Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

All the foregoing literature and studies review were great

help in amplifying and pointing out salient findings in terms of

acquisition of additional knowledge which were worthwhile and

valuable to the present study.The related literature provided

the researcher substantial knowledge on the chosen topic. All of

the studies conducted by the stated authors were found to have

relevance to the present study since they also focus on the

issues that are presently being described by the said topic.

Gap Bridged of the Study

From the reading and information gathered by the

researcher, it was found out that there are no studies that have

been conducted on the symptoms of depression and its effects to

the grade 11 students of San Agustin Senior High School A/Y

2017-2018 which will particularly focus along several issues

regarding depression symptoms. This is the gap that the present

investigation attempts to bridge.

Thus, the main strength that this study would like to give

importance is on the awareness of such disorder and on how to

cope with them. At the end, the study would provide substantial

knowledge that future readers may use in their day to day

activities.

Theoretical Framework

The researchers will base the study from the contingency

theory of numerous authors.

Aaron Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression

According to Dr. Aaron Beck, negative thoughts, generated by

dysfunctional beliefs are typically the primary cause of

depressive symptoms. A direct relationship occurs between the

amount and severity of someone's negative thoughts and the

severity of their depressive symptoms. In other words, the more

negative thoughts you experience, the more depressed you will

become.

Beck also asserts that there are three main dysfunctional

belief themes (or "schemas") that dominate depressed people's

thinking: 1) I am defective or inadequate, 2) All of my

experiences result in defeats or failures, and 3) The future is

hopeless. Together, these three themes are described as the

Negative Cognitive Triad. When these beliefs are present in

someone's cognition, depression is very likely to occur (if it

has not already occurred).

An example of the negative cognitive triad themes will help

illustrate how the process of becoming depressed works. Imagine

that you have just been laid off from your work. If you are not

in the grip of the negative cognitive triad, you might think

that this event, while unfortunate, has more to do with the

economic position of your employer than your own work

performance. It might not occur to you at all to doubt yourself,

or to think that this event means that you are washed up and

might as well throw yourself down a well. If your thinking

process was dominated by the negative cognitive triad, however,

you would very likely conclude that your layoff was due to a

personal failure; that you will always lose any job you might

manage to get; and that your situation is hopeless. On the basis

of these judgments, you will begin to feel depressed. In

contrast, if you were not influenced by negative triad beliefs,

you would not question your self-worth too much, and might

respond to the lay off by dusting off your resume and initiating

a job search.
 Beyond the negative content of dysfunctional thoughts,

these beliefs can also warp and shape what someone pays

attention to. Beck asserted that depressed people pay selective

attention to aspects of their environments that confirm what

they already know and do so even when evidence to the contrary

is right in front of their noses. This failure to pay attention

properly is known as faulty information processing.

Particular failures of information processing are very

characteristic of the depressed mind. For example, depressed

people will tend to demonstrate selective attention to

information, which matches their negative expectations, and

selective inattention to information that contradicts those

expectations. Faced with a mostly positive performance review,

depressed people will manage to find and focus in on the one

negative comment that keeps the review from being perfect. They

tend to magnify the importance and meaning placed on negative

events, and minimize the importance and meaning of positive

events. All of these maneuvers, which happen quite

unconsciously, function to help maintain a depressed person's

core negative schemas in the face of contradictory evidence, and

allow them to remain feeling hopeless about the future even when

the evidence suggests that things will get better.

Humanistic Theory

According to Maslow (1962) the most important of these is the

need for self-actualization (achieving out potential). The self

actualizing human being has a meaningful life. Anything that

blocks our striving to fulfil this need can be a cause of

depression. What could cause this?

1. Parents imposing conditions of worth on their children.

I.e. rather than accepting the child for who s/he is and

giving unconditional love, parents make love conditional on

good behavior. E.g. a child may be blamed for not doing

well at school, develop a negative self-image and feel

depressed because of a failure to live up to parentally

imposed standards.

