Worm Gears PDF

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
ISO/TC 60/SC 1/WG 7 N 308

Date: 2011-04-12
ISO/DTR 10828.2
ISO/TC 60/SC 1/WG 7
Secretariat: BSI
Worm gears — Worm profiles and gear mesh geometry

Engrenage à vis cylindriques — Géométrique des profils de vis et des engrènements
Warning
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to
change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Document type: Technical Report

Document subtype:
Document stage: (30) Committee
Document language: E
H:\Secteur1\Projets\ISO\ISO TR 10828\ISO_DTR_10828_N308_2011-04-12.doc STD Version 2.2

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a working draft or committee draft and is copyright-protected by ISO. While the
reproduction of working drafts or committee drafts in any form for use by participants in the ISO standards
development process is permitted without prior permission from ISO, neither this document nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written
permission from ISO.
Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be addressed as
shown below or to ISO's member body in the country of the requester:
[Indicate the full address, telephone number, fax number, telex number, and electronic mail address, as
appropriate, of the Copyright Manager of the ISO member body responsible for the secretariat of the TC or
SC within the framework of which the working document has been prepared.]
Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Contents Page
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms ..........................................................................................................1
4 Formulae for calculation of dimensions .............................................................................................4
4.1 Parameters for a cylindrical worm.......................................................................................................4
4.2 Parameters for a worm wheel ..............................................................................................................7
4.3 Meshing parameters..............................................................................................................................9
5 Generalities on worm profiles............................................................................................................10
5.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................10
5.2 Conventions relative to the equations of this document ................................................................11
6 Definition of Profiles ...........................................................................................................................12
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................12
6.2 Type A...................................................................................................................................................12
6.3 Type I ....................................................................................................................................................14
6.4 Type N...................................................................................................................................................18
6.5 General equations for A, I and N profiles..........................................................................................20
6.6 Type K...................................................................................................................................................21
6.7 Type C...................................................................................................................................................23
7 Projection Planes ................................................................................................................................28
7.1 Axial plane............................................................................................................................................28
7.2 Offset plane..........................................................................................................................................28
7.3 Transverse plane .................................................................................................................................28
7.4 Normal plane........................................................................................................................................28
7.5 Projection of axial profile in an offset plane.....................................................................................29
8 Pitch Surfaces......................................................................................................................................31
9 Conjugate worm wheel profile ...........................................................................................................32
9.1 Path of contact.....................................................................................................................................33
9.2 Conjugate profile .................................................................................................................................34
9.3 Trochoïd (or fillet) at root of the worm wheel ...................................................................................36
9.4 Equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane............................................................................37
9.5 Singularities of worm gear mesh.......................................................................................................39
10 Geometry of contact............................................................................................................................42
10.1 Tangent plane at point of contact......................................................................................................43
10.2 Normal plane at point of contact .......................................................................................................43
10.3 Zone of contact....................................................................................................................................44
10.4 Lines of contact ...................................................................................................................................45
10.5 Contact ratio ........................................................................................................................................48
10.6 Tangent vector to the line of contact ................................................................................................49
10.7 Normal plane at point of contact .......................................................................................................50
10.8 Principal equivalent radius of curvature...........................................................................................50
11 Velocities at of contact point .............................................................................................................51
11.1 Velocity of a point of worm ................................................................................................................51
11.2 Relative velocity between 2 conjugate flanks ..................................................................................52
11.3 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact ..................................................................52
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/DTR 10828.2
11.4 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact.................................................................. 53

