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Digital image processing

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Contents This article is about mathematical processing of digital images. For artistic processing of images, see Image editing.
Featured content In computer science, digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images.[1] As a
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subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a
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much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and signal distortion
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Wikipedia store during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing may be modeled in the form of
multidimensional systems.
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Help Contents [hide]
About Wikipedia 1 History
Community portal 2 Tasks
Recent changes
3 Digital image transformations
Contact page
3.1 Filtering
Tools 3.2 Image padding in Fourier domain filtering
What links here 3.3 Filtering Code Examples
Related changes 3.4 Affine transformations
Upload file 4 Applications
Special pages 4.1 Digital camera images
Permanent link
4.2 Film
Page information
5 See also
Wikidata item
Cite this page 6 References
7 Further reading
Print/export
8 External links
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version History [ edit ]

In other projects Many of the techniques of digital image processing, or digital picture processing as it often was called, were developed in the 1960s at the
Wikimedia Commons Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell Laboratories, University of Maryland, and a few other research
facilities, with application to satellite imagery, wire-photo standards conversion, medical imaging, videophone, character recognition, and
Languages
photograph enhancement.[2] The cost of processing was fairly high, however, with the computing equipment of that era. That changed in
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the 1970s, when digital image processing proliferated as cheaper computers and dedicated hardware became available. Images then
Français
한국어 could be processed in real time, for some dedicated problems such as television standards conversion. As general-purpose computers
Italiano became faster, they started to take over the role of dedicated hardware for all but the most specialized and computer-intensive operations.
Bahasa Melayu With the fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s, digital image processing has become the most common form of
日本語 image processing and generally, is used because it is not only the most versatile method, but also the cheapest.
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Digital image processing technology for medical applications was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall of Fame in
தமி
Türkçe 1994.[3]

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Tasks [ edit ]

Digital image processing allows the use of much more complex algorithms, and hence, can offer both more sophisticated performance at
simple tasks, and the implementation of methods which would be impossible by analog means.

In particular, digital image processing is the only practical technology for:

Classification
Feature extraction
Multi-scale signal analysis
Pattern recognition
Projection

Some techniques which are used in digital image processing include:

Anisotropic diffusion
Hidden Markov models
Image editing
Image restoration
Independent component analysis
Linear filtering
Neural networks
Partial differential equations
Pixelation
Principal components analysis
Self-organizing maps
Wavelets

Digital image transformations [ edit ]

Filtering [ edit ]

Digital filters are used to blur and sharpen digital images. Filtering can be performed in the spatial domain by convolution with specifically
designed kernels (filter array), or in the frequency (Fourier) domain by masking specific frequency regions. The following examples show
both methods: [4]

Filter type Kernel or mask Example

Original Image

Spatial Lowpass

Spatial Highpass

Pseudo-code:

image = checkerboard
Fourier Representation
F = Fourier Transform of image

Show Image: log(1+Absolute Value(F))

Fourier Lowpass

Fourier Highpass

Image padding in Fourier domain filtering [ edit ]

Images are typically padded before being transformed to the Fourier space, the highpass filtered images below illustrate the consequences
of different padding techniques:

Zero padded Repeated edge padded

Notice that the highpass filter shows extra edges when zero padded compared to the repeated edge padding.

Filtering Code Examples [ edit ]

MATLAB example for spatial domain highpass filtering.

img=checkerboard(20); % generate checkerboard

% ************************** SPATIAL DOMAIN ***************************
klaplace=[0 -1 0; -1 5 -1; 0 -1 0]; % Laplacian filter kernel
X=conv2(img,klaplace); % convolve test img with
% 3x3 Laplacian kernel
figure()
imshow(X,[]) % show Laplacian filtered
title('Laplacian Edge Detection')

Affine transformations [ edit ]

Affine transformations enable basic image transformations including scale, rotate, translate, mirror and shear as is shown in the following
examples show:[5]

Transformation Name Affine Matrix Example

Identity

Reflection

Scale

π
Rotate where θ =  6  =30°

Shear

Applications [ edit ]

Further information: Digital imaging and Applications of computer vision

Digital camera images [ edit ]

Digital cameras generally include specialized digital image processing hardware – either dedicated chips or added circuitry on other chips
– to convert the raw data from their image sensor into a color-corrected image in a standard image file format.