2. Some children may seek to avoid this by denying their true

self and projecting an image of the kind of person they

want to be. This façade or false self is an effort to

please others. However the splitting off of the real self

from the person you are pretending to be causes hatred of

the self. The person then comes to despise themselves for

living a lie.
 3. As adults self actualization can be undermined by unhappy

relationships and unfulfilling jobs. An empty shell

marriage means the person is unable to give and receive

love from their partner. An alienating job means the person

is denied the opportunity to be creative at work.

Psychodynamic Theory

During the 1960's psychodynamic theories dominated psychology

and psychiatry. Depression was understood in terms of:

1. inwardly directed anger (Freud, 1917),

2. introjection of love object loss,

3. severe super-ego demands (Freud, 1917),

4. excessive narcissistic, oral and/or anal personality need

(Chodoff, 1972),

5. loss of self-esteem (Bibring, 1953; Fenichel, 1968), and

6. deprivation in the mother child relationship during the

first year (Kleine, 1934).

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is an example of the psychodynamic

approach. Freud (1917) prosed that many cases of depression were

due to biological factors. However, Freud also argued that some

cases of depression could be linked to loss or rejection by a

parent. Depression is like grief, in that it often occurs as a

reaction to the loss of an important relationship.

However, there is an important difference, because depressed

people regard themselves as worthless. What happens is that the

individual identifies with the lost person, so that repressed

anger towards the lost person is directed inwards towards the

self. The inner directed anger reduces the individual’s self-

esteem, and makes him/her vulnerable to experiencing depression

in the future.

Freud distinguished between actual losses (e.g. death of a loved

one) and symbolic losses (e.g. loss of a job). Both kinds of

losses can produce depression by causing the individual to re-

experience childhood episodes when they experienced loss of

affection from some significant person (e.g. a parent).

Later, Freud modified his theory stating that the tendency to

internalize loss objects is normal, and that depression is

simply due to an excessively severe super-ego. Thus, the

depressive phase occurs when the individual’s super-ego or

conscience is dominant. In contrast, the manic phase occurs when

the individual’s ego or rational mind asserts itself, and s/he

feels control.
In order to avoid loss turning into depression, the individual

needs to engage in a period of mourning work, during which s/he

recalls memories of the lost one. This allows the individual to

separate him/herself from the lost person, and so reduce the

inner-directed anger. However, individuals very dependent on

others for their sense of self-esteem may be unable to do this,

and so remain extremely depressed.

 Cognitive
Theories of
Major
Depression

EFFECTS
OF
DEPRESSION

Psychodynamic Humanistic
Theory Theory

Figure 2

Theoretical Paradigm
Conceptual Framework

In This research, the input of this study will consider an

analysis of the effect of depression among students of ACLC

college of Iriga, Inc. and behavior of the respondents. The

researchers also determine the demographic profile of the

respondents and the problem to be address encountered for

suffering depression.

The research process will include data gathering which

incorporates data needed through: survey, observation, and

questionnaire.

The output of this study is the Effect of Depression among

the students of ACLC college of Iriga, Inc. this study will be

helpful to the students who are suffering depression. The

feedback will serves as the connecting link from output to

input.

The conceptual framework of this study consist of inputs,

process, and output as shown in figure 3.

Input Process Output

Effects of * Descriptive * Determine

Depression Methods of the
among the Research recommendation
Senior High and solution
* Survey
School about
Questionnaire
students of depression
ACLC College * Statistical
* Determine
of Iriga, INC. Treatment
the Effects of
- Weighted Depression
mean among the
students of
- Frequency ACLC College
Count of Iriga, Inc.

Figure 3

Conceptual Paradigm
Definitions of Terms

Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only

through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the

person doing the behaving.

Psychodynamics, also known as psychodynamic psychology, in

its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes

systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human

behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to

early experience.

Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and

serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel,

the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also

treatable.

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring

knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the

senses.
 Notes

https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/cognitive-theories-of-major-
depression-aaron-beck/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html#hum

http://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/HUMAN/WHAT.HTML

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamics