRPHQWRVpOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
PDQHMDUVXFDUURKDFLDODFDVDGH$GHOD
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91
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b.+R\KD\XQSDUWLGRGHI~WEROLPSRUWDQWHHQWRQFHV(ULFD-DYLHU\VXVKLMDVHVWiQYLVLWDQGRDORVSDGUHVGH(ULFD
para ver juntos el partido. / Today there is an important soccer game, so Erica, Javier, and their daughters are visiting
Erica’s parents to see the game together.
Completa las frases siguientes usando el presente progresivo. / Complete the following sentences using the present
progressive.
(ULFD ¢<DEXHOLWD"
(ULFD ¢<WXWtR)HOLSH"
(ULFD ¢<WXSDSi"
(ULFD ¢<WXDPLJR6HEDVWLiQ"
'LDQD £6t*UDFLDVPDPL
c. Completa las siguientes respuestas con el presente progresivo del verbo indicado. / Complete the following answers
with the present progressive of the indicated verb.
Lesson 15—The Present Progressive
Aunque este vehículo motorizado de tres ruedas no es tan rápido como los carros convencionales, es bastante
conveniente por dos razones: usa poca gasolina y produce poca contaminación del medio ambiente. De hecho,
actualmente hay compañías en los Estados Unidos interesadas en producir un modelo de tuk-tuk eléctrico.
(OULFNVKDZHVXQWULFLFORFRQPRWRU ____________________________________________________________
(OWXNWXNHVXQFDUURGHGRVUXHGDVMDODGRSRUXQDSHUVRQD ________________________________________
7RGRVORVSDtVHVGH&HQWURDPpULFDXWLOL]DQ>XVH@HOWXNWXN _________________________________________
8QDYHQWDMD>DGYDQWDJH@GHOWXNWXNHVTXHQRXVDPXFKDJDVROLQD___________________________________
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 1. estoy 7. están
GXUPLHQGR 8. mirando
HVWi 9. está
4. cocinando R\HQGR
5. está 11. está
6. sirviendo MXJDQGR
Lectura cultural
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airplanes. Another of these popular means of transportation, especially in Asia, is the tuk-tuk, which is a version of the
rickshaw, a two-wheeled car pulled by a person. The difference between the rickshaw and the tuk-tuk is that the tuk-
tuk is a motorized tricycle that’s used more and more in other countries of the world, including some in Latin America.
This tricycle is very popular for the transport of people, especially in places with many tourists. Countries that use
LW LQFOXGH &KLQD ,QGLD 7KDLODQG ,QGRQHVLD DQG VRPH (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV ,WDO\ DQG +ROODQG ,Q &HQWUDO
America, there are versions of the tuk-tuk in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Nowadays, in Cuba
LW¶VXVHGPRVWO\DVDWD[LLQ+DYDQDZKHUHWKH\DUHFDOOHG³FRFRWD[L´>³FRFR´PHDQV³FRFRQXW´@EHFDXVHLWVHHPVWREH
DFRFRQXWRQWRSRIDVFRRWHU,Q6RXWK$PHULFDWKH\DOVRKDYHWKLVPHDQVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQIRUH[DPSOH(FXDGRU
3HUXDQG&RORPELD,Q&RORPELDLW¶VFDOOHG³PRWRFDUUR´DQGLVXVHGLQVPDOOFLWLHV
Although this three-wheeled motorized vehicle is not as fast as conventional cars, it’s rather convenient for two reasons:
,WGRHVQ¶WXVHPXFKJDVROLQHDQGLWGRHVQ¶WSROOXWHWKHHQYLURQPHQWYHU\PXFK,QIDFWWKHUHDUHQRZFRPSDQLHVLQWKH
United States that are interested in producing an electric tuk-tuk model.
94
Lesson Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs
16
me – me nos – us
te±\RX>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ os±\RX>LQIRUPDOSOXUDO@
lo±KLPLW>PDVFXOLQHVLQJXODU@ los±WKHP>PDVFXOLQH@
la±KHULW>IHPLQLQHVLQJXODU@ las±WKHP>IHPLQLQH@
95
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
me nos
te os
lo los
la las
B. 'LUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV8VHGZLWK1RQFRQMXJDWHG9HUEV
<RX KDYH DOUHDG\ OHDUQHG WKDW GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQV PXVW JR EHIRUH D FRQMXJDWHG YHUE +RZHYHU LQ WKH FDVH RI
D QRQFRQMXJDWHG YHUE HJ DQ LQ¿QLWLYH RU D SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOH WKH GLUHFW REMHFW SURQRXQ FDQ JR HLWKHU EHIRUH WKH
FRQMXJDWHGYHUEZKHUHLWXVXDOO\JRHVRUDIWHUDQGDWWDFKHGWRWKHLQ¿QLWLYHRUWKHSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHHJLo voy a
hacer and Voy a hacerloERWKPHDQ³,¶PJRLQJWRGRLW´Las estamos lavando and Estamos lavándolas both mean
³:HDUHZDVKLQJWKHP´:KHQDGGLQJGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVWRHLWKHULQ¿QLWLYHVRUSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHV\RXPLJKWQHHG
WR DGG DQ DFFHQW WR PDLQWDLQ WKH RULJLQDO VWUHVV DV LQ lavándolas, which maintains the stress on the syllable van,
which is where the word is stressed in Las estamos lavando
C. Adverbs
Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; as a result, adverbs have only one form. Unlike
DGMHFWLYHVZKLFKDJUHHLQQXPEHUDQGJHQGHUZLWKWKHQRXQPRGL¿HGDGYHUEVGRQRWFKDQJHEDVHGRQWKHZRUG
WKH\DUHPRGLI\LQJ7KHUHDUHVRPHZRUGVWKDWFDQEHXVHGHLWKHUDVDQDGMHFWLYHRUDQDGYHUE,QWKHVHFDVHVWKH
ZRUGPXVWDJUHHZLWKWKHQRXQPRGL¿HGZKHQLW¶VXVHGDVDQDGMHFWLYHEXWLVXQYDULDEOHZKHQLW¶VXVHGDVDQDGYHUE
HJXVLQJpoco as an adjective: Hay pocas mujeres aquí is “There are few women here”; using poco as an adverb:
Las chicas leen poco is “7KHJLUOVGRQ¶WUHDGPXFK´
2QHZD\WRIRUPDQDGYHUELVWRDGGWKHVXI¿[-menteWRWKHIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUIRUPRIDQDGMHFWLYHHJactiva +
-mente Æ activamente >DFWLYHO\]; general + -mente Æ generalmente>JHQHUDOO\@:KHQWZRDGYHUEVDUHXVHGLQWKH
VDPHVHQWHQFHRQO\WKHVHFRQGQHHGVWKHVXI¿[-menteHJEl hombre canta fuerte y terriblemente is “The man
VLQJVORXGO\DQGWHUULEO\´$FRPPRQZD\WRPDNHDQDGYHUELDOH[SUHVVLRQLVWRXVHWKHSUHSRVLWLRQcon before a noun
HJcon frecuencia is frequently; con cuidado is carefully
(QHOVLJXLHQWHGLiORJRUHHPSOD]DORVREMHWRVGLUHFWRVVXEUD\DGRVFRQORVSURQRPEUHVDSURSLDGRV,QWKHIROORZLQJ
dialogue, replace the underlined direct objects with the appropriate pronouns.
96
Lesson 16—Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs
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tarde en la noche.
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'U4XLUyV ¢8VWHGWRPDRWURVPHGLFDPHQWRV>PHGLFLQHV@"
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'U4XLUyV ¢8VWHGIXPD>VPRNH@cigarrillos>FLJDUUHWWHV@"
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energía y estoy muy cansada. Pero yo tomo vitaminas todos los días.
Dr. Quirós: Sí, entiendo que 7. _______________________ toma, pero usted fuma, no come comida
VDOXGDEOHQRKDFHHMHUFLFLRHVWiVLHPSUHHVWUHVDGD\GXHUPHSRFDVKRUDV£7LHQHTXHWHQHU
PXFKRPiVFXLGDGRFRQVXVDOXG
b. £+DFHPX\EXHQWLHPSR(OHQD\VXVDPLJDV5HEHFD\$OLFLDYDQDKDFHUXQSLFQLFHQHOSDUTXH(OODVQHFHVLWDQ
VDEHUVLWLHQHQWRGDODFRPLGDTXHQHFHVLWDQ7KHZHDWKHULVJUHDW(OHQDDQGKHUIULHQGV5HEHFDDQG$OLFLDDUH
going to have a picnic in the park. They need to know if they have all the food they need.
Reemplaza los objetos directos subrayados con los pronombres apropiados. / Replace the underlined direct objects
with the appropriate pronouns.
97
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
$OLFLD <RBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQJR
c.-DYLHUTXLHUHKDFHUXQDUHXQLyQGHDPLJRVGHODVHFXQGDULDHQVXFDVDeOHVWiSLGLpQGROHVD\XGDDWRGRVSDUD
hacer la reunión. / Javier wants to have a gathering of friends from high school at his home. He is asking everyone to
help with the gathering.
Escoge la respuesta correcta con el pronombre de objeto directo apropiado. / Choose the correct answer with the
appropriate direct object pronoun.
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98
Lesson 16—Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs
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d. Elena, Rebeca y Alicia están hablando. / Elena, Rebeca, and Alicia are talking.
Completa las frases con los adverbios apropiados. / Complete the sentences with the appropriate adverbs.
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 1. lo 4. lo
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17
eso – that
negativo – negative
nunca – never
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Each of these demonstrative adjectives has four forms: masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and
feminine plural. These forms are as follows: este>WKLV@esta>WKLV@estos>WKHVH@estas>WKHVH@ese>WKDW@esa>WKDW@
esos>WKRVH@esas>WKRVH@aquel>WKDWRYHUWKHUH@aquella>WKDWRYHUWKHUH@aquellos>WKRVHRYHUWKHUH@aquellas
>WKRVH RYHU WKHUH@ 'HPRQVWUDWLYH DGMHFWLYHV XQOLNH PRVW DGMHFWLYHV LQ 6SDQLVK JR EHIRUH WKH PRGL¿HG QRXQ HJ
estas cartas>WKHVHPHQXV@esos guisantes>WKRVHSHDV@aquel aperitivo>WKDWDSSHWL]HURYHUWKHUH@
B. Demonstrative Pronouns
All of the demonstrative adjectives, which clearly are used to modify nouns, can also be used as demonstrative
SURQRXQVPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\FDQUHSODFHQRXQVDVZHOOHJDe los dos pasteles, ¢SUH¿HUHVHVWHRHVH" is “Of
WKHWZRFDNHVGR\RXSUHIHUWKLVRQHRUWKDWRQH"´7KHUHDUHDOVRWKUHHQHXWHUGHPRQVWUDWLYHSURQRXQVWKDWDUHQRW
demonstrative adjectives: esto>WKLV@eso>WKDW@DQGaquello>WKDW@7KHVHWKUHHSURQRXQVZKLFKFDQQRWEHXVHGDV
DGMHFWLYHVDUHXVHGWRWDONQRWDERXWVRPHVSHFL¿FREMHFWEXWUDWKHUDERXWDVLWXDWLRQLQJHQHUDORUVRPHLGHDWKDW
has already been mentioned. For example, ¿Qué es esto? is “What is this?,” a question often used by someone who
comes upon some odd situation he or she doesn’t understand.
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HJ algo >VRPHWKLQJ@ DQG nada >QRWKLQJ@ alguien >VRPHRQH@ DQG nadie >QR RQH@ siempre >DOZD\V@ RU a veces
>DW WLPHV@ DQG nunca >QHYHU@ también >DOVR@ DQG tampoco >QHLWKHU@ o…o >HLWKHU«RU@ DQG ni…ni >QHLWKHU«QRU@
TambiénLVXVHGLI\RXDJUHHZLWKVRPHWKLQJDI¿UPDWLYHVRPHRQHKDVVDLGZKLOHtampoco is used if you agree with
VRPHWKLQJQHJDWLYHVRPHRQHKDVVDLGHJSiempre visito este museo. Yo tambiénLV³,DOZD\VYLVLWWKLVPXVHXP´
“Me too”; No cocinamos mucho. Nosotros tampocoLV³:HGRQ¶WFRRNPXFK´³:HGRQ¶WHLWKHU´
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<RXKDYHDOUHDG\OHDUQHGWKDWWKHVXEMHFWSURQRXQVvosotros and vosotrasWKHLQIRUPDOSOXUDOIRUPVRItúDUHXVHG
only in Spain. Another regional difference in subject pronoun use deals with the use, or lack of use, of the subject
pronoun tú,QFHUWDLQDUHDVRIWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOG²LQPDQ\SDUWVRI$UJHQWLQD8UXJXD\DQG3DUDJXD\DQG
in a number of Central American countries—speakers use the subject pronoun vos instead of tú. Someone speaking
informally to you using vos would not ask ¿De dónde eres tú? to say “Where are you from?”; instead, the speaker
would ask ¿De dónde sos vos? Sos is the form of the verb ser that is used with vos6RLI\RXLQWHUDFWZLWKD
Spanish speaker using vos, just know that it’s a second-person singular subject pronoun.
As for vocabulary, it’s not surprising that different words are used in different regions. For example, “a bowl” in Spanish
could be un bol, un cuenco, un tazón, un plato, or un plato hondoGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRXQWU\,I\RXWDONWRVRPHRQH
ZKR XVHV D GLIIHUHQW ZRUG WKDQ \RX GR HJ zumo instead of jugo for “juice” or camarera instead of mesera for
³ZDLWUHVV´XVHWKHHQFRXQWHUDVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRH[SDQG\RXUYRFDEXODU\
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learned that in northern and central Spain, a speaker would pronounce the z in zapato with a th sound, rather than
the s sound common in Latin America. Many speakers in el cono sur>WKHVRXWKHUQFRQH@UHJLRQWKDWLQFOXGHV&KLOH
Argentina, and Uruguay pronounce both the y and ll as a sh sound. And it is common in Spanish-speaking regions
of the Caribbean for speakers to drop the sounds associated with s and d, such that ¿Cómo están ustedes? might
sound more like ¿Cómo etá utee?.
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There are two very interesting and useful academic websites that can help you become familiar with different varieties
of spoken Spanish. One website, maintained by The Ohio State University, is called the Digital Catalog of the Sounds
RI 6SDQLVK ,I \RX JR WR WKLV ZHEVLWH \RX¶OO EH DEOH WR ZDWFK VKRUW YLGHRV RI 6SDQLVK VSHDNHUV IURP 6SDLQ DOPRVW
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include a transcript of the Spanish being spoken by the person in the video. So, as you’re listening to the words
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variety of Spanish speakers in different countries talking about a wide range of topics. And very often you can read the
text of what the person is saying as you listen to the Spanish.
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Spain. Traveling to Spanish-speaking countries is another great way to become accustomed to the variety of ways
Spanish is pronounced in different regions of the world.
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
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are talking to Gabriela.
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5. Mis padres toman ______________________ vino blanco ____________________ vino tinto en la cena.
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Completa las frases con el adjetivo o pronombre demostrativo correcto. / Complete the sentences with the correct
demonstrative adjective or pronoun.
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de allá.
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están aquí.
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7. ______________________ arroz con maíz que está allí.
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b. 1. siempre 5. o…o…
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18
de nuevo – again
el perro – dog
morado – purple
la camiseta – T-shirt
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7KHDI¿UPDWLYHDGMHFWLYHalguno means “some” or “any,” and its opposite is ninguno, meaning “none” or “not any.”
7KH IRXU IRUPV RI WKH DI¿UPDWLYH DGMHFWLYH DUH alguno, alguna, algunos, and algunas; the forms of the negative
adjective are ninguno, ninguna, ningunos, and ningunasDOWKRXJKWKHSOXUDOIRUPVRIningunoDUHUDUHO\XVHG,Q
JHQHUDOWKHVHDI¿UPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHDGMHFWLYHVDUHXVHGWRWDONDERXWZKHWKHUWKHUHDUHRUDUHQRWDQ\RIDFHUWDLQ
WKLQJHJ¿Tenéis algunos de vuestros suéteres? is “Do you have some of your sweaters?”; No vamos a tomar
ninguna clase LV ³:H¶UH QRW JRLQJ WR WDNH DQ\ FODVVHV´ %RWK alguno and ninguno drop the -o before masculine
singular nouns, forming the adjectives algún and ningúnHJPili siempre lee algún libro is “Pili is always reading
some book”; Las doctoras no tienen ningún problemaLV³7KHGRFWRUVGRQ¶WKDYHDQ\SUREOHPV´
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9RZHOVLQ6SDQLVKDUHGLYLGHGEHWZHHQVWURQJYRZHOVDQGZHDNYRZHOV7KHVWURQJYRZHOVDUHa, e, and o, while the
weak vowels are i and u. When pronounced, each strong vowel makes a sound that counts as its own syllable. So, for
H[DPSOHZKHQWZRVWURQJYRZHOVDUHQH[WWRHDFKRWKHUHDFKFRXQWVDVLWVRZQV\OODEOHHJfeo is a two-syllable
ZRUG>fe / o@canoaLVDWKUHHV\OODEOHZRUG>ca / no / a@
A diphthong is the combination of two vowels that together make up just one syllable. A diphthong is formed when
DVWURQJYRZHOLVQH[WWRDZHDNYRZHOHJFuaQGRLVDWZRV\OODEOHZRUG>cuan / do@EHFDXVHua counts as just
RQHV\OODEOHRUZKHQWZRZHDNYRZHOVDUHQH[WWRHDFKRWKHUHJLuisLVDRQHV\OODEOHZRUG$WULSKWKRQJLVWKH
FRPELQDWLRQRIWZRZHDNYRZHOVZLWKRQHVWURQJYRZHOHJParaguay contains a triphthong, with the y pronounced
the same as the vowel i
When a diphthong has a weak vowel with an accent mark, it’s no longer a diphthong pronounced as just one syllable.
,QVWHDGWKHYRZHOFRPELQDWLRQLVSURQRXQFHGDVWZRV\OODEOHVHJcafeteríaKDVDWRWDORI¿YHV\OODEOHV>ca / fe / te /
rí / a@EHFDXVHWKHDFFHQWRYHUWKHi makes that letter its own syllable; farmaciaRQO\KDVWKUHHV\OODEOHV>far / ma / cia@
because the iaGLSKWKRQJFRXQWVDVMXVWRQHV\OODEOH
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
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comercial con Gabriela, ¿no?
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7. _______________________ vestido azul, rojo o verde?
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b.0DULVRO9LFWRULD\*DEULHODHVWiQHQHOFHQWURFRPHUFLDO0DULVRO9LFWRULDDQG*DEULHODDUHDWWKHPDOO
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c. Gabriela está hablando con la dependiente. / Gabriela is talking with the store clerk.
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. 1. amarillo 5. verde
D]XO 6. blancos
URMRV 7. gris
4. negros 8. morados
Lesson Indirect Object Pronouns
19
me – to me nos – to us
te±WR\RX>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ os±WR\RX>LQIRUPDOSOXUDO@
barato – inexpensive
111
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
wallet.” The indirect object, answering the question “to whom?” or “for whom?,” is “to him,” which is the indirect object.
English also permits dropping the preposition “to,” resulting in the sentence “She gives him the wallet.” And in this
sentence, “him” is still the indirect object.
me nos
te os
le les
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HJTe vamos a dar el impermeable and Vamos a darte el impermeable both mean “We’re going to give you the
raincoat”; Nos están enseñado los verbos and Están eneñándonos los verbos both mean “They are teaching us
WKHYHUEV´:KHQDGGLQJLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVWRHLWKHULQ¿QLWLYHVRUSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOHV\RXPLJKWQHHGWRDGGDQ
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where the word is stressed in Nos están enseñando los verbos
C. 9HUEVOLNHgustar
9HUEVWKDWXVHLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQFOXGHgustar>WREHSOHDVLQJ@encantar>WREHYHU\SOHDVLQJ@interesar>WR
LQWHUHVW@DQGmolestar>WRERWKHU@Me gusta el libro means “The book is pleasing to me” and can also be translated
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XVHG ZKHQ LW LV IROORZHG E\ D VLQJXODU VXEMHFW RU E\ D YHUE HJ Nos encanta la música is “We love the music”;
¿Os interesa estudiar?LV³$UH\RXLQWHUHVWHGLQVWXG\LQJ"´7KHSOXUDOIRUPRIDYHUEOLNHgustar is used when it is
IROORZHGE\DSOXUDOVXEMHFWHJNo me molestan los exámenes LV³7KHH[DPVGRQ¶WERWKHUPH´
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The single best way to learn new words is to use them, because once you use them, they start becoming yours. One
way to use the vocabulary you’re being exposed to is to interact with the audio glossary, speaking activities, and
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best way to come into contact with new words. As has been discussed previously, you don’t need to understand every
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Three other ideas that will help you learn new words are as follows: Don’t overuse words you’ve already acquired;
HVWDEOLVKDSHUVRQDOFRQQHFWLRQWRZRUGVDQGLQYROYH\RXUVHQVHVZKHQOHDUQLQJYRFDEXODU\,I\RX¶UHDOZD\VXVLQJ
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communicating in a limited way and preventing yourself from using new vocabulary. So, approach each Vocabulario
nuevo >1HZ 9RFDEXODU\@ VHFWLRQ RI WKH ZRUNERRN ZLWK WKH LQWHQW RI ¿QGLQJ ZD\V WR XVH WKRVH QHZ ZRUGV ZKHQ
VSHDNLQJRUZULWLQJ,I\RXGHVFULEH\RXUVHOIZLWKFHUWDLQZRUGV\RX¶OOSUREDEO\EHXVLQJYRFDEXODU\WKDW\RX¶OOUHWDLQ
Work to make personal connections to words so that they’ll be easier for you to remember. Finally, involve your senses
LQWKHOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFH,I\RX¶UHUHDGLQJ6SDQLVKGRQ¶WMXVWUHDGVLOHQWO\5HDGDORXGDWWLPHVWRJHW\RXUKHDULQJ
in play and to feel what your mouth does as it’s pronouncing new words. All of this will help you more easily remember
and use new vocabulary.
/HVVRQ²,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV
Completa las frases con el pronombre de objeto indirecto correcto. / Complete the sentences with the correct indirect
object pronoun.
me te le nos os les
$OHMDQGUD £+ROD&HFLOLD£4XpOiVWLPD>:KDWDVKDPH@SHURKR\QRYR\DYHUODWHOHQRYHODFRQWLJRSRUTXH
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FRPSUDUPXFKDVFRVDV7HQJRTXHFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD0DULVROXQYHVWLGRHOHJDQWH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBYR\DFRPSUDUD3DEORXQWUDMHQHJUR\YR\DFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
D3DEOR\0DULVRO]DSDWRVQXHYRV$ORVQRYLRV>FRXSOH@BBBBBBBBBBBBBYDPRVDUHJDODUXQD
PiTXLQD>PDFKLQH@GHKDFHUFDIp<RYR\DFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQVDFRD]XOSDUDPt\
VpTXHWHQJRXQDIDOGDSHUIHFWDSDUDODERGD7DPELpQSDUDPtBBBBBBBBBBBBBBYR\DFRPSUDU
XQRVMHDQV1RVRQSDUDODERGDSHURVRQPX\ERQLWRV$&DUORVQRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
JXVWDQODVFRUEDWDVQLORVWUDMHV&XDQGRKDEODPRVpOVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGLFHTXHQR
OHJXVWDODURSDIRUPDO1RVpTXHFRPSUDUBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDpO
SUHRFXSHVSRUODWHOHQRYHODBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODYR\DFRQWDU>WHOO@PDxDQD
b. Usando el contexto del diálogo previo, completa las frases siguientes utilizando el verbo gustar o molestar. / Using
the context of the previous dialogue, complete the following sentences using the verb gustar or molestar.
&DUORV0HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODURSDIRUPDO
0DULVRO1RPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWRV]DSDWRVSRUTXHHOFRORUPHSDUHFHIHR
4. Alejandra: Me ______________________ este saco porque es muy chico, y necesito una talla mediana.
0DULVRO1RPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWHVXpWHUSDUDQDGD>DWDOO@SRUTXHPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODODQD
$OHMDQGUD$0DULVRO\DPtQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRHVWDVMR\DVSRUTXHVRQSUHFLRVDV>EHDXWLIXO@
3DEOR0HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLVFRVDV£*UDFLDVPDPL
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
c. Pablo le está pidiendo dinero a su padre. / Pablo is asking his father for money.
Completa las frases usando pronombres de objeto indirecto. / Complete the sentences using indirect object pronouns.
VLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFRPSUDFRVDVDQRVRWURV
1. ¿Te gusta más la ropa de algodón o la ropa de lana? ____________________la ropa de algodón.
¢$WXDPLJROHPROHVWDQODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVVREUHSROtWLFD>SROLWLFV@"1RD ____________________________ .
¢7HLQWHUHVDQORVGHSRUWHV"6t ______________________________________________________________ .
5. ¿Te gusta más la ropa formal o la ropa informal? __________________________ ropa informal.
6. ¿Te molestan las personas que siempre llegan tarde? Sí, ___________________________________ .
114
/HVVRQ²,QGLUHFW2EMHFW3URQRXQV
b. 1. gustan 5. gusta…molesta
PROHVWD 6. gustan
JXVWDQ 7. gustan
4. molesta 8. gustan
c. 1. darme 6. me
FRPSDUOH 7. darle
OH 8. me
4. nos 9. escribiéndote
5. le
115
Lesson Double Object Pronouns
116
/HVVRQ²'RXEOH2EMHFW3URQRXQV
Examples of double object pronouns include the following: “They give it el dinero to us” is Nos lo dan; “Raquel says
it la verdad to me” is Raquel me la dice³,UHDGWKHP los libros WR\RX>VLQJXODULQIRUPDO@´ is Te los leo; We’re
going to give them las pizzas to you >SOXUDOLQIRUPDO@´LVOs las vamos a dar or Vamos a dároslas.
When the indirect object pronoun le or les precedes the direct object pronoun lo, la, los, or las, the le or les becomes
se ([DPSOHV RI GRXEOH REMHFW SURQRXQV VKRZLQJ WKLV FKDQJH LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ ³, JLYH WKHP los papeles WR
her” is Se los doy³:HWHOOLWel problemaWRWKHP´LVSe lo decimos³<RX>Tú@ZULWHLWel libroIRUWKHP´LVSe
lo escribes³6KHLVH[SODLQLQJ LWla situaciónWRKLPULJKWQRZ´LVSe la está explicando ahora mismo or Está
explicándosela ahora mismo.
Because se in a double object pronoun can mean to him, to her, to usted, to them, or to ustedes, it is common
WRVWDWHVSHFL¿FDOO\WRZKRPRUIRUZKRPVRPHWKLQJLVGRQHHJSe lo digo a Juan is ³,¶PWHOOLQJLWWR-XDQ´Vas a
decírselo a Sara y a LauraLV³<RXDUHJRLQJWRVD\LWWR6DUDDQG/DXUD´
C. Uses of pensar
Pensar>WRWKLQN@FDQEHXVHGWRRIIHUDQRSLQLRQHJPienso que el examen es difícilLV³,WKLQNWKDWWKHH[DPLV
GLI¿FXOW´EXWTXLWHRIWHQ6SDQLVKVSHDNHUVSUHIHUWRXVHcreer>WRWKLQNWREHOLHYH@WRRIIHUDQRSLQLRQHJCreo que
el examen es difícil
D. Another Use of se
,QWKLVOHVVRQ\RXKDYHVHHQse used in double object pronouns. Se is also used in expressions like Se habla inglés
aquí, which is “English is spoken here.” At times, se carries the idea of what in English would be expressed by “one,”
“you,” or “they” HJSe vive bien en MéxicoLV³2QHOLYHVZHOOLQ0H[LFR´RU³<RXOLYHZHOOLQ0H[LFR´Se dice que el
garaje es enormeLV³7KH\VD\WKDWWKHJDUDJHLVHQRUPRXV´
0HJXVWDQHVRVDUHWHV¢3XHGHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUIDYRU"
DGiUPHORV
EGiUPHOHV
FGiUPHODV
117
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
(VDVÀRUHV>ÀRZHUV@VRQPX\ERQLWDV9R\DBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDPDPL
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¢9DVDGDUOHODVÀRUHVDPDPLKR\"
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D6tVHODYR\DSUHSDUDU
E6tODVHYR\DSUHSDUDU
F6tOHODYR\DSUHSDUDU
¢9DVDFRFLQDUOHVXSRVWUHIDYRULWR"
D1RQRYR\DFRFLQiUVHOH
E1RQRYR\DFRFLQiUPHOH
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¢9DVDSUHSDUDUPHPLFRPLGDIDYRULWD"1RQRYR\DBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
DSUHUDUiUWHVH
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¢9DVDGDUOHORVDUHWHVDPDPLGXUDQWHODFHQD"
D1ROHVYR\DGDUPDxDQD
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F1RYR\DGiUPHOHVPDxDQD
b. Marisol está haciéndole una pequeña entrevista a su hermano para un proyecto en la escuela. / Marisol is doing a
little interview with her brother for a school project.
Contesta las siguientes preguntas utilizando los pronombres de objeto directo e indirecto. / Answer the following
questions using double object pronouns.
1. ¿Les compras regalos a tus amigos para sus cumpleaños? No, no __________________________________ .
¢3UHSDUDV¿HVWDVGHFXPSOHDxRVSDUDWXVDPLJRV"1RQR ________________________________________ .
(VFULEHVFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRV>HPDLOV@DWXVDPLJRVFRQIUHFXHQFLD"1RQR ___________________________ .
c. Alberto está divorciado, y por problemas económicos, vive con sus padres Luis y Cecilia. Ahora está un poco
PHMRU\HVWiEXVFDQGRXQDFDVDeOHVWiOODPDQGRDVXPDGUHSDUDFRQWDUOHVREUHODTXLQWDFDVDTXHYLR$OEHUWRLV
GLYRUFHGDQGEHFDXVHRIKLV¿QDQFLDOSUREOHPVKHOLYHVZLWKKLVSDUHQWV/XLVDQG&HFLOLD+HLVGRLQJDOLWWOHEHWWHU
QRZDQGLVORRNLQJIRUDKRXVH+HLVFDOOLQJKLVPRWKHUWRWHOOKHUDERXWWKH¿IWKKRXVHKHVDZ
Lee el siguiente párrafo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
118
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$OEHUWR£+RODPDPL(VWR\FDQVDGRGHYHUFDVDV3DUHFHTXHQRWHQJRPXFKDVXHUWHKR\£/DTXLQWDFDVDTXHYL>,VDZ@
HVWHUULEOH/DVDODHVPX\SHTXHxD\WLHQHXQDDOIRPEUDPX\YLHMD6DEHVTXHVR\DOpUJLFR>DOOHUJLF@\QRPHJXVWDQ
las alfombras. La primera habitación es muy grande, y la segunda es muy pequeña. El baño solo tiene una ducha,
SHURQRKD\XQDEDxHUD/DFDVDQRWLHQHODYDSODWRV\ODHVWXIDQRVLUYH>GRHVQ¶WZRUN@/DSULPHUDKDELWDFLyQWLHQHXQ
armario, y la segunda solo tiene una cómoda. En general, la casa tiene pocas ventanas y está cerca de una residencia
HVWXGLDQWLO&UHRTXHHVWDFDVDQRHVXQDEXHQDRSFLyQ>RSWLRQ@SDUDPt9R\DYLYLUFRQXVWHGHVXQSRFRPiV
¢4XpQROHJXVWDD$OEHUWRGHODVDOD" _________________________________________________________ .
¢4XpQRWLHQHHOEDxR" ____________________________________________________________________ .
¢9DDYLYLU$OEHUWRHQHVWDFDVDTXHDFDEDGHYHU>KHKDVMXVWVHHQ@" ________________________________ .
¢&XiOHVWXSDUWHIDYRULWDGHWXFDVD"&RPR>VLQFH@PHJXVWDFRFLQDU ________________________________ .
¢7LHQHVXQDDOIRPEUDHQODVDODGHWXFDVD"1R_________________________________________________ .
La industria textil
Los constantes cambios en la economía global han hecho que los países
busquen distintos medios para mejorar sus propias economías y mantenerse
HQHOPHUFDGR¿QDQFLHURJOREDO(VFRP~QTXHVHSLHQVHHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD
como una economía con base en la agricultura. Sin embargo, otra de las
industrias muy importantes para la región en cuanto a exportaciones es la
industria textil. Las compañías dedicadas a estas actividades confeccionan
todo tipo de ropa y algunas veces también zapatos.
&RORPELD3DQDPi+RQGXUDV(O6DOYDGRU\3HU~VRQDOJXQRVGHORVSDtVHV
con altos niveles de exportación, en especial hacia los Estados Unidos. No
solamente los diseños sino también la alta calidad de las prendas de vestir
han hecho que muchas compañías extranjeras inviertan y se interesen en la
producción textil que se realiza en estos países. En el pasado, se asociaban
las maquiladoras con empleados del género femenino. Hoy en día en las
maquiladoras, hay tantos empleados masculinos como femeninos.
119
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
ropa una manera de mejorar su situación económica. En la región de Altos de Chiapas, en México, varias mujeres
indígenas se han organizado para vender su ropa. Aunque mantienen la tradición del bordado multicolor a mano, ellas
han empezado a utilizar la máquina de coser también. Este grupo tiene ahora un nombre para su ropa: Taj Kotoltik,
TXHVLJQL¿FD³(QWUH7RGDV´\WLHQHQXQDH[KLELFLyQGHODVSUHQGDVTXHFRQIHFFLRQDQHQHO0XVHRGHOD&LXGDGGH
México. Dentro de las innovaciones para la comercialización de sus productos, ahora tienen su propio sitio web en
,QWHUQHWWDMNRWROWLNFRPP[
(QODLQGXVWULDWH[WLOVHFRQIHFFLRQDURSD\DOJXQDVYHFHV]DSDWRV ___________________________________
+R\HQGtDKD\KRPEUHV\PXMHUHVTXHWUDEDMDQHQODVPDTXLODGRUDV ________________________________
0XMHUHVLQGtJHQDVGH&RORPELD\3HU~WLHQHQVXSURSLDPDUFDGHURSD _______________________________
Lectura cultural
/HVVRQ²'RXEOH2EMHFW3URQRXQV
The constant changes in the global economy have resulted in countries looking for different ways to improve their own
HFRQRPLHVDQGPDLQWDLQWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHJOREDO¿QDQFLDOPDUNHW,W¶VFRPPRQWRWKLQNRI/DWLQ$PHULFDDVDQHFRQRP\
based in agriculture. Nevertheless, another of the very important industries for the region in terms of exports is the textile
industry. The companies dedicated to these activities make all sorts of clothing and sometimes shoes as well.
&RORPELD 3DQDPi +RQGXUDV (O 6DOYDGRU DQG 3HU~ DUH VRPH RI WKH FRXQWULHV ZLWK KLJK OHYHOV RI H[SRUWDWLRQ
especially to the United States. Not only the designs but also the high quality of the garments have made many foreign
FRXQWULHVLQYHVWDQGEHFRPHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQWKDWLVGRQHLQWKHVHFRXQWULHV,QWKHSDVWWKHWH[WLOH
factories were associated with women. Nowadays in the textile factories, there are as many male as female workers.
Another kind of clothing that is characteristic of Latin American culture is the clothing made by indigenous women.
These garments have many colors and different designs that represent the indigenous culture. Many of these women
DQGWKHLUIDPLOLHVKDYHIRXQGLQWKHPDNLQJDQGVHOOLQJRIWKHLUFORWKLQJDZD\WRLPSURYHWKHLUHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQ,Q
the region of Altos de Chiapas, in Mexico, various indigenous women have organized themselves to sell their clothing.
Although they maintain the tradition of multicolored hand embroidery, they have begun to use the sewing machine
as well. This group now has a name for its clothing: Taj Kotoltik, which means “Among All the Women,” and they
have a display of the garments that they make in the Museum of the City of Mexico. Among their innovations for the
FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIWKHLUSURGXFWVWKH\QRZKDYHWKHLURZQZHEVLWHRQWKH,QWHUQHWWDMNRWROWLNFRPP[
Lesson 5HÀH[LYH9HUEV
te – \RXUVHOI>LQIRUPDOVLQJXODU@ os – \RXUVHOYHV>LQIRUPDO@
se – KLPVHOIKHUVHOI\RXUVHOI>IRUPDO@ se±WKHPVHOYHV\RXUVHOYHV>IRUPDO@
en un momento – in a moment
explicar – to explain
ducharse – to shower
/HVVRQ²5HÀH[LYH9HUEV
levantarse>WRJHWXS@
B. :D\VWR3UDFWLFH)RRG9RFDEXODU\
2QH UHVRXUFH WKDW FDQ KHOS \RX JDLQ IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK IRRG YRFDEXODU\ LV WKH ZHEVLWH HOJRXUPHWFRP ,W¶V D SODFH
ZKHUH\RXFDQH[SORUHORWVRIUHFLSHVDQGDUWLFOHVUHODWHGWRIRRGDQGLW¶VHQWLUHO\LQ6SDQLVK<RXFDQDOVRSUDFWLFH
\RXUIRRGYRFDEXODU\LQIRUH[DPSOHD0H[LFDQUHVWDXUDQW,IWKHUH¶V6SDQLVKRQWKHPHQXUHDGWKH6SDQLVK$QG
LI\RXUZDLWUHVVRUZDLWHUVSHDNV6SDQLVKVSHDNDVPXFKRIWKHODQJXDJHDV\RXFDQ,QIDFW\RXFRXOGWHOO\RXU
server something like this: Estoy tomando un curso de español y mi tarea es hablar solo español aquí. ¿Le
parece bien?ZKLFKLV³,¶PWDNLQJD6SDQLVKFRXUVHDQGP\KRPHZRUNLVWRVSHDNRQO\6SDQLVKKHUH'RHVWKDW
seem okay to you?”.
C. Uses of estar
The four basic uses of estar are as follows.
1. With the present participle to talk about something happening right now, a construction known as the present
SURJUHVVLYHHJEstamos trabajando ahora mismoLV³:HDUHZRUNLQJULJKWQRZ´
7RWDONDERXWWKHORFDWLRQRIVRPHRQHRUVRPHWKLQJHJLas zanahorias están en la mesa is “The carrots
DUH RQ WKH WDEOH´ >1RWH 7KH H[FHSWLRQV WR WKLV XVH RI estar are when talking about where someone or
VRPHWKLQJLVIURPDQGDERXWZKHUHDQHYHQWLVWDNLQJSODFH,QWKRVHWZRFDVHVserLVXVHGHJSomos de
Nicaragua is “We are from Nicaragua”; /D¿HVWDHVHQPLFDVDLV³7KHSDUW\LVLQP\KRXVH´@
7RWDONDERXWDSK\VLFDORUHPRWLRQDOVWDWHRUFRQGLWLRQLQFOXGLQJKRZGULQNVRUIRRGWDVWHHJLas meseras
están ocupadas is “The waitresses are busy”; (OÀDQHVWiULFRLV³7KHFXVWDUGLVGHOLFLRXV´
4. To talk about something that’s the result of a change, meaning the result of a previous action, such as the
DFWLRQRIG\LQJRUJHWWLQJPDUULHGHJNuestro tío está muerto is “Our uncle is dead”; Estamos casados
LV³:HDUHPDUULHG´
To summarize, estar is used with the present progressive and to express location, mental, or physical condition or the
UHVXOWRIDQDFWLRQ,WPLJKWKHOS\RXWRUHPHPEHUWKHXVHVRIestar as the following words ending in -tion.
1. Ongoing action
Location
Condition and digestion
4. Result of a previous action
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
D. Uses of ser
The seven basic uses of ser are as follows.
(VFULEH³95´VLODIUDVHXVDXQYHUERUHÀH[LYRR³15´VLODIUDVHQRXVDXQYHUERUHÀH[LYR:ULWH³95´LIWKHVHQWHQFH
XVHVDUHÀH[LYHYHUERU³15´LIWKHVHQWHQFHGRHVQ¶WXVHDUHÀH[LYHYHUE
0DULDQDVHGHVSLHUWDDODVGHODPDxDQD ___________________________________________________
'LDQDVHOHYDQWDDODVGHODPDxDQD _______________________________________________________
(ULFDEDxDD0DULDQDDODVGHODPDxDQD ___________________________________________________
'LDQDJHQHUDOPHQWHVHEDxDDODVGHODPDxDQD _____________________________________________
$OJXQDVYHFHV'LDQDPDTXLOODD0DULDQD ______________________________________________________
b. Javier tiene un viaje de negocios mañana y no sabe exactamente cómo debe organizar su horario. / Javier has a
business trip tomorrow and doesn’t know exactly how he should organize his schedule.
&RPSOHWDHOVLJXLHQWHGLiORJRXWLOL]DQGRYHUERVUHÀH[LYRV&RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJGLDORJXHXVLQJUHÀH[LYHYHUEV
/HVVRQ²5HÀH[LYH9HUEV
-DYLHU (ULFD¢SXHGHVOOHYDUPHDODHURSXHUWRPDxDQD"7HQJRTXHHVWDUHQHODHURSXHUWRDODVGHOD
PDxDQD(OYXHOR>ÀLJKW@VDOHDODV
c. Escoge el verbo correcto para las siguientes frases. / Choose the correct verb for the following sentences.
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
(Q&HQWURDPpULFDFRPHQPXFKRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0HJXVWDQWRGRVORVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢$TXpKRUDWHDFXHVWDV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVRQFHGHODQRFKH
¢6DEHVFRFLQDUDUUR]FRQOHFKH"1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
b. 1. se levantan 5. dormirme
GHVSHUWDUPH 6. afeitarte
GHVSHUWDUPH 7. bañarme
4. nos levantamos 8. vestirme
c. 1. está HV
HVWi 11. están
HVWiQ HV
4. son HVWiQ
5. son 14. es
6. está 15. somos
7. está 16. estoy
8. es 17. soy
9. es…Son 18. eres
/HVVRQ²5HÀH[LYH9HUEV
d. 1. aguacate 4. naranja
IULMROHV 5. brócoli
SRVWUHV
Lesson Talking about the Past: Acabar and Hace
la televisión – television
el tren – train
The conjunction sino can be used only if the sentence starts with a negation. The purpose of sino is to negate,
contradict, or show a direct contrast with what comes earlier in the sentence; for this reason, sino typically expresses
WKHLGHDRI³EXWUDWKHU´HJNo vamos en barco sino en avión is “We’re not going by boat but rather by plane”;
Carlos no quiere comprar guantes, sino simplemente ver qué tipos hay en la tienda is “Carlos doesn’t want to
EX\JORYHVEXWUDWKHUVLPSO\VHHZKDWNLQGVWKHUHDUHLQWKHVWRUH´
/HVVRQ²7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVWAcabar and Hace
B. 5HÀH[LYHDQG1RQUHÀH[LYH9HUEV
:KLOHDQLQ¿QLWLYHIRUPHQGLQJLQ-seLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHYHUELVDUHÀH[LYHYHUEHJlavarseLV³WRZDVKRQHVHOI´DQ
LQ¿QLWLYHWKDWGRHVQ¶WHQGLQ-seLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHYHUELVQRQUHÀH[LYHHJlavarLV³WRZDVK´,QDSUHYLRXVOHVVRQ
\RXOHDUQHGWKDWLQWKHFDVHRIUHÀH[LYHYHUEVWKHVXEMHFWDQGREMHFWRIWKHYHUEDUHWKHVDPHHJSiempre nos
levantamos tempranoLV³:HDOZD\VJHWXSHDUO\´)RUQRQUHÀH[LYHYHUEVWKHVXEMHFWDQGREMHFWRIWKHYHUEDUH
GLIIHUHQWHJAna levanta a su hijo a las sieteLV³$QDJHWVKHUVRQXSDWVHYHQ´
Completa estas frases utilizando acabar + de + LQ¿QLWLYR. / Complete these sentences using acabar + de +
LQ¿QLWLYH
Carolina: /RVJXDUGDHVSDOGDV>ERG\JXDUGV@WDPELpQ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHJDU
Pilar: (ODYLyQFRQORVPXFKDFKRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
DWHUUL]DU>WRODQG@
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Carolina: £$TXtHVWiQ£$TXtHVWiQ£$TXtHVWiQ£$TXtHVWiQ£$TXtHVWiQ
Pilar: 7HYDPRVDHVFULELUGHVSXpV9DPRVDWRPDUPiVIRWRV
b. Lee los apuntes de una entrevista que le hizo Marisol a su hermano Pablo para un proyecto de la secundaria.
Luego contesta las preguntas. / Read the notes of an interview that Marisol conducted with her brother Pablo for a
high school project. Then answer the questions.
Nunca les compro regalos de cumpleaños a mis amigos porque no me gusta ir de compras. Tampoco me gusta hacer
¿HVWDVVRUSUHVD>VXUSULVH@SDUDPLVDPLJRV1RHVTXHQRPHJXVWH>,W¶VQRWWKDW,GRQ¶WOLNH@KDFHU¿HVWDVVLQRTXH
ODV ¿HVWDV VRUSUHVD QHFHVLWDQ PiV SODQL¿FDFLyQ >SODQQLQJ@ \ FXLGDGR$GHPiV >0RUHRYHU@ PLV DPLJRV \ \R VRPRV
PiV HVSRQWiQHRV >VSRQWDQHRXV@ \ WRPDPRV GHFLVLRQHV HQ HO PRPHQWR 1R HVFULER FRUUHRV HOHFWUyQLFRV >HPDLOV@ D
mis amigos sino que les envío mensajes de texto. Es más fácil, y recibo una respuesta inmediatamente. Pero a mis
profesores les escribo correos electrónicos. Creo que no solo tengo buenos amigos, sino también buenos profesores.
Hace dos años que no voy a la playa, pero sí uso lentes de sol cuando voy a la playa. No solo llevo mis lentes
sino también una gorra. Si hago deportes, generalmente llevo una gorra también. Me gusta el sol, pero no me gusta
TXHPDUPH>JHWDVXQEXUQ@+DFHTXLQFHDxRVTXHSUDFWLFR>,SOD\@GHSRUWHV\QRSXHGRLPDJLQDU>LPDJLQH@PLYLGDVLQ
GHSRUWHV+DFHGRVDxRVTXHVR\FRHQWUHQDGRU>FRFRDFK@GHI~WEROHQPLH[VHFXQGDULD\PHHQFDQWD+DFHWUHV
VHPDQDVTXHQRPRQWRHQELFLFOHWDSRUTXHWHQJRSUREOHPDVHQXQDURGLOOD>NQHH@SHURPHHQFDQWDPRQWDUHQELFLFOHWD
¢3RUTXpD3DEORQROHJXVWDQODV¿HVWDVVRUSUHVD" ______________________________________________ .
¢&yPRVHFRPXQLFD3DEORFRQVXVSURIHVRUHV" _________________________________________________ .
¢+DFHFXDQWRWLHPSRTXH3DEORQRYDDODSOD\D" _______________________________________________ .
¢+DFHFXiQWRTXH3DEORHVFRHQWUHQDGRUGHI~WERO" _____________________________________________ .
1. Pilar y Carolina no toman fotos con una cámara ____________________________ con su teléfono celular.
DSHUR EVLQR FVLQRTXH
3LODU\&DUROLQDQROODPDQSRUWHOpIRQRD0DULVROBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHHQYtDQWH[WRV
DSHUR EVLQR FVLQRTXH
/HVVRQ²7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVWAcabar and Hace
$3DEOROHJXVWDQODV¿HVWDVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBQROHJXVWDRUJDQL]DU¿HVWDVVRUSUHVD
DSHUR EVLQR FVLQRTXH
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DSHUR EVLQR FVLQRTXH
7. A Pilar, Carolina y Marisol no solo les gustan los chicos del grupo musical __________________ también su
P~VLFD\VXVFDQFLRQHV>VRQJV@
DSHUR EVLQR FVLQRTXH
¢4XpDFDEDVGHKDFHU"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHHUODVLQVWUXFFLRQHV>LQVWUXFWLRQV@GHOHMHUFLFLRd.
¢4XpDFDEDQGHKDFHUORVFKLFRV"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPLUDUDOJXQRVSURJUDPDVHQODWHOHYLVLyQ
¢$TXpKRUDWHOHYDQWDVQRUPDOPHQWH"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVVHLVGHODPDxDQD
¢+DFHFXDQWRWLHPSRTXHW~\WXVDPLJRVHVWXGLiLVHVSDxRO"BBBBBBBBBBBBBGRVPHVHV ________________ .
¢+DFHFXDQWRWLHPSRTXH3HGURWLHQHXQWHOpIRQRFHOXODU>FHOO@"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBFXDWURDxRV ____________ .
b. $3DEORQROHJXVWDQODV¿HVWDVVRUSUHVDSRUTXHQHFHVLWDQPiVSODQL¿FDFLyQ\FXLGDGR
3DEOROHVHQYtDFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVDVXVSURIHVRUHV3DEOROHVHVFULEHFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVDVXV
profesores.
+DFHGRVDxRVTXH3DEORQRYDDODSOD\D
4. Pablo lleva lentes de sol y una gorra a la playa.
5. Hace quince años que Pablo practica deportes.
+DFHGRVDxRVTXH3DEORHVFRHQWUHQDGRUGHI~WERO
7. Porque Pablo tiene problemas en una rodilla.
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Lesson Talking about the Past: ¿Desde Cuándo…?
libre – free
ordenar la casa – to straighten up the house sacar la basura – to take out the trash
recoger – to pick up
Another way to express how long something has been going on is with the question ¿Desde cuándo + subject +
present tense of verb?HJ¿Desde cuándo vives en la ciudad?LV³+RZORQJKDYH\RXEHHQOLYLQJLQWKHFLW\"´
There are three ways that a question like this could be answered. One way is with the construction Desde que
VXEMHFW SUHVHQW WHQVH RI YHUE HJ Desde que trabajo en la universidad LV ³6LQFH ,¶YH EHHQ ZRUNLQJ DW WKH
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
B. Hay que,Q¿QLWLYH
The expression Hay queLQ¿QLWLYHLVXVHGWRUHIHUWRVRPHWKLQJWKDWPXVWEHGRQHHJHay que leer mucho en
la claseLV³,W¶VQHFHVVDU\WRUHDGDORWLQWKHFODVV´Hay que recoger la ropa antes de pasar la aspiradoraLV³,W¶V
QHFHVVDU\WRSLFNXSWKHFORWKHVEHIRUHYDFXXPLQJ´
Venir and traer express motion in the opposite direction, meaning that someone else is moving toward the speaker
HJMi hijo viene ahora para ayudarme is “My son is coming now to help me”; Cuando visitan, siempre me traen
dulces LV³:KHQWKH\YLVLWWKH\DOZD\VEULQJPHFDQG\´
D. 7KH9DOXHRIDQintercambio
,QDGGLWLRQWRDOOWKHZRUN\RX¶UHGRLQJDVSDUWRIWKLVFRXUVHDQRWKHUJUHDWZD\WRLPSURYH\RXU6SDQLVKLVWRVHWXSDQ
intercambio>H[FKDQJH@ZLWKD6SDQLVKVSHDNHUIntercambios are conversation exchanges designed to allow both
speakers to practice their speaking and listening skills. The ideal person to set up a conversation exchange with would
be a Spanish speaker interested in improving his or her English.
There are different ways intercambios can work, but typically the two of you might meet for an hour, spending the
¿UVWKDOIKRXUVSHDNLQJ(QJOLVKDQGWKHVHFRQGKDOIKRXUVSHDNLQJ6SDQLVK7KHVHDUHQRWFODVVHVDQG\RXDUHQRW
your partner’s teacher. The goal of an intercambio is simply to talk about any subject that interests the two of you.
Occasionally, you’ll probably want to help your partner with issues related to pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar,
and he or she will help you as well. But in general, the purpose on an intercambio is increased communication in the
two languages. The more contact you have with the language, the better your Spanish skills will be. Intercambios will
also allow you to help others improve their English skills.
Lee el diálogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the dialogue and answer the questions.
/HVVRQ²7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVW¿Desde Cuándo…?
(VWHEDQ ¢9DVDLQYLWDUORDWXFDVDPX\SURQWR"
-DYLHU 6tTXLHURLQYLWDUORSHURVLHPSUHHVWiPX\RFXSDGR1RHVWR\VHJXUR>VXUH@VLYDDWHQHUWLHPSR
/XLVD $QRVRWURVQRVJXVWDUtD>ZHZRXOGOLNH@FRQRFHUOR3RGHPRVWRPDUXQFDIpWRGRVMXQWRV¢QR"
-DYLHU &ODUR£4XpEXHQDLGHD£eOYDDWUDHUPHFDIpGH&RVWD5LFD+DFHPXFKRWLHPSRTXHQRWRPRFDIpGH
Costa Rica.
Esteban: Mi café favorito es el de Puerto Rico, pero no sé nada del café de Costa Rica. Bueno, podemos probar
>WU\@ORVGRVFDIpV
-DYLHU 9R\DOODPDUD,JQDFLRSDUDGHFLUOHHOSODQ>SODQ@
¢3RUTXp-DYLHUQRHVWiVHJXURVL,JQDFLRYDDSRGHUYLVLWDUOR" _____________________________________ .
¢&XiQWRVDxRVWLHQHQ-DYLHUH,JQDFLR"________________________________________________________ .
b. Erica está muy enojada con Javier porque él quiere invitar a su amigo y la casa no está lista para visitas. / Erica is
very upset with Javier because he wants to invite his friend and the house is not ready for visits.
Lee el diálogo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the dialogue and answer the questions.
¢'HVGHFXiQGR(ULFDQRRUGHQDODFDVD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢'HVGHFXiQGR(ULFDQRSDVDODDVSLUDGRUD"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
c. Erica está tratando de limpiar la casa. / Erica is trying to clean the house.
(ULFD-DYLHU¢SXHGHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiVEROVDV>EDJV@SDUDODDVSLUDGRUD"
DLU EOOHYDUPH FYHQLU GWUDHUPH
(ULFD0DPL¢SXHGHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBDODVQLxDVDOSDUTXHPLHQWUDV>ZKLOH@OLPSLRXQSRFR"
DLU EOOHYDU FYHQLU GWUDHU
(ULFD-DYLHU¢YDDBBBBBBBBBBBBBDQXHVWUDFDVD,JQDFLRHOSUy[LPR¿QGHVHPDQD"
DLU EOOHYDU FYHQLU GWUDHU
&XDQGR,JQDFLRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVLHPSUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDIpGH&RVWD5LFD
DYD«OOHYD EOOHYD«YD FYLHQH«WUDH GWUDH«YLHQH
'LDQD\0DULDQDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBVXVMXJXHWHVGHODVDODDVXFXDUWR
DYDQ EOOHYDQ FYLHQHQ GWUDHQ
6LTXLHUHVKDFHUXQD¿HVWDVRUSUHVD>VXUSULVH@KD\TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6LWLHQHVXQH[DPHQKD\TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
6LW~FDVDHVWiVXFLDKD\TXHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/HVVRQ²7DONLQJDERXWWKH3DVW¿Desde Cuándo…?
b. 3RUTXH-DYLHUTXLHUHLQYLWDUD,JQDFLRDODFDVD\ODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH3RUTXHODFDVDHVXQGHVDVWUH
Porque la casa no está limpia.
'HVGHKDFHXQPHV
'HVGHKDFHGRVPHVHV
4. Porque Javier está más ocupado que Erica.
5. Ellas recogen sus juguetes. / Ellas recogen los juguetes.
d. 1. organizarla 4. comprar
HVWXGLDU 5. pasar
OLPSLDUOD
Lesson Formal Commands and Unequal Comparisons
barra el suelo±VZHHSWKHÀRRU>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
la catedral – cathedral
peor – worse
Stem-changing verbs follow this same rule to form the ustedFRPPDQGHJpensar Æ piense; dormir Æ duerma;
servir Æ sirva0DQ\YHUEVWKDWDUHLUUHJXODULQWKHSUHVHQWWHQVHKDYHUHJXODUusted command forms, meaning that
they follow the same rules as other verbs of dropping the -o of the yo form of the present tense and adding an -e for
-ar verbs or an -a for -er or -irYHUEVHJconocer Æ conozca; oír Æ oiga; venir Æ venga
/HVVRQ²)RUPDO&RPPDQGVDQG8QHTXDO&RPSDULVRQV
B. ,UUHJXODUusted Commands
9HUEVHQGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar have the following spelling changes in the usted command form: For verbs ending
in -car, the change is c Æ qu; for verbs ending in -gar, the change is g Æ gu; for verbs ending in -zar, the change is z
Æ c. Examples of commands with these spelling changes include the following: buscar Æ busque; pagar Æ pague;
empezar Æ empiece. These spelling changes keep the consonant sound near the end of the usted command the
VDPHDVLWLVLQWKHLQ¿QLWLYH>1RWH7KHz Æ c change occurs to avoid the letter combination ze, which is extremely
UDUHLQ6SDQLVK@
9HUEVWKDWGRQ¶WHQGLQ-o in the yo form of the present tense obviously can’t follow the rule of dropping the -o before
adding -e or -a. These irregular usted command forms are as follows: dar Æ dé >JLYH@estar Æ esté>EH@ser Æ sea
>EH@saber Æ sepa >NQRZ@ir Æ vaya >JR@
$V\RXORRNDWWKRVH¿YHLUUHJXODUusted command forms, you’ll notice that even though the forms are irregular, the
endings are still what we would expect: -ar verbs have usted command forms that end in -e, while -er and -ir verbs
have usted command forms that end in -a. Also notice the accents in the commands dé and esté.
D. &RPSDULVRQVRI,QHTXDOLW\ZLWK$GMHFWLYHVDQG$GYHUEV
When making comparisons using an adjective, the construction used is as follows: más or menos + adjective + que
HJEstoy más nervioso que tú LV³,¶PPRUHQHUYRXVWKDQ\RX´El estadio es menos interesante que la catedral
LV³7KHVWDGLXPLVOHVVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDQWKHFDWKHGUDO´
The construction is the same when making comparisons using an adverb: más or menos + adverb + queHJEllos
llegan más tarde que nosotros is “They arrive later than we do”; Benito habla menos claramente que Celia is
³%HQLWRVSHDNVOHVVFOHDUO\WKDQ&HOLD´
,UUHJXODUFRPSDUDWLYHIRUPVLQFOXGHmejor>EHWWHU@peor>ZRUVH@mayor>ROGHU@DQGmenor>\RXQJHU@:KHQXVLQJ
these four adjectives, no más or menosLVQHHGHGHJAnita es mayor que su hermana is “Anita is older than her
sister”; Esta librería es mejor que la otraLV³7KLVERRNVWRUHLVEHWWHUWKDQWKHRWKHURQH´Mejor and peor can also
EHXVHGDVDGYHUEVHJElla escribe mejor que Rodrigo is “She writes better than Rodrigo”; Yo bailo peor que mi
madreLV³,GDQFHZRUVHWKDQP\PRWKHU´
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Completa estas frases con mandatos de ustedes. / Complete these sentences with ustedes commands.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDGLVIUXWDUGHXQDVHPDQDHQHOSDUDtVR>SDUDGLVH@
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSRUHO9LHMR6DQ-XDQ\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHO0RUUR\6DQ&ULVWyEDO
£BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHODVPHMRUHVFRPLGDV\EHELGDVGHO&DULEH
b. Cecilia acaba de salir de la reunión con su jefe, y él le ha pedido varias cosas. / Cecilia just left the meeting with her
boss, and he has asked her for several things.
Completa las frases utilizando mandatos de usted. / Complete the sentences using usted commands.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVEROHWRVGHDYLyQSDUDHOVLPSRVLR>V\PSRVLXP@HQ3DQDPi
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDORVFOLHQWHVSRUWHOpIRQRSDUDKDEODUOHVVREUHHOYLDMHD3XHUWR5LFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODUHXQLyQGHPDxDQDSRUTXH\D>QRZ@QRHVQHFHVDULD
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHOLQIRUPH>UHSRUW@HVWDWDUGH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBORVFKHTXHV>FKHFNV@DOEDQFR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDORVHPSOHDGRV>HPSOR\HHV@DOD¿HVWDGHHVWH¿QGHVHPDQD
c. El Doctor Esteban Quirós está hablando con dos de sus pacientes: Carmen y su esposo Manuel. / Doctor Esteban
Quirós is talking to two of his patients: Carmen and her husband Manuel.
Completa los mandatos en la forma de ustedes. / Complete the commands in the ustedes form.
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUWDQWR>VRPXFK@DODR¿FLQD
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIXPDU>WRVPRNH@
/HVVRQ²)RUPDO&RPPDQGVDQG8QHTXDO&RPSDULVRQV
d. Completa las oraciones utilizando comparaciones de desigualdad. / Complete the sentences using comparisons of
inequality.
'LDQDPLGH>PHDVXUHV@FHQWtPHWURV\0DULDQDPLGHFHQWtPHWURV'LDQDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDOWD
_____________________ Mariana.
$OEHUWRWLHQHDxRV6XKHUPDQR-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV-DYLHUHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH$OEHUWR
-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV6XKHUPDQR'LHJRWLHQHDxRV'LHJRHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXH-DYLHU
8QDHQVDODGDWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFDORUtDV>FDORULHV@BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBXQDSL]]D
$OHMDQGUDVLHPSUHJDQDFXDQGRMXHJDDOWHQLVDVtTXH>VR@HOODMXHJDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBTXHVXHVSRVR
Carlos.
7. Las computadoras viejas son ____________________ rápidas _________________ las computadoras nuevas.
/D5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBJUDQGHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB3XHUWR5LFR
b. 1. Compre 4. Escriba
/ODPH /OHYH
&DQFHOH ,QYLWH
c. 1. coman 5. Hagan
-XHJXHQ 6. Beban
YD\DQ 7. usen
4. fumen
d. 1. más…que 5. mejor
PHQRU 6. más…que
PD\RU 7. menos…que
4. menos…que 8. más…que
141
Lesson Informal Commands
Perdóneme.±3DUGRQPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
el cuerpo – body
There are only eight irregular tú commands: venir Æ ven; salir Æ sal; poner Æ pon; tener Æ ten; hacer Æ haz; ser
Æ sé; decir Æ di; ir Æ ve.
/HVVRQ²,QIRUPDO&RPPDQGV
B. Negative tú Commands
The negative tú command is formed in the following way: no + usted command + -s,QRWKHUZRUGV\RXVWDUWZLWKno
and follow it with the usted command, with an -sDGGHGDWWKHHQGHJtocar Æ no toques; aprender Æ no aprendas;
vivir Æ no vivas; ser Æ no seas; hacer Æ no hagas7KLVFRPPDQGIRUPRIIHUVDQRWKHUUHPLQGHURIWKHLPSRUWDQFH
of knowing how to form an usted command. Once you know the usted command, you are able to use it to form the
DI¿UPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHustedFRPPDQGWKHDI¿UPDWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHustedes command, and the negative tú command.
C. $I¿UPDWLYHvosotros Commands
7KHZD\WRPDNHDQDI¿UPDWLYHFRPPDQGIRUDJURXS\RXDGGUHVVDVvosotros or vosotras is the following: Start
ZLWKWKHLQ¿QLWLYHGURSWKH-r at the end, and replace it with a -dHJhablar Æ hablad; tener Æ tened; dormir Æ
dormid7KHvosotros command is only used in Spain; a Latin American would use an ustedes command rather
than a vosotros command.
$JUHJD ORV PDQGDWRV IRUPDOHV DSURSLDGRV FRQ SURQRPEUHV UHÀH[LYRV R GH REMHWR GLUHFWR R LQGLUHFWR $GG WKH
DSSURSULDWHIRUPDOFRPPDQGVZLWKUHÀH[LYHGLUHFWREMHFWRULQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQV
1RBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUPXFKDVYHFHVDORVUHVWDXUDQWHV6LYDDXQUHVWDXUDQWH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBSHGLUDOPHVHURDOPHVHURSODWRVVLQJOXWHQ>JOXWHQ@\FRQPHQRVJUDVD>IDW@
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. Erica está preocupada porque no tiene tiempo de hacer ejercicio. Está embarazada de nuevo y ya tiene dos hijas:
'LDQD \ 0DULDQD (OOD QR WLHQH HQHUJtD VX¿FLHQWH SDUD KDFHU HMHUFLFLR 6X PDGUH /XLVD OH GD FRQVHMRV SDUD KDFHU
actividad física con el tiempo que tiene. / Erica is worried because she has no time to exercise. She is pregnant again
and already has two daughters: Diana and Mariana. She doesn’t have enough energy to exercise. Her mother Luisa is
giving her advice for engaging in physical activity within the time she has.
Completa las oraciones con un mandato informal. / Complete the sentences with an informal command.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBLUDODSLVFLQDGHOYHFLQGDULR>QHLJKERUKRRG@FRQODVQLxDV
c.(OPHMRUDPLJRGH3DEORGHVXYHFLQGDULRDQWHULRUTXLHUHYLVLWDUORHOSUy[LPR¿QGHVHPDQD3DEOR¶VEHVWIULHQG
from his former neighborhood wants to visit him next weekend.
Completa las indicaciones de cómo llegar a la nueva ciudad usando mandatos informales. / Complete the instructions
on how to get to the new city using informal commands.
PLUDUORVUyWXORV>VLJQV@HQODFDOOH<RYR\DHVSHUDUWHHQODVDOLGD$&RPRVRQPXFKDVKRUDVGHPDQHMDU
144
/HVVRQ²,QIRUPDO&RPPDQGV
d. Escoge la respuesta correcta. Utiliza mandatos informales con los pronombres apropiados. / Choose the correct
answer. Use informal commands with the appropriate pronouns.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOOHYDUchocolatesDWXVREULQD
D/OpYDVHOR E/OpYHVHOR F/OpYDVHORV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHVWLUDU>VWUHWFK@ORVP~VFXORV>PXVFOHV@
D(VWtUHPHORV E(VWtUDORV F(VWtUHQRV
145
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
1. ¿Cuáles son tres países que tienen desiertos de sal en América Latina? ______________________________ .
¢3RUTXpKD\SRFDYHJHWDFLyQHQORVGHVLHUWRVGHVDO" ___________________________________________ .
¢4XpYHQGHQODVSHUVRQDVTXHYLYHQHQ&ROFKDQL" ______________________________________________ .
146
/HVVRQ²,QIRUPDO&RPPDQGV
b. 1. Estaciona 5. te pongas
8VD«QRXVHV 6. Sal
/OHYD 7. Haz
4. Camina 9H
c. 1. toma FRQWLQ~D
PDQHMD 8. Conduce
FRQWLQ~D 9. Mira
4. dobla SRQ
5. te olvides 11. pongas
6. ten WHGXHUPDV
Lectura cultural
1. Bolivia, Chile y Argentina tienen desiertos de sal.
+D\SRFDYHJHWDFLyQSRUVXFRPSRVLFLyQGHVDO3RUTXHKD\PXFKDVDO
9HQGHQOODPDVSHTXHxLWDV\DUWHVDQtDVKHFKDVGHVDO
4. La regla es que no se puede lamer las paredes.
5. Se encuentra mucho litio.
Salt deserts form part of the marvelous natural attributes of planet Earth. These deserts are great extensions of land of
thousands of square kilometers that seem to be surfaces covered with snow. Nevertheless, they are covered with salt.
7KHVHDUHDVRIH[WUHPHWHPSHUDWXUHKDYHOLWWOHYHJHWDWLRQEHFDXVHWKH\DUHFRPSRVHGRIVDOW,Q/DWLQ$PHULFDDUH
found some of the largest salt deserts of the world. From the deserts in Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, various different
elements are extracted in addition to common salt.
7KH 8\XQL VDOW ÀDW LQ %ROLYLD LV DPRQJ WKH ODUJHVW VDOW GHVHUWV LQ WKH ZRUOG 7KLV GHVHUW PHDVXUHV VTXDUH
NLORPHWHUVDQGLVDWDQDOWLWXGHRIPHWHUV7KHGHVHUWRI8\XQLLVRQHRIWKHPRVWYLVLWHGSODFHVLQ%ROLYLD7KH
SHRSOHZKROLYHLQWKHWRZQRI&ROFKDQLQHDUWKLVGHVHUWVHOOOLWWOHOODPDVDQGFUDIWVPDGHRIVDOW,QWKDWSODFHWKHUH
LVDYHU\IDPRXVKRWHOWKDWLVHQWLUHO\PDGHRIVDOW7KH6DOW3DODFH+RWHOKDVURRPVZLWKÀRRUVZDOOVFHLOLQJV
IXUQLWXUHEHGVWDEOHVDQGFKDLUVDOOPDGHRIVDOW,WDOVRKDVDQLQHKROHJROIFRXUVHZLWKZKLWHJUHHQV$ERXWDPLOOLRQ
FHQWLPHWHUEORFNVRIVDOWZHUHQHHGHGWREXLOGWKLVKRWHO7KHUHLVDYHU\LPSRUWDQWUXOH<RXFDQ¶WOLFNWKHZDOOV
because it could damage them.
147
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
,Q$UJHQWLQDWKH6DOLQDV*UDQGHV>*UHDW6DOW)ODWV@DUHVTXDUHNLORPHWHUVDQGDUHDOVRRQHRIWKHELJJHVWVDOW
GHVHUWVLQWKHSODQHWDVLVWKHVDOWÀDWLQ$WDFDPD&KLOH7KHVDOWÀDWLQ$WDFDPDLVVTXDUHNLORPHWHUVDQGLWKDV
one of greatest reserves of the mineral lithium, which is used extensively in the high-tech industry.
148
Lesson Superlatives and Equal Comparisons
el básquetbol – basketball
B. &RPSDULVRQVRI,QHTXDOLW\ZLWK9HUEVDQG1XPEHUV
<RX¶YH OHDUQHG WKDW DGMHFWLYHV DGYHUEV DQG QRXQV FDQ EH FRPSDUHG XVLQJ WKH VDPH EDVLF FRQVWUXFWLRQ más or
menos + part of speech + queHJSoy más trabajador que mi hermano LV³,¶PPRUHKDUGZRUNLQJWKDQP\EURWKHU´
Ana habla más claramente que RaúlLV³$QDVSHDNVPRUHFOHDUO\WKDQ5D~O´Hay menos chicas que chicos en la
claseLV³7KHUHDUHIHZHUJLUOVWKDQER\VLQWKHFODVV´
149
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
The difference when doing a comparison of inequality focused on the verb is that you use más que or menos que with
nothing in between the más or menos and the queHJNuestros abuelos siempre cocinan más que nosotros is
“Our grandparents always cook more than we do”; ¿Por qué estudian menos que los otros estudiantes? is “Why
GRWKH\VWXG\OHVVWKDQWKHRWKHUVWXGHQWV"´
When talking about numbers, the construction used is más or menos + deQXPEHUHJA veces juego con más
de dos equiposLV³$WWLPHV,SOD\ZLWKPRUHWKDQWZRWHDPV´Hay menos de cinco millones de habitantes en el
paísLV³7KHUHDUHIHZHUWKDQ¿YHPLOOLRQUHVLGHQWVRIWKHFRXQWU\´
C. Superlatives
When comparing more than two things and distinguishing which one exceeds the others, the construction used is as
IROORZVGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHmás or menos + adjective + de HJBrasil es el más grande de los países en América
del Sur LV³%UD]LOLVWKHODUJHVWRIWKHFRXQWULHVLQ6RXWK$PHULFD´,IWKHDGMHFWLYH\RXDUHXVLQJLVLUUHJXODUVXFKDV
mejor, peor, mayor, or menorQRmás or menosZLOOEHQHHGHGLQWKHVXSHUODWLYHH[SUHVVLRQHJEsta piscina es
la mejor del vecindarioLV³7KLVSRROLVWKHEHVWLQWKHQHLJKERUKRRG´
D. Comparisons of Equality
When using an adjective or adverb to compare two things that are equal, the construction used is as follows: tan +
adjective or adverb + comoHJLas doctoras son tan simpáticas como las profesoras is “The doctors are as
nice as the professors”; Paco corre tan lentamente como yo LV³3DFRUXQVDVVORZO\DV,GR´
E. ([SDQGLQJ<RXU9RFDEXODU\
Successful language learners work constantly to expand their vocabulary by learning and then using new words.
Reading a lot helps enormously in the process of beginning to recognize and understand new words. The next step
LVWRVWDUWLQFRUSRUDWLQJWKHZRUGV\RXUHFRJQL]HLQWR\RXUVSHHFKVRWKDWWKH\EHFRPHZRUGV\RXXVH,I\RX¶YHUHDG
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and expressions. Learn them, steal them, and begin using them often. The more you use new words and expressions,
the greater your ability will be to express yourself in Spanish, and the more interesting your conversations will become.
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3DEORSUDFWLFD>SOD\V@WUHVGHSRUWHV6XPDGUH$OHMDQGUDSUDFWLFDXQGHSRUWH$OHMDQGUDSUDFWLFD
__________________________ deportes que Pablo.
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4. La casa de Luis y Cecilia tiene seis habitaciones. La casa de Carlos y Alejandra tiene cinco habitaciones. La
casa de Carlos y Alejandra tiene ______________________ habitaciones que la casa de Luis y Cecilia.
5. Esteban tiene 16 palos de golf. Luis tiene 11 palos de golf. Esteban tiene _______________________ palos de
golf que Luis.
/XLV\&HFLOLDWLHQHQKLMRV(OORVWLHQHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRVKLMRV
(VWHFXUVRGHHVSDxROWLHQHXQWRWDO>WRWDO@GHOHFFLRQHVDVtTXH>VR@HOFXUVRWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHFFLRQHVSHURWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBOHFFLRQHV
b. Comparaciones de igualdad: Completa las siguientes frases. / Equal comparisons: Complete the following
sentences.
-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV,JQDFLRWLHQHDxRV-DYLHUWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDxRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,JQDFLR
&HOLQH'LRQFDQWDPX\ELHQ$GHOHFDQWDPX\ELHQ$GHOHFDQWDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBELHQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Celine Dion.
(VWHEDQWLHQHGRVFDUURV/XLVDWDPELpQWLHQHGRVFDUURV(VWHEDQWLHQHBBBBBBBBBBBFDUURVBBBBBBBBB/XLVD
4. A Alejandra le gusta mucho la telenovela La oveja negra y a Cecilia también le gusta. A Alejandra le gusta La
5. Cecilia tiene mucha hambre. Javier también tiene mucha hambre. Cecilia tiene __________________ hambre
_____________________ Javier.
6. Alberto come comida muy rápido. Luis come comida muy rápido. Alberto come _________________ rápido
______________________ Luis.
7. Diana y Mariana son hermanas muy felices. Diana es _____________ feliz _____________ Mariana.
c. Comparaciones superlativas: Completa las frases siguientes. / Superlatives: Complete the following sentences.
$OEHUWRWLHQHDxRV'LHJRWLHQHDxRV-DYLHUWLHQHDxRV$OEHUWRHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGHHOORV
/DFDVDGH/XLV\&HFLOLDWLHQHVHLVKDELWDFLRQHV/DFDVDGH&DUORV\$OHMDQGUDWLHQHFLQFRKDELWDFLRQHV/D
casa de Esteban y Luisa tiene siete habitaciones. La casa de Esteban y Luisa es __________________ más
3DEORSUDFWLFDWUHVGHSRUWHV6XDPLJR*XLOOHUPRSUDFWLFDGRVGHSRUWHV6XDPLJR6HEDVWLiQSUDFWLFDGRV
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
$OEHUWRPLGH>PHDVXUHV@¶´'LHJRPLGH¶´\-DYLHUPLGH¶´'LHJRHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV
___________________ de los tres.
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KLVWRULD>KLVWRU\@FXHVWD(OOLEURGHKLVWRULDHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPHQRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/DPRQWDxD$FRQFDJXDHQ$UJHQWLQDPLGHPHWURV/DPRQWDxD&KRSLFDOTXLHQ3HU~PLGH
PHWURV/DPRQWDxD&LWODOWpSHWOPLGHPHWURV&LWODOWpSHWOHVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPiV
_____________________.
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______________________.
Lesson Regular -ar Verbs in the Preterite
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
As you look at those two sets of conjugations, you should notice a few things.
1. The nosotros form of cantamos is the same in the present and the preterite; the context of how it’s used will
determine whether cantamosPHDQV³,VLQJ´RU³,VDQJ´
The one form in the present that has an accent is the vosotros form of cantáis; the two forms in the preterite
that have accents are yo canté and usted cantó.