11.5 Velocity at the point of contact ......................................................................................................... 53
Velocity of the contact point on the worm: ......................................................................................................... 53
Annex A (informative) Settings and derivates of A, I, N profiles equations............................................... 54
Annex B (informative) Setting and derivates of K and C profiles equations ............................................. 60
Annex C (informative) Algorithm to determine the point of generations of worm and worm wheel...... 66
Annex D (informative) Algorithm to determine lines of contact and non-dimensional parameters ........ 68
Annex E (informative) Examples..................................................................................................................... 69
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 10828 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, Subcommittee SC 1, Nomenclature
and wormgearing.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 10828:1997), which has been technically
revised.
It includes the formulation for the geometrical dimensions of the worm and worm wheel, and that for the
determination of gear mesh geometry (path of contact, zone and lines of contact) with the details to determine
the non-dimensional parameters used to apply load capacity calculations (radius of curvature, sliding
velocities).
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Introduction
Thread forms of the worms of worm gear pairs are commonly related to the following machining processes:
⎯ the type of machining process (turning, milling, grinding);
⎯ the shapes of edges or surfaces of the cutting tools used;
⎯ the tool position relative to an axial plane of the worm;
⎯ where relevant, the diameters of disc type tools (grinding wheel diameter).
This document introduces all the aspect concerning the gear mesh geometry to define conjugate worm wheel,
path of contact, lines of contact and other associated geometrical characteristics.
vi © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

COMMITTEE DRAFT ISO/DTR 10828.2
Worm gears — Worm profiles and gear mesh geometry
1 Scope
In this technical report, thread profiles of the five most common types of worms at the date of publication
are described and equations of their axial profiles are given.
The five worm types covered in this technical report are designated by the letters A, C, I, K and N.
The different formulae to study the path of contact, the conjugate profile of the worm wheel, the lines of
contact, the radius of curvature and the different velocities at points of contact are developed. At the end the
application of those formulae to calculate non dimensional parameters used in load capacity calculation are
detailed.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1122-2, Vocabulary — Worm gears
ISO 701, International gear notations — Symbols for geometrical data
ISO/TR 14521, Worm gears — Load capacity of worm gears
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, Tables 1 and 2 give the symbols the indices and the description. (Table
to be check by the working group).
Table 1 — Symbols for worm gears
Symbols Description Units Figures Equation

Number
a centre distance mm 38/39
b1 worm facewidth mm 22
b2 facewidth of the wheel as specified in DIN 3975 mm 36
b2H effective wheel facewidth mm Fig. 4
b2H,std Standard worm wheel facewidth mm 52
b2R wheel rim width mm Fig. 4
bH half hertzian contact width mm Fig.19
c1,c2 tip clearance mm
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1

Number
c1* , c 2* tip clearance coefficient in axial section mm
da 1 worm tip diameter mm 13

da 2 worm wheel tip diameter mm 34
db 1 base diameter of involute helicoid (for I profile) mm 21
de 2 worm wheel outside diameter mm 35
dF force transmitted by a segment of the contact line N Fig. B.2 B.3
dl length of contact line segment mm B.1
df 1 worm root diameter mm 14
df 2 worm wheel root diameter mm 33
dm1 worm reference diameter mm Fig. 2/5 9
dm1T reference diameter of the worm, from standard reference mm
gear
dm2 worm wheel reference diameter mm Fig 3/5 24
dm2T reference diameter of the wheel, from standard reference mm
gear
dw1 worm pitch diameter mm 40
dw2 worm wheel pitch diameter mm 41
emx 1 worm reference tooth space width in axial section mm Fig. 2 16
en1 worm normal tooth space width in normal section mm 18
em2 worm wheel tooth space width in mid-plane section mm 27
h1 worm tooth depth mm 10
h2 worm wheel tooth depth mm 31
ham1 worm tooth reference addendum in axial section mm Fig. 5 11
ham2 worm wheel tooth reference addendum in mid-plane mm Fig. 5 29
section
*
ham worm tooth reference addendum coefficient in axial - 11
1
section
*
ham worm wheel tooth reference addendum coefficient in mid- - 29
2
plane section
he2 worm wheel tooth external addendum mm 32
hfm1 worm tooth reference dedendum in axial section mm 12
hfm2 worm wheel tooth reference dedendum in mid-plane mm 30
section
*
hfm worm tooth reference dedendum coefficient in axial -
1
section
*
hfm worm wheel tooth reference dedendum coefficient in mid- - 30
2
plane section
h* parameter for minimum mean lubricant film thickness - 56/57
jx axial backlash mm
l1 spacing of the worm shaft bearings mm
l11, l12 bearing spacing of the worm shaft mm Fig. 11
mxhob axial module for tooling selection mm Annex G
mn normal module mm 8
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO/DTR 10828.2

Number
mx 1 axial module mm 2/G.1
-1
n1 rotational speed of the worm shaft min
n2 rotational speed of the wheel min-1
pb1 base cylinder pitch for I profile mm 22
*
pm parameter for the mean hertzian stress - 53/54
pn1 normal pitch mm 7

pt2 transverse pitch mm 25
px 1 axial pitch mm Fig. 2 1
pz 1 lead of worm threads mm 3
q1 diameter factor mm 4
qhob diameter factor for hob mm Annex G
rg2 worm wheel throat radius mm 37
s2 reference tooth thickness of the wheel teeth in the spur mm 153
section
sf2 mean tooth root thickness of the wheel teeth in the spur mm 153
section
sft2 mean tooth root thickness of the wheel teeth in the spur mm 153
section
sm2 tooth thickness at the reference diameter of the worm mm Fig. 3 26
wheel
sK rim thickness mm Fig. 12
smx1 worm tooth thickness in axial section mm Fig. 2 15
*
smx1 worm tooth thickness in axial section coefficient - 15
sn1 normal worm tooth thickness in normal section mm 17

s* parameter for the mean sliding path - 59/60/D.8
u gear ratio 42
v1 velocity of a flank point of the worm m/s Fig. B.1 62
v2 velocity of a flank point of a worm wheel m/s Fig. B.1 62
v1n worm velocity component normal to the contact line m/s Fig. B.2
v2n wheel velocity component normal to the contact line m/s Fig. B.2
r
VgB sliding velocity at the reference diameter in flank direction m/s 91/92/93/E
.6
r
vg sliding velocity at mean reference diameter m/s 51
vΣ sum velocity (entertainment) m/s 53

vΣn sum velocity in normal direction m/s 53
x2 worm wheel profile shift coefficient - 28
z1 number of threads in worm -
z2 number of teeth in worm wheel -
αot axial pressure angle for A profile °

Number
αn normal pressure angle ° 19
βm1 reference helix angle of worm ° 6
γm1 reference lead angle of worm ° 5
γb1 base lead angle of worm thread (for I profile) ° 19
ρ profile radius of the grinding disk for C type mm
ρred equivalent radius of curvature mm B.2
ω1
-1
angular velocity of worm s
ω2 angular velocity of worm wheel s-1
Table 2 — Indices for worm gears
Symbols Description
0 cutting tool
1 wheel
2 worm
GW grinding wheel
4 Formulae for calculation of dimensions
4.1 Parameters for a cylindrical worm
4.1.1 Axial pitch
p x1 = π ⋅ mx1 (1)
4.1.2 Axial module
px1
mx1 = (2)
π
4.1.3 Lead
pz1 = z1 ⋅ p x1 (3)
4.1.4 Diametral factor
d
q1 = m1 (4)
mx1
4.1.5 Reference lead angle
mx1 ⋅ z1 z1
tan γ m1 = = (5)
dm1 q1

ISO/DTR 10828.2
4.1.6 Reference helix angle
β m1 = 90° − γ m1 (6)
4.1.7 Normal pitch on reference cylinder
pn1 = px1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (7)
4.1.8 Normal module
mn = mx1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (8)
4.1.9 Reference diameter
dm1 = q1 ⋅ mx1 (9)
Figure 1 — Axial pitch, reference tooth thickness and reference tooth space for worm
4.1.10 Reference tooth depth
⋅ (d a1 − d f1 )
1
h1 = ham1 + hfm1 = (10)
2
4.1.11 Reference addendum
* 1
ham1 = ham1 ⋅ mx1 = ⋅ ( d a1 − dm1) (11)
2
where h*am1 is the addendum coefficient = 1 (normally)
4.1.12 Reference dedendum
* 1
hfm1 = hfm1 ⋅ mx1 = ⋅ ( dm1 − d f1) (12)
2
* *
where hfm1 = dedendum coefficient; generally 1,1< hfm1 <1,3, the recommended value is 1,2

4.1.13 Tip diameter
d a1 = dm1 + 2 ⋅ ham1 (13)
4.1.14 Root diameter
d f 1 = dm1 − 2 ⋅ hfm1 (14)
*
4.1.15 Tooth thickness coefficient smx1
*
A recommended value is smx1 = 0,5
In general practice, this coefficient is very often less than 0,5 when there is a wish to increase the worm
wheel tooth thickness to extend durability against wear of worm wheel.
See Figure 1
4.1.16 Reference tooth thickness in the axial section
*
smx1 = smx1 ⋅ p x1 (15)
4.1.17 Reference space width in the axial section
emx1 = p x1 − smx1 (16)
4.1.18 Normal tooth thickness
sn1 = smx1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (17)
4.1.19 Normal space width
en1 = emx1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (18)
4.1.20 Profile flank form
It is specified by a letter:
A is the straight sided axial thickness section
N is the straight sided normal space width section
I is the involute helicoid
K is the milled helicoid by double cone form
C is the milled helicoid by circular convex form
4.1.21 Normal pressure angle
tan α n = tan α ot ⋅ cos γ m1 (19)
NOTE 1-For I, N, K, C profiles αn = α0n defined in 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 for I and N and in 6.6 and 6.7 for K and C
2-For A profile αn is defined by Equation (19)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
4.1.22 Base lead angle for I profile
cos γ b1 = cos γ m1 ⋅ cos α n (20)
4.1.23 Base diameter for I profile
tan γ m1 mx1 ⋅ z1
d b1 = d m1 ⋅ = (21)
tan γ b1 tan γ b1
NOTE For I profile if the root diameter is less than the base diameter attention should be taken in order that the
diameter of start of active profile (SAP) is greater than db1.
4.1.24 Base cylinder pitch for I profile
pb1 = p x1 ⋅ cosγ b1 (22)
4.1.25 Worm face width
b1 ≥ (d e2 )2 − (2 ⋅ a − d a1)2 (23)
4.2 Parameters for a worm wheel
4.2.1 Reference diameter
dm2 = d w 2 + 2 ⋅ x2 ⋅ mx1 or dm2 = 2 ⋅ a − dm1 (24)
Figure 2 — Tooth thickness for worm wheel
4.2.2 Transverse pitch
pt 2 = p x1 (25)
4.2.3 Transverse tooth thickness at reference diameter
This value can be calculated only for a worm wheel without addendum modification as follows:
sm2 = emx1 − jx (26)

where jx = axial backlash
See Figure 2.
4.2.4 Space width at reference diameter
em2 = p x1 − sm2 (27)
4.2.5 Profile shift coefficient
2 ⋅ a − d m1 − mx1 ⋅ z2
x2 = (28)
2 ⋅ mx1
4.2.6 Addendum
* 1
ham2 = mx1 ⋅ ham 2 = ⋅ ( d a 2 − d m2 ) (29)
2
* *
where ham 2 is the addendum coefficient; ham2 = 1 (normally).
4.2.7 Dedendum
* 1
hfm2 = mx1 ⋅ hfm 2 = ⋅ ( d m2 − d f 2 ) (30)
2
* *
where hfm2 is the dedendum coefficient; generally 1,1 < hfm2 < 1,3, the recommended value is 1,2.
4.2.8 Tooth depth
h2 = ham2 + hfm2 (31)
4.2.9 Outside addendum
⋅ (d e2 − d a2 )
1
he2 = (32)
2
h
Generally: 0,4 ≤ e2 ≤ 1,5 Normally he2 /mx1 = 0,5
mx1
4.2.10 Root diameter
d f 2 = dm2 − 2hfm2 (33)
4.2.11 Throat diameter
d a2 = dm2 + 2ham2 (34)
4.2.12 Outside diameter
d e2 = d a2 + 2 ⋅ he2 (35)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
NOTE For min/max values see 4.2.9.
4.2.13 Minimum and maximum outside diameter
d e2 min = d a2 + 0,8 ⋅ m x1 (36)
d e2 max = d a2 + 3 ⋅ m x1 (37)
4.2.14 Worm wheel face width
b2 H max = (2 ⋅ a − d f2 )2 − (2 ⋅ a − d e2 )2 (38)
See Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Worm wheel face width
4.2.15 Throat radius
d
rg2 > a − a2 (39)
2
4.3 Meshing parameters
4.3.1 Centre distance
a = 0,5 ⋅ (d m1 + dm2 ) = 0,5 ⋅ (d w1 + d w 2 ) (40)
or
a = mx1 ⋅ [0,5 ⋅ (q1 + z2 ) + x2 ] (41)
See Figure 4.