Film [ edit ]

Westworld (1973) was the first feature film to use the digital image processing to pixellate photography to simulate an android's point of
view.[6]

See also [ edit ]

Computer graphics
Computer vision
CVIPtools
Digitizing
GPGPU
Homomorphic filtering
Image analysis
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
Multidimensional systems
Remote sensing software
Standard test image
Superresolution

References [ edit ]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
(January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

1. ^ Pragnan Chakravorty, "What Is a Signal? [Lecture Notes]," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 175-177, Sept. 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2832195
2. ^ Azriel Rosenfeld, Picture Processing by Computer, New York: Academic Press, 1969
3. ^ "Space Technology Hall of Fame:Inducted Technologies/1994" . Space Foundation. 1994. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011.
Retrieved 7 January 2010.
4. ^ Gonzalez, Rafael (2008). 'Digital Image Processing, 3rd'. Pearson Hall. ISBN 9780131687288.
5. ^ Gonzalez, Rafael (2008). 'Digital Image Processing, 3rd'. Pearson Hall. ISBN 9780131687288.
6. ^ A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Larry Yaeger, 16 August 2002 (last
update), retrieved 24 March 2010

Further reading [ edit ]

Solomon, C.J.; Breckon, T.P. (2010). Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing: A Practical Approach with Examples in Matlab. Wiley-
Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470689776 . ISBN 0470844736.
Wilhelm Burger; Mark J. Burge (2007). Digital Image Processing: An Algorithmic Approach Using Java . Springer. ISBN 978-1-84628-
379-6.
R. Fisher; K Dawson-Howe; A. Fitzgibbon; C. Robertson; E. Trucco (2005). Dictionary of Computer Vision and Image Processing. John
Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-01526-1.
Rafael C. Gonzalez; Richard E. Woods; Steven L. Eddins (2004). Digital Image Processing using MATLAB. Pearson Education.
ISBN 978-81-7758-898-9.
Tim Morris (2004). Computer Vision and Image Processing. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99451-1.
Milan Sonka; Vaclav Hlavac; Roger Boyle (1999). Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision. PWS Publishing. ISBN 978-0-534-
95393-5.
"Mammogram Breast Cancer Image Detection Using Image Processing Functions", Information Technology Journal, 6 (2): 217–221,
2007, doi:10.3923/itj.2007.217.221 |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help); |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list
(help); |first3= missing |last3= in Authors list (help)

External links [ edit ]

Lectures on Image Processing , by Alan Peters. Vanderbilt University. Updated 7 January 2016.
IPRG Open group related to image processing research resources
Processing digital images with computer algorithms
IPOL Open research journal on image processing with software and web demos.

V·T·E Digital signal processing [hide]

Theory Detection theory · Discrete signal · Estimation theory · Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem

Sub-fields Audio signal processing · Digital image processing · Speech processing · Statistical signal processing

Advanced Z-transform · Bilinear transform · Constant-Q transform · Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) · Discrete-time Fourier transform
Techniques (DTFT) · Impulse invariance · Integral transform · Laplace transform · Matched Z-transform method · Post's inversion formula ·
Starred transform · Z-transform · Zak transform
Aliasing · Anti-aliasing filter · Downsampling · Nyquist rate / frequency · Oversampling · Quantization · Sampling rate · Undersampling ·
Sampling
Upsampling

Categories: Computer-related introductions in the 1960s Computer vision Image processing

This page was last edited on 7 November 2018, at 18:31 (UTC).

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