The present tense ending of the túIRUP-asLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJRIWKHtúIRUP-aste
ZKLFKLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJRIWKHYRVRWURVIRUP-asteis
4. The present tense ending of the ustedesIRUP-anLQFOXGHVWKH¿UVWDQGODVWOHWWHUVRIWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJRI
the ustedesIRUP-aron
2QH¿QDOQRWHRQUHJXODU-ar verbs in the preterite is that all -ar stem-changing verbs are entirely regular in the preterite.
<RX¶OOUHPHPEHUWKDWcerrar>WRFORVH@KDVDQe Æ ie stem change in all the singular forms and in the third-person plural
form of the present tense. Like all other stem-changing verbs that end in -ar, cerrarLVUHJXODULQWKHSUHWHULWHHJ
cerré, cerraste, cerró, cerramos, cerrasteis, cerraron
Lee el siguiente párrafo y contesta las preguntas. / Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
(O OXQHV HPSH]y HO VHPLQDULR D ODV GH OD PDxDQD 1RVRWURV GHVD\XQDPRV KXHYRV UHYXHOWRV >VFUDPEOHG@
SDQ WRVWDGR FDIp \ MXJR GH QDUDQMD /D VHVLyQ >VHVVLRQ@ GHO OXQHV WHUPLQy D ODV GH OD WDUGH (Q OD QRFKH \R
FHQp FRQ XQRV DPLJRV HQ XQ EDU GHSRUWLYR >VSRUWV EDU@ PX\ JUDQGH \ PRGHUQR >PRGHUQ@ 0LUDPRV XQ SDUWLGR GH
EiVTXHWERO \ XQ HQFXHQWUR >PDWFK@ GH ER[HR (O PDUWHV HPSH]DPRV D ODV GH OD PDxDQD \ \R ROYLGp TXH OD
KRUD GH HPSH]DU FDPELy SDUD HO PDUWHV \ PH GHVSHUWp D ODV /OHJXp D ODV \ SRU VXSXHVWR >RI FRXUVH@
desayuné solo. Después de terminar ese día, caminamos alrededor de la ciudad y compramos unas cervezas que
WRPDPRVHQHOEDOFyQ>EDOFRQ\@GHODKDELWDFLyQGHOKRWHO(OPLpUFROHVHOVHPLQDULRHPSH]yRWUDYH]DODVGHOD
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154
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
1. ¿Pagaste mucho por la computadora? No, ___________________ mucho porque el tipo que yo
¢4XpPLUDVWHHQODWHOHYLVLyQDQWHD\HU"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBODVQRWLFLDV\XQSURJUDPDGHGHSRUWHV
5. ¿Ayudaste a tu pareja con los quehaceres de la casa? No, __________________ ayer, pero sí
b. 1. trabajó 6. practicó
FHQDURQ 7. desayunaste
FXLGy 8. bailasteis
4. miró 9. estudió
5. buscaron HVFXFKDVWH
c. 1. se levantaron 7. quitó
GHVD\XQDURQ 8. buscó
PLUDURQ 9. pasó
4. limpiaron SUHSDUDURQ
5. compró 11. se maquilló…se bañó
6. lavó OOHJDURQ
d. 1RQRSDJXpPXFKRSRUTXHHOWLSRTXH\RFRPSUpVRORFRVWyGyODUHV
0LUpODVQRWLFLDV\XQSURJUDPDGHGHSRUWHV
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4. Sí, hablé con mis mejores amigos la semana pasada.
5. No, no ayudé ayer, pero sí ayudé mucho la semana pasada.
156
Lesson Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Preterite
sentado – seated
As you look at these three sets of conjugations, you should notice several things.
157
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
1. The endings for -er and -ir verbs are the same, and they all start with the letter i ,Q IDFW WKH -er and -ir
HQGLQJVIRUIRXUVXEMHFWVyo, tú, nosotros, vosotrosFDQEHIRUPHGE\FKDQJLQJWKH¿UVWOHWWHURIWKH-ar
ending to iHJé Æ í; aste Æ iste; amos Æ imos; asteis Æ isteis
The differences in endings between -ar and -er/-ir verbs are as follows for the usted and ustedes forms: ó Æ
ió; aron Æ ieron
For -ar verbs, the two forms in the preterite that have accents are the yo and ustedIRUPVHJyo repasé;
usted repasó/LNHZLVHIRU-er and -ir verbs, the two forms in the preterite that have accents are the yo and
ustedIRUPVHJyo comí; usted comió; yo abrí; usted abrió
4. As is the case for all -ir verbs, the nosotros form of abrimos is the same in the present and the preterite; the
context of how the verb is used will determine whether abrimosPHDQV³,RSHQ´RU³,RSHQHG´
Most -erVWHPFKDQJLQJYHUEVDUHHQWLUHO\UHJXODULQWKHSUHWHULWH<RX¶OOUHPHPEHUWKDWvolver>WRUHWXUQ@KDVDQo Æ ue
stem change in all the singular forms and in the third-person plural form of the present tense. Like most stem-changing
verbs that end in -er, volverLVUHJXODULQWKHSUHWHULWHHJvolví, volviste, volvió, volvimos, volvisteis, volvieron
B. 5HÀH[LYH9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
-XVW DV LV WKH FDVH ZLWK UHÀH[LYH YHUEV LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH FRQMXJDWHG UHÀH[LYH YHUEV LQ WKH SUHWHULWH QHHG WR EH
SUHFHGHG E\ D UHÀH[LYH SURQRXQ 7KH IROORZLQJ LV WKH UHÀH[LYH YHUE despertarse >WR ZDNH XS@ FRQMXJDWHG LQ WKH
preterite. Note that although despertarse is an e Æ ie stem-changing verb in the present, it’s regular in the preterite.
despertarse
ver dar
vi vimos di dimos
viste visteis diste disteis
vio vieron dio dieron
<RX¶OOQRWLFHWKDWWKHSUHWHULWHHQGLQJVIRUtener are the -ar endings without the accent for the yo and usted forms
HJ-e of tuve; -o of tuvo7KHRWKHUIRXUHQGLQJVDUHWKHVDPHDVWKHUHJXODU-er/-irHQGLQJVHJ-iste of tuviste;
-imos of tuvimos; -isteis of tuvisteis; -ieron of tuvieron
158
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venir
vine vinimos
viniste vinisteis
vino vinieron
E. 9HUEV7KDW&KDQJH0HDQLQJLQWKH3UHWHULWH
There are some commonly used verbs that have one meaning in the present and a related but somewhat different
meaning in the preterite. Among these verbs are conocer, saber, and querer. Remember that the preterite talks about
VRPHWKLQJWKDWKDSSHQHGDWDVSHFL¿FWLPHLQWKHSDVW$QGWKHWKUHHYHUEVZH¶UHWDONLQJDERXW²conocer>WRNQRZD
SHUVRQSODFHRUWKLQJ@saber>WRNQRZIDFWVRUKRZWRGRVRPHWKLQJ@DQGquerer>WRZDQWRUWRORYH@²DUHDOOUHDOO\
verbs of state rather than verbs of action. But when we use the preterite with these verbs, we’re talking about something
WKDWKDSSHQHGDWDVSHFL¿FPRPHQWLQWKHSDVWVRWKHVHYHUEVFKDQJHPHDQLQJWRH[SUHVVDQDFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQDVWDWH
,Q WKH SUHWHULWH conocer PHDQV ³WR PHHW´ ZLWK WKH LGHD RI PHHWLQJ VRPHRQH IRU WKH ¿UVW WLPH HJ Finalmente
conocí a Raúl la semana pasadaLV³,¿QDOO\PHW5D~OODVWZHHN´SaberLQWKHSUHWHULWHPHDQV³WR¿QGRXW´HJNo
supe la verdad hasta años despuésLV³,GLGQ¶W¿QGRXWWKHWUXWKXQWLO\HDUVODWHU´:KHQXVHGDI¿UPDWLYHO\querer in
WKHSUHWHULWHPHDQV³WRWU\´DQGZKHQXVHGQHJDWLYHO\LWPHDQV³WRUHIXVH´HJQuise ganar, pero perdíLV³,WULHGWR
ZLQEXW,ORVW/DVPXFKDFKDVQRTXLVLHURQLUDOD¿HVWDLV³7KHJLUOVUHIXVHGWRJRWRWKHSDUW\´
+DFHFLQFRDxRV'LHJRWUDWyGH>WULHGWR@HPSH]DUXQDHPSUHVD>EXVLQHVV@SURSLD>KLVRZQ@&RQSRFRGLQHUR\XQD
SHTXHxDR¿FLQDHPSH]yDWUDEDMDUYHQGLHQGRDUWtFXORV>VXSSOLHV@HVFRODUHV>VFKRRO@\GHR¿FLQDeOPLVPR>KLPVHOI@
WXYRIXQFLRQHV>UROHV@GHMHIH>ERVV@VHFUHWDULR>VHFUHWDU\@\UHFHSFLRQLVWD>UHFHSWLRQLVW@eOPLVPRHQWUHJy>GHOLYHUHG@
WRGRVORVSHGLGRV>RUGHUV@\YLDMyPXFKRVNLOyPHWURVSDUDFRPSODFHU>SOHDVH@DWRGRVVXVFOLHQWHV>FOLHQWV@7RGRVDOLy
PiVRPHQRVELHQSHURDORVGRVDxRVOOHJyXQDHPSUHVDPXOWLQDFLRQDO>PXOWLQDWLRQDO@DODFLXGDG\'LHJRQRSXGR
FRQWURODU>FRQWURO@ORVSHGLGRVHOLQYHQWDULR>LQYHQWRU\@ORVJDVWRV>H[SHQVHV@QLODVJDQDQFLDV>SUR¿WV@1XQFDHQWHQGLy
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GHQXHYRDXQTXH>HYHQLI@VHD>LWLV@XQQHJRFLRGLIHUHQWH
159
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
¢&XiQGRHPSH]y'LHJRVXQHJRFLRGHDUWtFXORVHVFRODUHV\GHR¿FLQD" ______________________________ .
¢4XLpQHQWUHJyORVSHGLGRV" ________________________________________________________________ .
¢4XpOOHJyDODFLXGDG" ____________________________________________________________________ .
4. Nombra una cosa que Diego no pudo hacer después de que llegó la empresa multinacional. ______________ .
b.$\HU'LHJRWXYRXQGtDGLItFLOHQODXQLYHUVLGDG<HVWHUGD\'LHJRKDGDGLI¿FXOWGD\DWWKHXQLYHUVLW\
Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta del verbo en el pretérito. / Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verb in the preterite.
Diego es muy inteligente y generalmente no estudia para sus exámenes. Ayer tuvo un día difícil. Diego no
c. Ema, la estudiante que le gusta a Diego, puso más atención en clase. / Ema, the student that Diego likes, paid more
attention in class.
/HVVRQ²5HJXODUHUDQGLU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
UHFRQRFHUHORWURGtDHQODFDIHWHUtD
b. 1. escuchó 9. supo
VHGHVSHUWy VHVHQWy
SXVR 11. revisó
4. terminó YLR
5. pudo FDQFHOy
6. tuvo 14. quiso
7. se puso 15. tuvieron
8. miró 16. decidió
c. 1. estuvo…vio 4. quiso…reconoció
KL]R«HVFXFKy 5. dio
HVWXGLy
d. 1. conoció YLYH
KDEODURQ 11. conoce
VDOXGy HVWXGLDQ
4. presentó TXLHUH
5. pareció 14. hablan
6. pareció 15. tiene
7. tiene 16. son
8. estudia 17. puede
9. son 18. reconoció
161
Lesson Irregular Verbs in the Preterite
construir – to build
el préstamo – loan
destruir
destruí destruimos
destruiste destruisteis
destruyó destruyeron
/HVVRQ²,UUHJXODU9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
creer
creí creímos
creíste creísteis
creyó creyeron
9HUEVOLNHcreer in the preterite—meaning verbs with accents in all forms but the ustedes form and a y in the third-
person singular and plural forms—include caer>WRIDOO@leer>WRUHDG@DQGoír>WRKHDU@
ser / ir
fui fuimos
fuiste fuisteis
fue fueron
Clearly, all six verb forms start with fu-. The endings for the yo, tú, nosotros, and vosotrosIRUPV-i, -iste, -imos,
-isteisDUHDFWXDOO\UHJXODU-er/-irHQGLQJVH[FHSWWKHUH¶VQRDFFHQWLQWKHyo form; in fact, there are no accents on
DQ\RIWKHVL[IRUPV7KHWKLUGSHUVRQIRUPVDUHusted fue and ustedes fueron. Often when ir is used in the preterite,
it is followed by a, while ser is not followed by aHJLos supervisores fueron a la reunión is “The supervisors went
to the meeting”; Fue difícil terminar el trabajoLV³,WZDVGLI¿FXOWWR¿QLVKWKHMRE´
D. Stem-Changing -ir9HUEVLQWKH3UHWHULWH
Stem-changing verbs ending in -irDOVRFKDQJHVWHPLQWKHSUHWHULWHEXWQRWLQWKHERRWDVWKH\GRLQWKHSUHVHQW
WHQVH 7KH SUHWHULWH VWHP FKDQJH IRU -ir YHUEV KDSSHQV LQ WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU DQG SOXUDO IRUPV7KH VSHFL¿F
changes that happen are as follows.
Once again, these changes happen in the usted and ustedes forms of the preterite. Preterite tense conjugations
showing these stem changes in the third-person singular and plural forms include the following.
servir dormir
E. &RQMXJDWLQJ9HUEVLQ'LIIHUHQW7HQVHV
As you have learned throughout this course, there are many irregular verbs in both the present and preterite tenses
in Spanish. And it is certainly a challenge for the beginning language learner to learn what the irregular verbs are and
how to conjugate them in both the present and the preterite. The good news is that every verb tense you learn in future
6SDQLVKVWXGLHVZLOOEHVLJQL¿FDQWO\HDVLHUWKDQZKDW\RX¶YHDOUHDG\OHDUQHG7KHUHDUHUHODWLYHO\IHZLUUHJXODUYHUEV
in, for example, the imperfect, future, and conditional tenses, so know that as you continue your Spanish studies, you
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Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta del verbo en el pretérito. / Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verb in the preterite.
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XQFKHTXH£$KRUDHOODWLHQHURSDOLPSLD
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4. ¿Mentiste a tus padres alguna vez? Sí, de hecho les __________________________________________ ayer.
¢7~SDUHMD\WXIXHURQDOFLQHODVHPDQDSDVDGD"6tBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
b. 1. fue 7. encontró
OORYLy 8. fue
VHFD\y 9. aceptó
4. cambió SXGR
5. fue 11. vio
6. trató SDJy
c. 1. fue 6. invirtieron
IXL 7. organizaron
GHVSLGLyFRQWUDWy 8. fuimos
4. entrevistaron 9. deposité
5. empezó / pidió WUDEDMDVWHLV
165
Lesson Next Steps in Improving Your Spanish
el arquitecto – architect
B. 9HUEV7KDW1HHGD3UHSRVLWLRQEHIRUHDQ,Q¿QLWLYH
<RX¶YHOHDUQHGLQJHQHUDOWKDWLQ6SDQLVKLI\RXSODFHRQHYHUEGLUHFWO\DIWHUDQRWKHUWKH¿UVWYHUELVWKHRQHWKDWLV
FRQMXJDWHGDQGWKHVHFRQGYHUEQHHGVWREHLQWKHLQ¿QLWLYHIRUPHJEllos quieren navegar por la red is “They
ZDQWWRVXUIWKH,QWHUQHW´No puedes hablar conmigo ahoraLV³<RXFDQ¶WWDONWRPHQRZ´
166
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seen already are acabar de>WRKDYHMXVWGRQHVRPHWKLQJ@DQGir a>WREHJRLQJWRGRVRPHWKLQJ@HJElena acaba
de dormir is “Elena just slept”; Vamos a chatear LV ³:H DUH JRLQJ WR FKDW RQOLQH´ )RXU RWKHU YHUEV WKDW QHHG D
SUHSRVLWLRQ EHIRUH DQ LQ¿QLWLYH DQG VSHFL¿FDOO\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ a DUH empezar >WR EHJLQ@ comenzar >WR EHJLQ@
aprender>WROHDUQ@DQGenseñar>WRWHDFK@&RQVLGHUWKHVHH[DPSOHVEs hora de empezar a trabajarLV³,W¶VWLPHWR
begin to work”; Al mediodía, los abogados empiezan a llegar al restaurante is “At noon, the lawyers begin arriving
at the restaurant”; Pedro debe aprender a manejar is “Pedro should learn to drive”; Su hermano lo enseñó a mentir
LV³+LVEURWKHUWDXJKWKLPWROLH´
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One good way to improve your Spanish is to force yourself to speak it. So, if you have someone you can speak
Spanish with, meet and decide that you will speak only Spanish for an hour, a dinner, or a certain event—you decide.
Of course, more time is better, but no matter how much time you spend speaking Spanish, the important thing is to
FRQWLQXH ZLWK LW 7KH LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI XVLQJ (QJOLVK UHDOO\ IRUFHV \RX WR WU\ WR tratar de ¿JXUH RXW KRZ WR H[SUHVV
yourself in Spanish. And your companion doesn’t need to be a native speaker; he or she could be another Spanish
language learner like you.
.QRZ WKDW ZKHQ \RX KDYH GLI¿FXOWLHV H[SUHVVLQJ \RXUVHOI LW¶V RND\ 2IWHQ D SUREOHP LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLOO OHDG D
learner to study a bit more—maybe grammar, maybe vocabulary. But the learner tends to be motivated because the
studying is designed to solve a real communication problem that occurred during the immersive experience.
So, you need to know that it’s entirely normal—to be expected, even—that there will be times when you feel stuck,
and you think that you’ve stopped improving or even gotten worse with your Spanish skills. When this happens, don’t
give up. Continue your studies and keep in contact with the language as much as possible. The more you hear, speak,
read, and write Spanish, the more quickly you’ll notice that your Spanish really is getting better.
/XLVD HVWi SODQHDQGR >SODQQLQJ@ XQD UHXQLyQ GH YHFLQRV (OOD TXLHUH KDFHU OD UHXQLyQ HQ VX FDVD$GHPiV TXLHUH
ver a sus nietas Diana y Mariana, y por eso también invitó a la reunión a su hija Erica y a su yerno Javier. Ella envió
>VHQW@ XQ FRUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR OD VHPDQD SDVDGD SHUR QR WRGRV HQYLDURQ XQD UHVSXHVWD /XLVD YD D PDQGDUOHV RWUR
PHQVDMH D VXV YHFLQRV /D UHXQLyQ YD D VHU PDxDQD D ODV GH OD WDUGH /XLVD TXLHUH KDEODUOHV PDxDQD VREUH
ODQHFHVLGDG>QHHG@GHWHQHUXQVHUYLFLRGHSROLFtDSULYDGR>SULYDWH@HQHOYHFLQGDULR(OODWDPELpQHVWiSUHRFXSDGD
SRUTXH ~OWLPDPHQWH >ODWHO\@ DOUHGHGRU GHO YHFLQGDULR KD\ PXFKD EDVXUD >WUDVK@ $OJXQRV GH ORV YHFLQRV OH GLMHURQ
D /XLVD TXH HVWRV VRQ DVXQWRV >LVVXHV@ LPSRUWDQWHV GH GLVFXWLU >GLVFXVV@ (OOD OHV GLMR D WRGRV TXH SXHGHQ OOHYDU
VXV L3DGV SDUD WRPDU QRWDV >QRWHV@ \ DGHPiV >PRUHRYHU@ WRGRV SXHGHQ XVDU VX FRQH[LyQ LQDOiPEULFD /XLVD HVWi
enviándole un mensaje de texto a su hija para recordarle sobre la reunión.
¢&XiOHVVRQWUHVYHUERVFRQMXJDGRVHQHOSUHWpULWR"
________________________________________________________________________________________ .
167
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
b. Completa las oraciones usando el pretérito. / Complete the sentences using the preterite.
1. Luisa ____________________ un blog para hablar de nutrición desde hace cinco años.
DWXYR EYDDWHQHU FWLHQH
(QHVWHPRPHQWR/XLVD\(VWHEDQBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWHQHUXQDSiJLQDZHEFRQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUH
medicina y nutrición.
DTXLVLHURQ EYDQDTXHUHU FTXLHUHQ
/XLVDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDWRGRVORVYHFLQRVGHOYHFLQGDULR\SRUHVRODUHXQLyQYDDVHUHQVXFDVD
DFRQRFLy EYDDFRQRFHU FFRQRFH
$OHMDQGUDBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGLUHFWRUDGHHVFXHODSRUXQRVDxRVDQWHVGHFDVDUVH>WRJHWPDUULHG@
DIXH EYDDVHU FHV
168
/HVVRQ²1H[W6WHSVLQ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SDQLVK
6. A Alejandra le gusta mucho su nuevo teléfono celular y todos los días ______________________ mensajes de
texto.
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(OSULPHUDxRGHXQLYHUVLGDG3DEORBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQHVWXGLDUHQIHUPHUtD>QXUVLQJ@SHURDKRUDQR
___________________ estudiar enfermería.
DSHQVy«TXLHUH EYDQDSHQVDU«TXLVR FSLHQVD«TXLHUH
$KRUDW~BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGRVFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRV
DWXYLVWH EYDVDWHQHU FWLHQHV
$\HUW~\WXVDPLJRVBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBHQHOPHMRUUHVWDXUDQWHGHODFLXGDG
DFRPLHURQ EYDQDFRPHU FFRPHQ
7XVDPLJRV\WXBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBPXFKRVFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVD\HUGXUDQWHHOWUDEDMR
DHQYLDURQ EYDQDHQYLDU FHQYtDQ
El cacao
El árbol del cacao es originario de América, probablemente
de los Andes. La planta del cacao es una planta tropical que
requiere un clima caliente y constantes lluvias. La cosecha de
esta fruta puede obtenerse durante varios meses del año, y
en algunos países ocurre en cualquier momento. Esta fruta
es la base para lo que conocemos como chocolate y también
para el mole, por ejemplo, una salsa que es una especialidad
de Puebla, México. Parece que los productos derivados del
cacao se consumían mucho tiempo antes de la llegada de los
españoles al Nuevo Mundo, incluyendo bebidas fermentadas.
$GHPiV GH VXV XVRV JDVWURQyPLFRV DQWHV GH VH
utilizaba el grano del cacao como moneda en Mesoamérica.
Hay muchas variedades de la planta de cacao, pero en general, la planta tiene altos niveles de antioxidantes que
pueden ayudar a combatir el envejecimiento y ayudar con los problemas cardiovasculares. A pesar de ser un producto
RULJLQDULRGH$PpULFDKR\HQGtDORVSULQFLSDOHVSURGXFWRUHVGHOFDFDRFRQGHODSURGXFFLyQPXQGLDOVRQORV
SDtVHVHQÈIULFDGHO2HVWHLQFOX\HQGR&RVWDGH0DU¿O&DPHU~Q\*KDQD(Q$VLDVHFXOWLYDODSODQWDHQ,QGRQHVLD
\0DODVLDPLHQWUDVTXHHQODV$PpULFDVKD\FDFDRHQ&RORPELD(FXDGRU%UDVLO0p[LFR\OD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD
Para muchos pequeños agricultores y comerciantes, el cacao representa una fuente de ingresos importante.
Aunque Nicaragua no es uno de los principales países productores del cacao en el mundo, tiene proyectos de cultivo,
FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\H[SRUWDFLyQTXHKDQRULJLQDGRJUDQGHVEHQH¿FLRVSDUDODSREODFLyQQLFDUDJHQVH(Q0DWDJDOSD
se produce uno de los mejores cafés de Nicaragua, pero los pequeños agricultores de la ciudad han encontrado en la
producción del cacao otra oportunidad de tener una mejor rentabilidad e ingresos en sus cultivos. Gracias al cacao,
169
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
algunos nicaragüenses han encontrado respuestas a sus problemas económicos que no habían podido solucionar
solo con el cultivo del café.
¢&XiOHVVRQWUHVSULQFLSDOHVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVGHFDFDR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¢4XLpQHVSURGXFHQHOGHODSURGXFFLyQPXQGLDOGHOFDFDR"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
b. 1. empezó 6. llamó
SLGLy 7. ayudaron
FRPSUy 8. obtuvo
4. tuvo 9. cerró
5. fue YHQGLy
Lectura cultural
1. Requiere un clima caliente y constantes lluvias.
(QWUHRWURV&RVWDGH0DU¿O&DPHU~Q\*KDQDVRQSULQFLSDOHVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVGHFDFDR
/RVSDtVHVGHÈIULFDGHO2HVWH
4. En la ciudad de Matagalpa.
Cocoa
The cacao tree is native to the Americas, probably from the Andes. The cocoa plant is a tropical plant that requires a
hot climate and constant rains. The harvesting of this fruit can be done during various months of the year, and in some
countries it occurs at any time. This fruit is the basis for what we know as chocolate and also for mole, for example, a
VDXFHWKDWLVDVSHFLDOW\RI3XHEOD0H[LFR,WVHHPVWKDWWKHSURGXFWVGHULYHGIURPFRFRDZHUHEHLQJFRQVXPHGORQJ
EHIRUHWKHDUULYDORIWKH6SDQLDUGVLQWKH1HZ:RUOGLQFOXGLQJIHUPHQWHGEHYHUDJHV,QDGGLWLRQWRLWVJDVWURQRPLF
XVHVEHIRUHWKHFRFRDEHDQZDVXVHGDVFXUUHQF\LQ0HVRDPHULFD
There are many varieties of the cocoa plant, but in general the plant has high levels of antioxidants that can help
WR¿JKWDJLQJDQGKHOSZLWKFDUGLRYDVFXODUSUREOHPV'HVSLWHEHLQJDSURGXFWRULJLQDWLQJLQ$PHULFDQRZDGD\VWKH
SULQFLSDOSURGXFHUVRIFRFRDZLWKRIZRUOGZLGHSURGXFWLRQDUHWKHFRXQWULHVRI:HVW$IULFDLQFOXGLQJ,YRU\&RDVW
/HVVRQ²1H[W6WHSVLQ,PSURYLQJ<RXU6SDQLVK
&DPHURRQDQG*KDQD,Q$VLDWKHSODQWLVFXOWLYDWHGLQ,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLDZKLOHLQWKH$PHULFDVWKHUHLVFRFRD
in Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republc. For many small farmers and businesspeople,
cocoa represents an important source of income.
Although Nicaragua is not one of the main cocoa-producing countries in the world, it has projects of cultivation,
FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQDQGH[SRUWWKDWKDYHSURGXFHGJUHDWEHQH¿WVIRUWKH1LFDUJXDQSHRSOH2QHRI1LFDUDJXD¶VEHVW
coffees is produced in Matagalpa, but the small farmers of the city have found in the production of cocoa another
RSSRUWXQLW\WRKDYHEHWWHUSUR¿WDELOLW\DQGUHYHQXHVLQWKHLUIDUPLQJ7KDQNVWRFRFRDVRPH1LFDUDJXDQVKDYHIRXQG
answers to their economic problems that they had not been able to solve by only growing coffee beans.
171
Grammar Reference
Articles
'H¿QLWH$UWLFOHV ,QGH¿QLWH$UWLFOHV
masc. fem. masc. fem.
a + el = al de + el = del
Feminine nouns beginning with the sound a in a stressed syllable use el rather than laDVWKHLUGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHDQGun
rather than unaDVWKHLULQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHHJel águila rápida, un águila rápida
Nouns
Words ending in -o are usually masculine; words ending in the letters -r and -lDUHDOVRXVXDOO\PDVFXOLQHHJel
maestro, el televisor, el papel:RUGVHQGLQJLQ-aDUHXVXDOO\IHPLQLQHZRUGVHQGLQJLQWKHVXI¿[HV-ión, -ad, and
-tudDUHDOVRDOPRVWDOZD\VIHPLQLQHHJla mesa, la nación, la posibilidad, la virtud:RUGVHQGLQJLQ-ista can
EHHLWKHUPDVFXOLQHRUIHPLQLQHHJel dentista, la dentista
Adjectives
$GMHFWLYHVPXVWDJUHHLQQXPEHUDQGJHQGHUZLWKWKHQRXQPRGL¿HG$GMHFWLYHVHQGLQJLQ-o and -dor and adjectives
of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms.
Possessive Adjectives
mi / mis nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras
tu / tus vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras
su / sus su / sus
Grammar Reference
Demonstrative Adjectives
masc. fem. masc. fem. masc. fem.
Demonstrative adjectives, which modify a noun, can also be used as demonstrative pronouns, which take the place of
DQRXQHJ¢&XiOGHORVUHVWDXUDQWHVSUH¿HUHVHVHRDTXHO"
Adverbs
2QHZD\WRIRUPDQDGYHUELVWRDGGWKHVXI¿[-menteWRWKHIHPLQLQHVLQJXODUIRUPRIDQDGMHFWLYHHJactiva +
mente Æ activamente; general + mente Æ generalmente$FRPPRQZD\WRPDNHDQDGYHUELDOH[SUHVVLRQLVWR
use the preposition conEHIRUHDQRXQHJcon frecuencia, con cuidado
Pronouns
Subject Pronouns Prepositional Pronouns
'LUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVLQGLUHFWREMHFWSURQRXQVDQGUHÀH[LYHSURQRXQVJRHLWKHUEHIRUHDFRQMXJDWHGYHUERUDIWHU
DQGDWWDFKHGWRDQLQ¿QLWLYHRUDSUHVHQWSDUWLFLSOH([DPSOHVLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ
The indirect object pronoun always precedes the direct object pronoun when both are used in the same sentence
HJSi tengo los papeles, te los puedo mostrar
Both le and les become se before lo, la, los, and las HJ Cuando los estudiantes quieren más tiempo, sus
maestros siempre se lo dan
Verbs
Present 7HQVHRI5HJXODU9HUEV
Once you learn the regular -ar endings in the present tense, you can learn the -er and -ir endings by knowing the following.
1. The -er endings have just one difference from the -ar endings: Change a Æ e for every -ar ending, and that
gives you the -er endings.
There are only two differences between the -er endings and the -ir endings: emos Æ imos and éis Æ ís.
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Present 7HQVHRI&RPPRQO\8VHG,UUHJXODU9HUEV
ser estar ir
The following verbs have irregular yo forms in the present tense: saberyo séconoceryo conozcohaceryo
hagoponer yo pongo traer yo traigo salir yo salgo verbs ending in -ger, such as proteger yo protejo
and verbs ending in -cer or -cir, such as ofreceryo ofrezcoDQGconducir yo conduzco
Present 7HQVHRI6WHP&KDQJLQJ9HUEV
9HUEVWKDWFKDQJHVWHP
9HUEV HQGLQJ LQ -er or -ir WKDW KDYH VWHPV HQGLQJ LQ D YRZHO KDYH LUUHJXODU SUHVHQW SDUWLFLSOHV ,QVWHDG RI HQGLQJ
in -iendo, the participle for these verbs ends in -yendo with a y HJ leer Æ leyendo; oír Æ oyendo; traer Æ
trayendo
174
Grammar Reference
Another way to express how long something has been going on is with the question ¿Desde cuándo + subject +
present tense of verb?HJ¿Desde cuándo trabajas aquí?
There are three ways that a question like this could be answered. One way is with the construction Desde que +
VXEMHFWSUHVHQWWHQVHRIYHUEHJDesde que trabajo en la universidad$VHFRQGZD\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQLV
with the construction DesdeVSHFL¿FSRLQWLQWLPHHJDesde el mes pasado$WKLUGZD\WRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQ
is with the construction Desde haceWLPHSHULRGHJDesde hace tres años
1. Drop the -o ending from the yo form of the verb in the present tense.
For -ar verbs, add an e, and for -er and -ir verbs, add an a.
Examples of usted commands include the following: caminar Æ camine; aprender Æ aprenda; abrir Æ abra.
Stem-changing verbs follow this same rule to form the ustedFRPPDQGHJpensar Æ piense; dormir Æ duerma;
servir Æ sirva0DQ\YHUEVWKDWDUHLUUHJXODULQWKHSUHVHQWWHQVHKDYHUHJXODUusted command forms, meaning that
WKH\IROORZWKHVDPHUXOHVDVRWKHUYHUEVHJconocer Æ conozca; oír Æ oiga; venir Æ venga
9HUEVHQGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar have the following spelling changes in the usted command form: For verbs ending
in -car, the change is c Æ qu; for verbs ending in -gar, the change is g Æ gu; for verbs ending in -zar, the change is z
Æ cHJtocar Æ toque; buscar Æ busque; pagar Æ pague
The irregular usted command forms are as follows: dar Æ dé; estar Æ esté; ser Æ sea; saber Æ sepa; ir Æ vaya.
Putting a no before an usted FRPPDQG PDNHV LW QHJDWLYH HJ No coma$GGLQJ DQ -n to the usted command
makes it an ustedesFRPPDQGHJAmigos, vengan a nuestra casa$no and an -n at the end of the command
results in a negative ustedesFRPPDQGHJPor favor, chicos, no vayan ahora
$I¿UPDWLYHW~ Commands
7KH DI¿UPDWLYH tú FRPPDQG LV WKH WKLUGSHUVRQ VLQJXODU IRUP RI WKH YHUE LQ WKH SUHVHQW WHQVH HJ estudiar Æ
estudia; comer Æ come; abrir Æ abre; jugar Æ juega; servir Æ sirve; oír Æ oye
There are eight irregular tú commands: venir Æ ven; salir Æ sal; poner Æ pon; tener Æ ten; hacer Æ haz; ser Æ
sé; decir Æ di; ir Æ ve.
Negative tú Commands
The negative tú command is formed in the following way: no + usted command + -sHJtrabajar Æ no trabajes;
tener Æ no tengas; vivir Æ no vivas; ser Æ no seas; hacer Æ no hagas
$I¿UPDWLYHYRVRWURV Commands
To make a vosotros command, drop the -rRIWKHLQ¿QLWLYHDQGUHSODFHLWZLWKD-dHJhablar Æ hablad; tener Æ
tened; dormir Æ dormid7KHvosotros command is only used in Spain; a Latin American would use an ustedes
command rather than a vosotros command.
175
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Preterite Tense
Once you learn the regular -ar endings in the preterite tense, you can learn the -er/-ir endings and the endings for
verbs like tener by knowing the following.
1. The endings for -er and -ir verbs are the same, and they all start with the letter i ,Q IDFW WKH -er and -ir
HQGLQJVIRUIRXUVXEMHFWVyo, tú, nosotros, vosotrosFDQEHIRUPHGE\FKDQJLQJWKH¿UVWOHWWHURIWKH-ar
ending to iHJé Æ í; aste Æ iste; amos Æ imos; asteis Æ isteis
The differences in endings between -ar and -er/-ir verbs are as follows for the usted and ustedes forms: ó Æ
ió; aron Æ ieron.
The preterite endings for verbs like tener are the -ar endings without the accent for the yo and usted forms
HJ-e of tuve; -o of tuvo7KHRWKHUIRXUHQGLQJVDUHWKHVDPHDVWKHUHJXODU-er/-irHQGLQJVHJ-iste of
tuviste; -imos of tuvimos; -isteis of tuvisteis; -ieron of tuvieron
9HUEVHQGLQJLQ-car, -gar, and -zar have the following spelling change in the yo form of the preterite: c Æ qu; g Æ gu;
z Æ cHJyo saqué; yo pagué; yo comencé
servir dormir
176
Grammar Reference
The verbs ser and ir have the same conjugation in the preterite.
ser / ir
fui fuimos
fuiste fuisteis
fue fueron
Comparisons
Comparisons RI,QHTXDOLW\
When making comparisons using an adjective, the construction used is as follows: más or menos + adjective + que
HJEstoy más nervioso que tú
The construction is the same when making comparisons using an adverb: más or menos + adverb + queHJEllos
llegan más tarde que nosotros
When doing a comparison of inequality focused on the verb, the construction used is as follows: más que or menos
queHJNuestros abuelos siempre cocinan más que nosotros
When talking about numbers, the construction used is as follows: más or menos + deQXPEHUHJA veces ella
tiene más de dos trabajos
When comparing more than two things and distinguishing which one exceeds the others, the construction used is as
IROORZVGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHmás or menos + adjective + de HJBrasil es el más grande de los países en América
del Sur
,UUHJXODUFRPSDUDWLYHIRUPVLQFOXGHmejor, peor, mayor, and menor. When using these four adjectives, no más or
menosLVQHHGHGHJAnita es mayor que su hermana; Carlos y Juan son los mejores de la clase
Comparisons of Equality
When using an adjective or adverb to compare two things that are equal, the construction used is as follows: tan
+ adjective or adverb + como HJ Las doctoras son tan simpáticas como las profesoras; Paco corre tan
lentamente como yo
177
Los glosarios / The Glossaries
he glossaries included in this workbook are tools that will help you acquire Spanish vocabulary so that you can
T XVH LW HIIHFWLYHO\ ZKHQ FRPPXQLFDWLQJ LQ WKH ODQJXDJH )ROORZLQJ WKHVH EULHI LQWURGXFWRU\ QRWHV \RX ZLOO ¿QG
four different glossaries.
1. Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic: This glossary groups words together by function so that you can
study in one place, for example, the colors, months of the year, weather expressions, parts of the body, etc.
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates: This glossary includes Spanish words that are cognates with
English words. Reviewing these words will help you gain a sense of how many Spanish words are similar to
English words, and learning these cognates will aid your listening and reading comprehension greatly. Roughly
one-third of all the Spanish words presented in this course are cognates with English words. To get the most
RXWRIWKLVJORVVDU\\RXVKRXOGXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHIROORZLQJVXI¿[HVDUHHTXLYDOHQWLQ(QJOLVKDQG6SDQLVK
1. Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary: This glossary gives you the English for a Spanish
word.
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary: This glossary gives you the Spanish for an English
word.
7KHZRUGV\RXZLOO¿QGLQWKHVHJORVVDULHVDUHWKHRQHVWKDWDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHOHVVRQV7KURXJKRXWWKHFRXUVH
the focus has been on high-frequency words, meaning words that are used most often by native speakers of Spanish.
<RXUDELOLW\WROHDUQDQGXVHWKHYRFDEXODU\SUHVHQWHGLQWKHVHJORVVDULHVZLOOJRDORQJZD\WRZDUGGHWHUPLQLQJKRZ
successful you are in communicating with other Spanish speakers.