4.3.2 Pitch diameter for worm wheel
d w 2 = z2 ⋅ mx1 (42)
4.3.3 Pitch diameter for worm
d w1 = 2 ⋅ a − d w 2 (43)
4.3.4 Worm gear ratio
z
u= 2 (44)
z1
Figure 4 — Reference diameters for worm gears (ham1 = ham2)
4.3.5 Contact ratio
The calculation of the contact ratio is defined in 10.5
5 Generalities on worm profiles
5.1 Definitions
Type A straight sided axial profile;
Type C concave axial profile formed by machining with a convex circular profile disc type cutter or
grinding wheel;
Type I involute helicoid, straight generatrix in base tangent planes;
Type N straight profiles in normal plane of thread space helix;
Type K milled helicoid generated by biconical grinding wheel or milling cutter, convex profiles in
axial planes

ISO/DTR 10828.2
5.2 Conventions relative to the equations of this document
5.2.1 The worm threads are right-handed
The equations in this Technical Report define the coordinates of the left flank of the axial profile of worm,
i.e. in the plane XOY of Figure 5.
To obtain the right flanks, it is necessary to draw a symmetric profile to the left flank relative to a
perpendicular axis to the worm axis.
5.2.2 The worm and wheel pairs operate as speed reducing gears with directions of rotation as shown in
Figure 5, thus the worm thread left flanks contact the wheel teeth. These are the flanks studied in this
report.
5.2.3 The worm wheel is above the worm.
5.2.4 With the origin O, the reference axes X Y Z, are mutually perpendicular (see Figure 1):
⎯ OX the worm axis coincides with the X axis;
⎯ OY the common perpendicular to the worm and wheel axes coincides with the Y axis;
⎯ OZ to complete the direct coordinate system.
A point is defined by its x, y, z coordinates. The following subscripts are used:
⎯ x refers to the X-Y axial plane;
⎯ D refers to an offset plane;
⎯ n refers to the normal plane;
⎯ t for any point refers to a transverse plane.
5.2.5 If the worm is driving, the worm gear is a reducer. If the worm wheel is driving the worm gear is an
increaser.

Legend
1 Direction of rotation of the worm (C) Pitch cylinder of the worm wheel – diameter dw2
2 Direction of rotation of the worm wheel P Pitch plane of the worm – distance from the
(Δ) Pitch line axis of the worm equal to dw1/2
Figure 5 — Conventions used in equations
6 Definition of Profiles
6.1 Introduction
There are 2 types of worm profiles:
⎯ Profiles A, I, N are generated by a helical displacement of a straight line in the space. The equations of
the axial profile are a direct function according to the radius of the worm. In that case gear mesh in an
offset plane used 2 parameters: yx which is the radius of the worm and D which the distance of the
offset plane
⎯ Profiles K and C are generated by a helical displacement of a grinding wheel with a certain profile (see
Fig 9) in the space. The generated flanks on the worm are the envelope of the grinding wheel. Each
point of the worm profile is generated by a point of the grinding wheel. The equations of the axial profile
IS NOT a direct function according to the radius of the grinding wheel profile. In that case gear mesh in
an offset plane used 2 parameters: ym which is the radius of the grinding wheel and D which the
distance of the offset plane. In those cases the calculations are more complex.
6.2 Type A
6.2.1 Geometrical definition
The thread flanks of type A are generated as envelopes of straight lines in axial planes which are inclined at
π
a constant angle: − α ot to the axis (see Equation 19). This line as it is moved with simultaneous rotation
2
about and translation along the axis X, defines the worm thread flank (Figure 6). The form of which is
commonly described as an Archimedean helix.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 6 — Profile A: Theoritical Generation
6.2.2 Machining methods
The straight generatrix is always crossing the worm axis; the flank of thread in an axial plane is always a
straight line; so machining methods should ensure to generate this straight axial flank.
The threads may be cut on a lathe with a tool having straight edges, the cutting plane of which lies in an
axial plane of the worm (Figure 7 a)).
Both flanks of a thread space may be machined simultaneously by using a tool of trapezoidal form.
Another method which is an inversion of the process of cutting a helical gear with a rack cutter, involves the
use of an involute shaper to produce the desired rectilinear rack profile in an axial plane of the worm. The
cutting face must lie in that axial plane (Figure 7 b)).
It is also necessary that the pitch circle of the shaper should roll without slip on the datum line of the rack
profile. This coincides with a straight line generatrix of the worm pitch cylinder.

Figure 7 — Profile A - Machining Methods
Type A profile is a straight line in an axial plane.
The development of the equations for the axial profile of type A worm is in Annex A clause A.2.
6.3 Type I
A flank of a type I worm is an involute helicoidal surface. The form of which may be generated by a base
tangent ( Δ ) to a helix (H), which moves along this - the base helix lying on the base cylinder of the worm
(C), which is concentric with the worm axis (Figure 8).
A transverse profile (in a normal plane to the worm axis) of a flank is an involute to a circle.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 8 — Profile I - Theoretical generation
The straight generatrix is always tangential to the base helix in a plane which is tangential to the base
cylinder, so the flank of the worm is a straight line in an offset plane which is tangential to the base cylinder.
Machining methods should ensure this straight offset profile.
The involute helicoidal flanks of the threads can be generated by turning on a lathe using a knife tool with its
straight edge aligned with the base tangent generatrix in a plane tangential to the base cylinder.
In order to machine both flanks of a thread simultaneously, it is necessary to set one left hand tool in one
plane and one right hand tool in another plane as described after (Figure 9).

NOTE αoT = γb1
Figure 9 — Profile I - Machining method with a lathe
The thread flanks can be machined by milling or grinding using the plane side face of a disc type milling
cutter or grinding wheel. The cutting face is to be so aligned that either its axis lies in a plane parallel to the
X-Z plane and the base tangent generatrix of the flank lies in the cutting face (Figure 10); or the cutting face
is aligned with the reference helix of the worm and in a plane perpendicular to the reference helix is set to
the normal pressure angle of the flank α on (Figure 11).
Figure 10 — Profile I - Machining method by grinding (solution 1)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
The latter method of alignment has the advantage that the cutting face extends to near the thread root
whereas in order to do so by the previous method it will be necessary raise the cutter/grinding-wheel
spindle so that the cutter/wheel periphery is tangential to the point of intersection of the base tangent
generatrix with the root cylinder of the worm.
Both methods require that the mounting of the worm in the milling/grinding machine must be reversed
between machining right and left flanks.
Figure 11 — Profile I - Machining method by grinding (solution 2)
Type I profile is slightly convex in an axial plane.

The development of the equations for the axial profile of type I worm is in Annex A clause A.3.
6.4 Type N
Each flank of a type N worm is formed by a straight line generatrix ( Δ ) which lies in a plane normal to the
reference helix (H); crossing (M) which is a common point of intersection of a vector radius, the
generatrix ( Δ ) and the reference helix H. The angle α between ( Δ ) and the radius vector at M point is
constant.
The flank envelope is formed by the generatrix ( Δ ) , due to the helicoidal movement of the vector radius
carrying the point M which describes the reference helix (Figure 12).
Figure 12 — Profile N - Theoretical generation
The threads may be cut in a lathe with a tool having trapezoidal form having edges in the cutting plane
which match the profile of the thread space in a plane normal to the reference helix of the thread space.
This is equivalent to place the tool as for A type threads, then to rotate it around an axis matching its
symmetrical axis up to an angle equal to the reference lead angle γ 1 (Figure 13 a)).