NB: Typically, Spanish nouns are presented in glossaries in the following way.
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZWKHJHQGHURIDQRXQEHFDXVHLI\RXZDQWWRVD\IRUH[DPSOH³7KHZDOOLVZKLWH´\RXQHHGWR
know that paredLVIHPLQLQHVR\RXFDQFRUUHFWO\XVHWKHDSSURSULDWHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHlaDQGWKHDSSURSULDWHIRUPRI
WKHDGMHFWLYHblancaWRVD\La pared es blanca.
The problem with glossaries using the above format is that they promote the following kind of mental processing by the
learner of Spanish: pared means “wall” and is feminine, so the way to say “the wall” must be la pared. That’s too much
thinking and takes too much time.
,Q WKHVH JORVVDULHV WKH 6SDQLVK ZRUG LV SUHVHQWHG ZLWK WKH GH¿QLWH DUWLFOH SUHFHGLQJ LW 6R pared is presented as
follows.
178
Los glosarios / The Glossaries
la pared±ZDOO >WKHDXGLRJORVVDU\OLNHZLVHSUHVHQWVWKHDUWLFOHEHIRUHWKHQRXQ@
With this kind of glossary entry, you are encouraged to learn that la paredPHDQV³WKHZDOO´HYHQWKRXJKWKH(QJOLVK
LVSURYLGHGDV³ZDOO´UDWKHUWKDQWKHWHFKQLFDOO\FRUUHFW³WKHZDOO´7KHYHU\IDFWWKDWpared is preceded by la tells you
that it’s a feminine noun.
:KHQ\RXVWXG\YRFDEXODU\DQGWREHDVXFFHVVIXOODQJXDJHOHDUQHU\RXPXVWVWXG\QHZZRUGVLQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQG
DQGXVHWKHP\RXVKRXOGOHDUQQRXQVZLWKWKHLUDSSURSULDWHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHel or laSUHFHGLQJWKHP7KDWZD\LI\RX
want to say in Spanish “The wall is white,” you automatically know that this would be La pared es blanca, because all
along you have learned that the way to say “the wall” is la pared. Knowing that, blanca must be the appropriate form
of the adjective to use, because pared is clearly a feminine noun.
7KHUHZLOOEHDIHZFDVHVLQZKLFKWKHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHXVHGEHIRUHWKHQRXQLVnotLQGLFDWLYHRIWKHQRXQ¶VJHQGHU,Q
those few cases, the glossary entry will appear as follows.
el agua±ZDWHU>IHP@
The above entry means that to say “the water” you say el aguaEXWWKH³>IHP@´IROORZLQJWKHZRUGPHDQVWKDWLWLV
feminine. So, to say, for example, “The water is cold,” you would say El agua está fríaXVLQJWKHIHPLQLQHIRUPfría
because aguaLVIHPLQLQH2QFHDJDLQWKHUHDUHYHU\IHZZRUGVOLNHWKLVLQ6SDQLVK,QDOPRVWDOOFDVHVWKHGH¿QLWH
DUWLFOHel or laSUHFHGLQJWKHQRXQZLOOWHOO\RXWKHQRXQ¶VJHQGHUZRUGVSUHFHGHGE\el are masculine, while words
preceded by la are feminine.
When adjectives are presented, the masculine singular form of the adjective is included.
:KHQ SHRSOH DQG SURIHVVLRQV DUH SUHVHQWHG VRPHWLPHV ERWK WKH PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH IRUPV HJ OD
dentista – female dentist; el dentista±PDOHGHQWLVWDUHLQFOXGHG$WRWKHUWLPHVRQO\WKHPDVFXOLQHIRUPHJHO
arquitecto±DUFKLWHFWLVLQFOXGHG$V\RXOHDUQLQWKHFRXUVHWKHIHPLQLQHIRUPRIWKLVQRXQZRXOGEHWKHIROORZLQJ
la arquitecta.
For stem-changing verbs, the stem change is noted. That mostrar, for example, is an o to ue stem-changing verb can
be seen in mostrarRÆXH²WRVKRZ
179
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
Bien, gracias. ¿Y ustedes? – Fine, thanks. And hasta luego – see you later
\RX">IRUPSO@
hasta mañana – see you tomorrow
bien – well
hasta pronto – see you soon
Estoy bien.±,¶PZHOO
nos vemos – see you
mal – not well
¿Qué pasa? – What’s happening?
Estoy mal.±,¶PQRWZHOO
Perdóneme.±3DUGRQPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
regular – so-so
Discúlpeme.±([FXVHPH>XVWHGFRPPDQG@
más o menos – so-so
enhorabuena – congratulations
no muy bien – not very well
felicidades – congratulations
buenos días – good morning
¡Qué elegante!±+RZHOHJDQW
buen día – good morning
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
181
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
a menudo – often
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
veintitrés – twenty-three
Los números ordinales / Ordinal numbers
veinticuatro – twenty-four
el número – number
veinticinco±WZHQW\¿YH
primero – ¿UVW
veintiséis – twenty-six
segundo – second
veintisiete – twenty-seven
tercero – third
veintiocho – twenty-eight
cuarto – fourth
veintinueve – twenty-nine
quinto – ¿IWK
treinta – thirty
sexto – sixth
treinta y uno – thirty-one
séptimo – seventh
treinta y dos – thirty-two
octavo – eighth
treinta y tres – thirty-three
noveno – ninth
veintidós – twenty-two
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
la mujer – woman
Las nacionalidades / Nationalities
el vecino – male neighbor
cubano – Cuban
la vecina – female neighbor
dominicano – Dominican
el amigo – male friend
puertorriqueño – Puerto Rican
la amiga – female friend
norteamericano±1RUWK$PHULFDQ
el novio – boyfriend
mexicano – Mexican
la novia – girlfriend
guatemalteco – Guatemalan
la pareja – partner, couple
salvadoreño – Salvadoran
la media naranja – soul mate
hondureño – Honduran
el alma gemela±VRXOPDWH>IHP@
nicaragüense – Nicaraguan
el trabajador – male worker
costarricense – Costa Rican
la trabajadora – female worker
panameño – Panamanian
el miembro – member
venezolano±9HQH]XHODQ
184
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
el abuelo – grandfather
Las profesiones / Professions
la abuela – grandmother
la profesión – profession
la abuelita – granny
el trabajo – work, job
el tío – uncle
el pianista – male pianist
la tía – aunt
la pianista – female pianist
el primo – male cousin
el dentista – male dentist
la prima – female cousin
la dentista – female dentist
el sobrino – nephew
el futbolista – male soccer player
la sobrina – niece
la futbolista – female soccer player
el nieto – grandson
el profesor – male professor
la nieta – granddaughter
la profesora – female professor
el nombre – name
el doctor – male doctor
el apellido – last name
la doctora – female doctor
materno – maternal
el maestro – teacher
paterno – paternal
el abogado – lawyer
la suegra – mother-in-law
el hombre de negocios – businessman
el suegro – father-in-law
la mujer de negocios – businesswoman
la cuñada – sister-in-law
el arquitecto – architect
el cuñado – brother-in-law
el enfermero – nurse
la nuera – daughter-in-law
el director de escuela – school principal
el yerno – son-in-law
el trabajador social – social worker
la madrastra – stepmother
el policía±SROLFHRI¿FHU
el padrastro – stepfather
el cocinero – male cook
la hijastra – stepdaughter
la cocinera – female cook
el hijastro – stepson
el mesero – waiter
la hermanastra – stepsister
la mesera – waitress
el hermanastro – stepbrother
el asistente – assistant
el medio hermano – half brother
el contador – accountant
la media hermana – half sister
el dueño – owner
el bisabuelo – great-grandfather
el gerente – manager
la bisabuela – great-grandmother
185
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
emplear – to employ
La ropa / Clothing
contratar – to hire
la ropa – clothing
despedirHÆL±WR¿UH
llevar – to wear, to carry
186
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
el club – club
Los accesorios y los materiales /
Accessories and materials el café – café
la cartera – wallet la discoteca – discotheque
la bolsa – purse la estación de trenes – train station
los lentes – glasses la estación de autobuses – bus station
los lentes de sol – sunglasses los servicios sanitarios – restrooms
el anillo – ring la librería – bookstore
la pulsera – bracelet la pizzería – pizzeria
los aretes – earrings la frutería – fruit store
el collar – necklace la zapatería – shoe store
la joyería – jewelry la panadería – bakery
el algodón – cotton la perfumería – perfume store
la seda – silk el gimnasio – gymnasium
la lana – wool el estadio – stadium
el cuero – leather el bar – bar
el oro – gold el zoológico – zoo
la plata – silver la catedral – cathedral
la tela – fabric el correo±SRVWRI¿FH
el material – material la calle – street
la autopista – highway
Los lugares públicos / Public Places
el HGL¿FLR – building
la ciudad – city
el parque – park
la comunidad – community
el hospital – hospital
la escuela – school
la biblioteca – library
el colegio – high school
187
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
pronunciar – to pronounce
En el aula / In the Classroom
la frase – sentence
el aula – FODVVURRP>IHP@
el vocabulario – vocabulary
el curso – course
la gramática – grammar
la clase – class
el verbo – verb
asistir a – to attend
elYHUERUHÀH[LYR±UHÀH[LYHYHUE
enseñar – to teach
la raíz – root, stem of a verb
aprender – to learn
la conjugación – conjugation
escuchar – to listen
la terminación – ending
estudiar – to study
el sustantivo – noun
Hay que estudiar.±,W¶VQHFHVVDU\WRVWXG\
el adjetivo – adjective
¡A estudiar!±/HW¶VVWXG\
el adverbio – adverb
la educación – education
la preposición – preposition
repasar – to review
el objeto directo – direct object
la atención – attention
el objeto indirecto – indirect object
prestar atención – to pay attention
la lección – lesson
leer – to read
el cuaderno – notebook, workbook
Trato de leer mucho.±,WU\WRUHDGDORW
la tarea – homework, chore
escribir – to write
el examen – exam
la actividad – activity
el cambio – change
la pregunta – question
la formación – formation
hacer una pregunta – to ask a question
la explicación – explanation
responder – to answer
el énfasis – emphasis
la respuesta – answer
fácil – easy
el papel – paper
difícil±GLI¿FXOW
el mapa – map
el tipo – kind, type
el tema – topic
la comprensión – comprehension
la cuestión – question, issue
explicar – to explain
el estudiante – male student
mejorar – to improve
la estudiante – female student
188
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
la radio – radio
En el comedor / In the Dining Room
el teléfono – telephone
el comedor – dining room
el piano – piano
comer – to eat
la habitación – bedroom
beber – to drink
el dormitorio – bedroom
cocinar – to cook
la cama – bed
la comida – food
el estudio – study
la bebida – drink
el pasillo – hall
el plato – plate
la pared – wall
el tazón – bowl
el techo – roof
el tenedor – fork
el suelo±ÀRRU
el cuchillo – knife
el reloj – watch, clock
la cuchara – spoon
la silla – chair
la cucharita – teaspoon
la mesa – table
el platillo – saucer
la almohada – pillow
la taza – cup
el armario – closet
el vaso – glass
el refrigerador – refrigerator
la copa – wineglass, cocktail
la estufa – stove
el vino – wine
el horno – oven
la servilleta – napkin
el microondas – microwave oven
el mantel – tablecloth
el lavaplatos – dishwasher
la sal – salt
el fregadero – kitchen sink
la pimienta – pepper
el espejo – mirror
el azúcar – sugar
el baño – bathroom
el desayuno – breakfast
la ducha – shower
desayunar – to eat breakfast
la bañera – bathtub
el almuerzo – lunch
el inodoro – toilet
almorzarRÆXH±WRHDWOXQFK
el lavabo – bathroom sink
la cena – dinner
la lámpara – lamp
cenar – to eat dinner
189
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
el tomate – tomato
Las bebidas / Drinks
las verduras – vegetables
la bebida – drink
la ensalada – salad
beber – to drink
el maíz – corn
el agua±ZDWHU>IHP@
los guisantes – peas
el agua mineral±PLQHUDOZDWHU>IHP@
las espinacas – spinach
el café – coffee
el pollo – chicken
el té – tea
el pescado±¿VK
el jugo de naranja – orange juice
la carne – meat
la leche – milk
el bistec – steak
el refresco – soft drink
el pastel – cake
la cerveza – beer
el helado – ice cream
el vino blanco – white wine
la fruta – fruit
el vino tinto – red wine
la fresa – strawberry
La comida / Food la manzana – apple
comer – to eat la naranja – orange
el pan – bread el plátano – banana
el pan tostado – toast la banana – banana
la mantequilla – butter el banano – banana
la mermelada – jam la pera – pear
el cereal – cereal la uva – grape
los huevos – eggs el limón – lemon
el tocino – bacon el melón – melon
el sándwich – sandwich el aguacate – avocado
la sopa – soup la piña – pineapple
el jamón – ham la toronja – grapefruit
el pavo – turkey el brócoli – broccoli
el queso – cheese la zanahoria – carrot
la pasta – pasta la cebolla – onion
los frijoles – beans el chile – chili, chili pepper
el arroz – rice el chocolate – chocolate
la papa – potato el ÀDQ – custard
la fruta – fruit el arroz con leche – rice pudding
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
delicioso – delicious
El transporte / Transportation
el taxi – taxi
Los pasatiempos / Hobbies
el autobús – bus
el ocio – leisure
el metro – subway
libre – free
el tren – train
el tiempo libre – free time
el barco – boat
la ¿HVWD– party
el avión – airplane
KDFHUXQD¿HVWD– to throw a party
volar RÆXH±WRÀ\
la celebración – celebration
191
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
algunos – some
La puntuación / Punctuation
ninguno – none, not any
la puntuación – punctuation
pues – well
Las palabras interrogativas /
Interrogative words bueno – well, so
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
ya – now, already
Las preposiciones / Prepositions
Ya voy.±,¶PFRPLQJ
a – to
despacio – slowly
en – in
probablemente – probably
de – of, from
posiblemente – possibly
con – with
tanto como – as well as
para – for, to, in order to
a lo mejor – maybe
por – for, by, through
bien – well
sin – without
mal – poorly
entre – between, among
como – like, as
hacia – toward
así – so, like this
hasta – until
demasiado – too much
contra – against
todavía – still
desde – from, since
de hecho – in fact
encima de – on top of, over
por lo general – generally
sobre – on, about
afortunadamente – fortunately
debajo de – under
inmediatamente – immediately
dentro de – inside of
actualmente – at present
detrás de – behind
realmente – actually
delante de – in front of
exactamente – exactly
enfrente de – across from
sumamente – extremely
cerca de – near to
correctamente – correctly
lejos de – far from
¿QDOPHQWH±¿QDOO\
al lado de – next to
a la derecha de – to the right of Expresiones con tener / Tener Expressions
a la izquierda de – to the left of tener – to have
alrededor de – around, about tener frío – to be cold
194
Glosario por tema / Glossary by Topic
despertarse – to wake up
9HUERVUHÀH[LYRV5HÀH[LYH9HUEV
divertirse – to enjoy oneself
llamarse – to call oneself
ducharse – to shower o Æ ue
llover – to rain
divertirseHÆLH±WRHQMR\RQHVHOI
tronar – to thunder
enamorarse de – to fall in love
volar±WRÀ\
Verbos con cambio de raíz /
acostarse – to go to bed
Stem-Changing Verbs
dormirse – to fall asleep
e Æ ie
acordarse – to remember
pensar – to think
cerrar – to close u Æ ue
empezar – to begin
entender – to understand
perder – to lose
195
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates
boliviano – Bolivian
A
las botas – boots
abril – April
el boxeo – boxing
absoluto – absolute
el brócoli – broccoli
acampar – to camp
accidental – accidental C
el accidente – accident el café – café, coffee
chileno – Chilean
B
el chocolate – chocolate
la banana – banana
el cine – cinema, movie theater
el banano – banana
claro – clear
el banco – bank
la clase – class
el bar – bar
clásico – classical
el básquetbol – basketball
el club – club
el bate – bat
colombiano – Colombian
el béisbol – baseball
el color – color
el blog – blog
la coma – comma
196
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates
contribuir – to contribute
E
convencido – convinced
ecuatoguineano – Equatorial Guinean
la conversación – conversation
ecuatoriano – Ecuadorian
correcto – correct
la educación – education
correctamente – correctly
egoísta±HJRWLVWLFDOVHO¿VK
costarRÆXH±WRFRVW
el ejercicio – exercise
costarricense – Costa Rican
el elefante – elephant
el creador – creator
elegante – elegant
crear – to create
emplear – to employ
criticar – to criticize
el énfasis – emphasis
cubano – Cuban
enorme – enormous
la cuestión – question, issue
la ensalada – salad
la cultura – culture
entrar – enter
el curso – course
español – Spaniard
197
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
el estómago – stomach
H
la estudiante – female student
hondureño – Honduran
el estudiante – male student
la hora – hour, time
estudiar – to study
el hospital – hospital
el estudio – study
el hotel – hotel
exactamente – exactly
humano – human
el examen – exam
el huracán – hurricane
excelente – excellent
existir – to exist I
incorporar – to incorporate
F
indicar – to indicate
la familia – family
la LQÀXHQFLD±LQÀXHQFH
famoso – famous
LQÀXLU±WRLQÀXHQFH
fantástico – fantastic
informal – informal
la farmacia – pharmacy
inmediatamente – immediately
favorito – favorite
la inmigración – immigration
febrero – February
inteligente – intelligent
fenomenal – phenomenal
el interés – interest
el ¿OP±¿OP
interesante – interesting
el ¿OPH±¿OP
interesar – to interest
la formación – formation
el/la Internet±,QWHUQHW
formal – formal
interrogativo – interrogative
formar – to form
introductorio – introductory
frustrado – frustrated
la fruta – fruit J
el gimnasio – gymnasium
198
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates
N
L
la nación – nation
la lámpara – lamp
negativo – negative
la lección – lesson
nervioso – nervous
legal – legal
nicaragüense – Nicaraguan
la libertad – liberty, freedom
no – no, not
el líder – leader
normal – normal
la liga – league
el norte – north
el limón – lemon
norteamericano±1RUWK$PHULFDQ
M noviembre – November
la mamá – mom el número – number
mami – mommy
O
la manera – manner, way
el objeto directo – direct object
el mapa – map
octubre – October
maravilloso – marvelous
ocupado – occupied, busy
marzo – March
ocurrir – to occur, to happen
el material – material
el oeste – west
materno – maternal
la R¿FLQD±RI¿FH
mayo – May
optimista – optimistic
me±PH>GLUREMSURQ@ me – to me, for me;
me – myself organizar – to organize
el melón – melon la orquesta – orchestra
mencionar – to mention
P
el mensaje de texto – text message
paciente – patient
el menú – menu
panameño – Panamanian
el mercado – market
los pantalones – pants
el metro – metro, subway
el papá – poppa, dad
mexicano – Mexican
el papel – paper
el miembro – member
paraguayo – Paraguayan
millón – million
el parque – park
el mineral – mineral
la parte – part
el minuto – minute
pasar – to pass, to happen
el momento – moment
la pasta – pasta
la montaña – mountain
199
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Glosario de cognados / Glossary of Cognates
la superioridad – superiority
U
el supermercado – supermarket
último – ultimate, last
el supervisor – supervisor
único – unique, only
T la universidad – university
el té – tea
V
el teatro – theater
las vacaciones – vacation
la tecnología – technology
la variedad – variety
el teléfono – telephone;
el teléfono celular – cellular phone varios – various
tímido – timid Y
típico – typical el yoga – yoga
el tipo – type, kind
Z
el tomate – tomato
la zona – zone
tostar±WRWRDVWEUHDG
el zoológico – zoo
tranquilo – tranquil, calm
el tren – train
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
A afortunadamente – fortunately
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
bonito – pretty
B
las botas – boots
bailar – to dance
el boxeo – boxing
bajar – to take down
el brazo – arm
el balón – ball
el brindis – WRDVWWRFHOHEUDWH
la banana – banana
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
catorce – fourteen
C
la cebolla – onion
caber – WR¿W
la celebración – celebration
la cabeza – head
el celular – cell phone
cada – each
la cena – dinner
caer – to fall
cenar – to eat dinner
el café – café, coffee
central – central
la cafetería – cafeteria
cepillarse los dientes – to brush your teeth
el cajero automático – automated teller machine
cerca de – near to
los calcetines – socks
el cereal – cereal
caliente – hot
cero – zero
la calle – street
cerrado – closed
el calor – heat
cerrarHÆLH – to close
la cama – bed
la cerveza – beer
cambiar – to change, to exchange
la chaqueta – jacket
el cambio – change
charlar – to chat
caminar – to walk
chatear – to chat online
la camisa – shirt
chao – bye
la camiseta – T-shirt
el cheque – check
el campeón – champion
la chica – girl
cansado – tired
chico – small
cantar – to sing
el chico – boy
capaz – capable
el chile – chili, chili pepper
la capital – capital city
chileno – Chilean
la cara – face
el chocolate – chocolate
la característica – characteristic
el ciclismo – cycling
la carne – meat
el cielo – sky
caro – expensive
cien – one hundred
el carro – car
cierto – certain; ¿cierto? – right?
la carta – menu
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
G el hielo – ice
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
ilegal – illegal K
impaciente – impatient el kilo – kilo
el impermeable – raincoat el kilómetro – kilometer
importante – important
L
incluir – to include
la – WKH>IHPVLQJ@
incorporar – to incorporate la – KHULW>IHPVLQJGLUREMSURQ@
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
la mejilla – cheek
M
mejor – better
la madrastra – stepmother
mejorar – to improve
la madre – mother
el melón – melon
el maestro – teacher
mencionar – to mention
el maíz – corn
menor – younger
mal – not well, poorly
el mensaje de texto – text message
malo – bad
mentirHÆLH – to lie
la mamá – mom
el menú – menu
mami – mommy
el mercado – market
mañana – tomorrow
la mermelada – jam
la mañana – morning
el mes – month
el mandato – command
la mesa – table
manejar – to drive
la mesera – waitress
la manera – way
el mesero – waiter
la mano – hand
el metro – subway
el mantel – tablecloth
mexicano – Mexican
la mantequilla – butter
mi / mis – my
la manzana – apple
el microondas – microwave oven
el mapa – map
el miembro – member
maquillarse – to put on makeup
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
mostrarRÆXH – to show no – no, not; ¿no? – ,VQ¶WWKDWVR"no solo – not only
noviembre – November
N
el novio – boyfriend
la nación – nation
nublado – cloudy
nada – nothing
la nuera – daughter-in-law
nadar – to swim
nuestros / nuestras – our
nadie – no one
nueve – nine
la naranja – orange
nuevo – new
la nariz – nose
el número – number
la natación – swimming
nunca – never
navegar por la red – WRVXUIWKH,QWHUQHW
la Navidad – Christmas O
necesitar – to need o – or; o…o – either…or
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
la respuesta – answer
Q
el restaurante – restaurant
que – that
resuelto – resolved
qué + adjective – how + adjective; qué + noun – what
DQQRXQ resultar – to turn out to be
¿qué? – what? retirar – to withdraw
los quehaceres – chores la reunión – meeting
quererHÆLH – to want, to love rico – rich, delicious
el queso – cheese la rodilla – knee
¿quién? – ZKR">VLQJ@¿quiénes? – ZKR">SO@ rojo – red
quince – ¿IWHHQ la ropa – clothing; la ropa interior – underwear
quinientos – ¿YHKXQGUHG rosado – pink
quinto – ¿IWK roto – broken
quitar – to take away
S
quitarse la ropa – to take off clothing
sábado – Saturday
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
si – if
T
sí – yes
la talla – size
siempre – always
también – also
la sierra – mountain range, saw
tampoco – neither
siete – seven
tanto como – as well as
el signo de puntuación – punctuation mark
tarde – late
los signos de exclamación – exclamation marks
la tarde – afternoon
los signos de interrogación – question marks
la tarea – homework, chore
la silla – chair
la tarjeta – card; la tarjeta de crédito – credit card;
el sillón – armchair la tarjeta de débito – debit card
Glosario español-inglés / Spanish-English Glossary
la tienda – store U
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
viernes – Friday
V
el vino – wine; el vino blanco – white wine;
las vacaciones – vacation el vino tinto – red wine
la variedad – variety la virtud – virtue
varios – various visitar – to visit
el vaso – glass vivir – to live
la vecina – female neighbor el vocabulario – vocabulary
el vecino – male neighbor
volar RÆXH – WRÀ\
veinte – twenty
volverRÆXH – to return
vender – to sell
vosotras – \RX>IHPSOLQI@
venezolano – 9HQH]XHODQ vosotros – \RX>PDVFSOLQI@
la ventana – window
Y
ver – to see
y – and
el verano – summer
ya – now, already
el verbo – verb; el YHUERUHÀH[LYR – UHÀH[LYHYHUE
el yerno – son-in-law
la verdad – truth; ¿verdad? – right?
yo – ,
verde – green
el yoga – yoga
las verduras – vegetables
Z
el vestido – dress
la zanahoria – carrot
vestirse HÆL – to get dressed
la zapatería – shoe store
la vez – time; a veces – at times;
de vez en cuando – from time to time el zapato – shoe; los zapatos de tacón alto – high-
heel shoes; los zapatos de tenis – sneakers
viajar – to travel
la zona – zone
viejo – old
el zoológico – zoo
el viento – wind
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
A any – alguno
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
boat – el barco C
cash – el dinero en efectivo
body – el cuerpo
café – el café
Bolivian – boliviano
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
comprehension – la comprensión
D
computer – la computadora
dad – el papá
concert – el concierto
daddy – papi
confused – confundido
dance – bailar
congratulations – enhorabuena, felicidades
date – la fecha
conjugation – la conjugación
daughter – la hija
connection – la conexión;
wireless connection – la conexión inalámbrica daughter-in-law – la nuera
conquer – conquistar day – el día
conqueror – el conquistador day before yesterday – anteayer
consider – considerar dead – muerto
construction – la construcción
December – diciembre
contrary – contrario
decide – decidir
contribute – contribuir
declare – D¿UPDU
contribution – la contribución
dedicate – dedicar
conversation – la conversación
degrees – los grados
convinced – convencido
delicious – delicioso, rico
cook – el cocinero; to cook – cocinar
demonstrative – demostrativo
cool – fresco
dentist – el dentista
corn – el maíz
deposit – depositar
correct – correcto; to correct – corregir HÆL
desire – el deseo
correctly – correctamente
desk – el escritorio
cost – costarRÆXH
dessert – el postre
Costa Rican – costarricense
destroy – destruir
cotton – el algodón
destruction – la destrucción
country – el país
couple – la pareja dictionary – el diccionario
FRYHUHGZLWKÀRZHUV±ÀRULGD GLI¿FXOW±difícil
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
¿VK±HOpescado G
¿W±caber game – el partido
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
if – si
K
illegal – ilegal
kilo – el kilo
immediately – inmediatamente
kilometer – el kilómetro
immigration – la inmigración
kitchen – la cocina
impatient – impaciente
kitchen sink – el fregadero
important – importante
knee – la rodilla
improve – mejorar
knife – el cuchillo
in front of – delante de
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in – en SHUVRQSODFHRUWKLQJconocer
include – incluir
L
incorporate – incorporar
lamp – la lámpara
indicate – indicar
language – la lengua
inexpensive – barato
large – grande
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last – pasado, último
informal – informal
last name – el apellido
inside of – dentro de
last night – anoche
intelligent – inteligente
late – tarde
interest – el interés; to interest – interesar
later – luego, más tarde
interesting – interesante
lawyer – el abogado
,QWHUQHW±HOODInternet
leader – el líder
interrogative – interrogativo
league – la liga
interview – la entrevista; to interview – entrevistar
learn – aprender
introduce – presentar
leather – el cuero
introductory – introductorio
leave – salir
iron – planchar
left side – la izquierda
it’s necessary to + verb – hay que LQ¿QLWLYH
leg – la pierna
item of clothing – la prenda
legal – legal
J leisure – el ocio
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
notebook – el cuaderno
N
nothing – nada
name – el nombre
noun – el sustantivo
napkin – la servilleta
November – noviembre
nation – la nación
now – ahora; right now – ahora mismo
near to – cerca de
number – el número
neck – el cuello
nurse – el enfermero
necklace – el collar
need – necesitar O
negative – negativo occur – ocurrir, pasar
neither – tampoco of – de
nine – nueve or – o
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
pillow – la almohada
P
pineapple – la piña
pajamas – el pijama
pink – rosado
Panamanian – panameño
pizzeria – la pizzería
pants – los pantalones
plan to do something – pensarLQ¿QLWLYH
paper – el papel
plate – el plato
Paraguayan – paraguayo
play a sport – jugarXÆXH
pardon – perdonar
play an instrument – tocar
parents – los padres
player – el jugador
park – el parque
please – por favor; to please – gustar;
part – la parte to please very much – encantar
partner – la pareja pleasure – el placer
party – la ¿HVWD point – el punto
password – la contraseña SROLFHRI¿FHU±HOpolicía
SDVWDGM±pasado; past – el pasado poorly – mal
pasta – la pasta popular – popular
paternal – paterno possibility – la posibilidad
patient – paciente possible – posible
pay – pagar; pay attention – prestar atención possibly – posiblemente
peace – la paz SRVWRI¿FH±HOcorreo
pear – la pera potato – la papa
peas – los guisantes precipitation – la precipitación
pen – la pluma
prefer – preferirHÆLH
pencil – el lápiz
pregnant – embarazada
people – la gente
prepare – preparar
pepper – la pimienta
prepared – preparado
perfume – el perfume
preposition – la preposición
perfume store – la perfumería
present – el presente; to present – presentar
period – el punto
president – el presidente
person – la persona
pretty – bonito
Peruvian – peruano
probably – probablemente
pessimistic – pesimista
problem – el problema
pharmacy – la farmacia
produce – producir
phenomenal – fenomenal
profession – la profesión
pianist – el pianista
professor – el profesor
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
Q root – la raíz
quarter – el cuarto rug – la alfombra
question – la pregunta; question, issue – la cuestión run – correr
question marks – los signos de interrogación run away – huir
quite – bastante
S
R sad – triste
racquet – la raqueta salad – la ensalada
radio – la radio salt – la sal
rain – la lluvia salty – salado
rain – llover RÆXH Salvadoran – salvadoreño
raincoat – el impermeable sandals – las sandalias
rather – bastante sandwich – el sándwich
read – leer VDWLV¿HG±satisfecho
receive – recibir Saturday – sábado
red – rojo saucer – el platillo
red-colored – colorado say – decir
reduce – reducir scarf – la bufanda
refrigerator – el refrigerador school – la escuela
region – la región school principal – el director de escuela
relatives – los parientes scuba diving – el buceo; to scuba dive – bucear
remember – recordarRÆXHacordarse deRÆ search engine – el buscador
XH
season – la estación
repeat – repetirHÆL
seat – el asiento
resolved – resuelto
seated – sentado
responsible – responsable
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
steak – el bistec
T
stepbrother – el hermanastro
T-shirt – la camiseta
stepdaughter – la hijastra
table – la mesa
stepfather – el padrastro
tablecloth – el mantel
stepmother – la madrastra
take – tomar
stepsister – la hermanastra
take away – quitar; take off clothing – quitarse la
stepson – el hijastro ropa
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
two – dos
thunder – tronarRÆXH
two hundred – doscientos
Thursday – jueves
type – el tipo
ticket – el boleto
typical – típico
tie – la corbata
Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language
well – bien
V
well, so – pues, bueno
vacation – las vacaciones
west – el oeste
vacuum – pasar la aspiradora
what? – ¿qué?
variety – la variedad
ZKDWDQQRXQ±qué + noun
various – varios
when? – ¿cuándo?
vegetables – las verduras
where? – ¿dónde?
9HQH]XHODQ±venezolano
white – blanco
verb – el verboUHÀH[LYHYHUE±HOYHUERUHÀH[LYR
who? – ¿quién? >VLQJ@¿quiénes?>SO@
very – muy
why? – ¿por qué?
virtue – la virtud
wife – la esposa
visit – visitar
willing – dispuesto
vocabulary – el vocabulario
win – ganar
W wind – el viento
waist – la cintura window – la ventana
wait for – esperar wine – el vino; white wine – el vino blanco; red wine
waiter – el mesero – el vino tinto
walk – caminar, andar; to take a walk – pasear with – con; with me – conmigo; with you – contigo
>LQIVLQJ@
wall – la pared
withdraw – retirar
wallet – la cartera
without – sin
want – quererHÆLH
woman – la mujer, la señora
to wash – lavar; to wash oneself – lavarse
wool – la lana
watch – el reloj
word – la palabra
water – el agua>IHP@
work – el trabajo; to work – trabajar
water skiing – el esquí acuático
workbook – el cuaderno
way – la manera
worker – el trabajador
we – nosotros>PDVF@nosotras>IHP@
world – el mundo
wear – llevar
Glosario inglés-español / English-Spanish Glossary
younger – menor
Y
your – tu / tus >VLQJLQI@vuestros / vuestras
yellow – amarillo >LQISO@su / sus>IRUPSO@
year – el año
Z
yes – sí
zero – cero
yesterday – ayer
zone – la zona
yoga – el yoga
zoo – el zoológico
Resources for Further Study
Dictionaries
,WLVDOZD\VXVHIXOIRUDODQJXDJHOHDUQHUWRKDYHDFFHVVWRDJRRGGLFWLRQDU\2QHWKDWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWREHJLQQLQJ
Spanish language learners is McGraw-Hill’s Vox Everyday Spanish and English Dictionary. This dictionary includes
just about all the words you’re likely to come across without overwhelming you with too many entries.
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section, which is content created by users of the dictionary. Someone asks a question in the forum, such as, “What’s
the difference between the word x and the word y?,” and users will then respond, saying something like the following:
³,Q&RORPELDZHVD\«´RU³,Q$UJHQWLQDZHXVHWKHZRUGx when….” Some users write in Spanish while others write
in English, and the answers to the questions asked in the forum give real insight into how words and expressions are
used in daily communication by Spanish speakers.
2QH ¿QDO GLFWLRQDU\ ZRUWK PHQWLRQLQJ LV WKH GLFWLRQDU\ RI WKH Real Academia Española >5R\DO 6SDQLVK$FDGHP\@
IRXQG DW UDHHV $OO RI WKH GH¿QLWLRQV LQ WKLV GLFWLRQDU\ DUH HQWLUHO\ LQ 6SDQLVK VR LW¶V QRW DQ LGHDO UHVRXUFH IRU D
beginning language learner. Nevertheless, it’s a website worth taking a look at, given that the Real Academia Española
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level of Spanish improves.
Both of these websites are recommended as a way to begin to get a sense of different ways that Spanish is spoken in
GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHV,WZLOODOORZ\RXWRFRPSDUHIRUH[DPSOHD0H[LFDQDFFHQWZLWKRQHIURP&KLOHRUD*XDWHPDODQ
accent with one from Spain.
Another useful website for practicing with the language is called Spanish Language and Culture with Barbara
Kuczun Nelson and can be found at personal.colby.edu/~bknelson/SLC. This website offers a wide range of activities
that allow you to work on developing your skills with a variety of grammar topics.
Resources for Further Study
Grammar Reference
Any introductory Spanish textbook can be a good resource for you to consult regarding questions you might have
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beginning language learners.
An online resource that offers helpful explanations of grammar topics is spanishgrammarguide.com, a website
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VKRUWDQGWHQGQRWWREHWRRGLI¿FXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHQIRUEHJLQQLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQHUV6HYHUDOH[DPSOHVDUHJLYHQ
IRUDOOJUDPPDUSRLQWVDOORZLQJ\RXWRVHHWKHVSHFL¿FJUDPPDUWRSLFEHLQJXVHGLQDYDULHW\RIVHQWHQFHV
First, newscasters tend to speak slowly and clearly. For a learner new to the language, this is exactly the kind of
spoken Spanish you’ll be most likely to understand. Moreover, when watching the news, you’ll see clips or scenes of
what the newscaster is discussing. These images accompanying the words you hear provide helpful context for what’s
being said, meaning that you’ll likely be able to understand more of the Spanish that is being used. When listening to
the radio in Spanish, news programs also tend to be the best kind of programming for beginning language learners.
Websites of Interest
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,QWHUQHWDVDVWXG\JXLGH²ZKHQFRQVXOWLQJDQRQOLQHGLFWLRQDU\IRUH[DPSOH²DWRWKHUWLPHVLW¶VDJRRGLGHDWRYLVLW
different websites in Spanish simply to explore topics that are of interest to you. As a beginning language learner,
you certainly won’t be able to understand everything you read. Nevertheless, your use of context, cognates, and
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in your reading.
To read the news in Spanish, you might consult cnnenespanol.com or the Spanish page of foxnewslatino.com.
<RX FDQ ¿QG QHZV IURP 0H[LFR DW eluniversal.com.mx and news from Spain at elpais.com; those countries, of
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“periódico´>QHZVSDSHU@ZLWKWKHQDPHRIWKHFRXQWU\DQG\RX¶OOEHGLUHFWHGWRDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWZHEVLWHV
To see a weather report, you can consult the website of Spain’s Agencia Estatal de Meteorología >6WDWH
0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\@IRXQGDWDHPHWHVZKLFKDOZD\VKDVDYLGHRRIDPHWHRURORJLVWJLYLQJWKHZHDWKHUIRUDOOWKH
UHJLRQVLQ6SDLQ,I\RXOLNHWRUHDGDERXWVSRUWV\RXPLJKWEHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKH86ZHEVLWHespndeportes.com, the
Mexican website aztecadeportes.com, or the Spanish website marca.com,I\RXULQWHUHVWVDUHFXOLQDU\WKHZHEVLWH
elgourmet.com is a place where you can explore lots of recipes and articles related to food. Finally, Spain’s public
broadcasting service, Radio y televisión españolaZKLFKFDQEHIRXQGRQOLQHDWUWYHHVRIIHUVSURJUDPVGHGLFDWHG
to news, sports, music, and more.
Any reading you do in Spanish is good for the development of your reading skills, so take some time to explore the
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Photographic Credits
238
Photographic Credits
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Page 146: Hotel of salt blocks — © Alberto Loyo/Shutterstock.
Page 169: Cocoa plant — © mchin/Shutterstock.