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Other methods by which N type threads are approximated:
⎯ Using a biconical milling cutter or grinding wheel of small diameter (Figure 13 b)). When the
diameter of grinding wheel becomes large, the type of thread approach K type;
⎯ Using a small conical milling cutter or grinding wheel (Figure 13 c)).
By the two latter methods, the profiles are approximate because of effects due to the change of helix with
change of thread height.
Figure 13 — Profile N - Machining methods

Type N profiles are slightly concave in an axial plane.
The development of the equations for the axial profile of type N worm is in Annex A clause A.4.
6.5 General equations for A, I and N profiles
6.5.1 General equation of axial profile for A, I, N profiles
The general equation of the profile axial of the worm for A, I, N profiles can be given by a single formulae as
follow, with xx as the axial abscissa of the axial profile point function of the radius of the circle yr at this point:
⎛ ⎞
⎜ a2 ⎟
xx ( yr ) = a1 ⋅ arctan⎜ 2 2
⎟ + a3 ⋅ yr − a2 + a4 (45)
⎜ y − a2
2 ⎟
⎝ r 2 ⎠
y x ( yr ) = yt (46)
With the following values for a1, a 2, a 3, a 4:
A Profile I Profile N Profile
a1 a1A = 0 a1I = pz2 a1N = pz2
a2 a2A = 0 a2I = rbl A ⋅ sin(γ 1 ) ⋅ tan(α 0n )

a2N =
1 + (sin(γ 1) ⋅ tan(α 0n ))
2
s x1 ⋅ cos(γ 1 )
A = rml −
2 ⋅ tan(α 0n )
a3 tan(α 0n ) a3l = tan(γ b ) a2N

a3 A = a3N =
cos(γ 1 ) A ⋅ tan(γ 1)
a4 0 0 0
To set up axial profile at the pitch point in the mid plane the a4 coefficient as to be determine by the
application of the general equation for the pitch radius rw1
a4 = x x (rwl ) (47)
In complement to the coordinate of the axial point it possible to define at this point the axial pressure angle
at the yr circle which is defined by the derivate of xx function according to yr:
⎛a ⋅a ⎞
dxx ( yr ) = ⎜⎜ 1 2 + a3 ⋅ yr ⎟⎟ ⋅
1
(48)
⎝ yr ⎠ yr2 − a22
d y x ( yr ) = 1 (49)
d xx ( yr )
tan α x ( yr ) = (50)
d y x ( yr )

ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.6 Type K
6.6.1 Geometrical definition and method
Unlike those of types A, I and N, the thread flanks of type K worms do not have straight line generatrices.
The thread spaces of type K worms are generated with a biconical grinding wheel or disc type milling cutter
having straight cone generatrices (Figure 14).
The common perpendicular to the tool spindle and worm axes lies in the line ( Δ ) of intersection of the
median plane (M) of the tool and a transverse plane of the worm (R). The angle between the two planes is
equal to the worm lead angle γ 1 .The straight generatrix of each tool cone and the median plane of the tool,
forms an angle equal to the normal pressure angle α on of the tool.
The worm is turned uniformly with simultaneous axial translation of threads so that a point on the common
perpendicular, distant r1 (r1: reference radius of worm) from the worm axis, describes the reference helix.
Figure 14 — Profile K - Machining method

The helicoidal flanks of the worm are generated by the conical sides of the tool and the profile form is
influenced by the change of helix angle with change of thread height and points on the tool flanks which
contact the worm threads lie on a curve and not on any one cone generatrix (Figure 15).
Figure 15 — Profile K - System of coordinates
Like type I profile, profile K is convex in axial planes.
The development of the equations for the axial profile of grinding wheel for type K worm is in Annex B
Clause B.1.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.7 Type C
Unlike those of types A, I and N, the thread flanks of type C worms do not have straight line genatrices.
Like type K worms, the thread spaces of type C worms are generated with a grinding wheel or disc type
milling cutter. In order to produce the concave thread profiles of type C worms, the tool has a cutting profile
consisting of convex circular arcs. Figure 16 shows a tool and worm with the system of coordinates for the
worm (x, y, z) and for the tool (xw, yw, zw).
The length of the line of centres a0 (the common perpendicular to the worm and tool axes Xw and X) varies
with the tool diameter. The reference lead angle γ 1 is usually equal to the angle between the projections of
these axes onto a plane perpendicular to the line of centres. Figure 17 shows partially the tool. The 4 tool
dimensions which determine the thread form of the worm are: the profile radius ρ , the mean diameter dms
of the tool profile, the tool pressure angle α on and the tool thickness w.
The process of generating the worm C profiles is the same as for type K (see 6.6).
The thread flank profile form varies a little with a change of tool diameter.
However in contrast to type K thread profiles, type C thread profiles can be adjusted to compensate change
of tool diameter by modifying the radius ρ and the angle α on of the tool.
Figure 16 — Profile C - System of coordinate

Figure 17 a) — System of coordinate
Figure 17 b) — Axial section of the worm
Figure 17 — Profile C
Type C profile is concave in an axial plane.
The development of the equations for the axial profile of grinding wheel for type C worm is in Annex B
Clause B.2.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.7.2 General equation for C and K profiles
For C and K profile the parameter of the profile is the Y-circle radius yGW of a point of the profile of the
grinding wheel which generates a point of the profile of the worm which has to be projected along its own
helix in the axial plane of worm to obtain the axial profile point.
Figure 18 — Parameter of grinding wheel
Table 3 — Parameters for profile grinding wheel

K Profile C Profile
Pressure angle α GW ( yGW ) = α 0 ⎛ RGWm − yGW ⎞

at a point of α GW ( yGW ) = arcsin⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − ⎟⎟
⎝ ρ ⎠
axial profile of
the grinding
wheel
Abscissa at a xGW( yGW) = xms − tan(α0) ⋅ ( yGW − RGWa) xGW ( yGW ) = xms + ρ ⋅ (cos(α GW ( yGW )) − cos(α 0 ))
point of axial
profile of the
grinding wheel
Radius at a yGW yGW

point of axial
profile of the
grinding wheel
RGWa: Outside diameter of the grinding RGWa: Outside diameter of the grinding wheel
wheel
ρ: Radius of curvature of the grinding wheel
With:
Center distance for grinding:
d f1
a0 = RGWa + (60)
2

Nominal Radius of the grinding wheel:
dm1
RGWm = a0 − (61)
2
xms =
(π ⋅ mx − sx1) ⋅ cos(γ 1) (62)
2
6.7.2.1 Equation for the point generated on the worm
To determine the point generated on the thread of the worm we used the following equation:
(c1 ⋅ sin(ε w ( yGW )) + c2 ( yGW )) + c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ cos(ε w ( yGW )) − c3 ( yGW )) = 0 (63)
which can be solved according to ε w ( y GW ) :
c1 = a0 ⋅ cos(γ 1) + pz 2 ⋅ sin(γ 1 ) (64)
⎛ yGW ⎞
c2 ( yGW ) = sin(γ 1 ) ⋅ ⎜⎜ xw ( yGW ) − ⎟⎟ (65)
⎝ tan (α ( y )
GW GW ⎠)
⎛ ⎞
c3 ( yGW ) = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⋅ (a0 ⋅ sin(γ 1 ) − pz 2 ⋅ cos(γ 1 ))
1
(66)
⎝ tan (α ( y
GW GW ⎠))
NOTE By default the inclination of the grinding wheel is equal to the lead angle γ m1 = γ 1
⎛ ⎞
⎜ c3 ( yGW ) ⎟ ⎛ c2( yGW ) ⎞
ε w ( yGW ) = arcsin⎜ ⎟ − arctan⎜⎜ c ⎟
⎟ (67)
⎜ c2 + c (y
2 GW )
2 ⎟ ⎝ 1 ⎠
⎝ 1 ⎠
Then:
xcuv ( yGW ) = xw ( yGW ) ⋅ cos(γ 1 ) − yGW ⋅ sin(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ sin(γ 1 ) (68)
ycuv ( yGW ) = a0 − yGW ⋅ cos(ε w ( yGW )) (69)
zcuv ( yGW ) = −(xw ( yGW )) ⋅ sin(γ 1 ) + yGW ⋅ cos(γ 1 ) ⋅ sin(ε w ( yGW ))) (70)
6.7.2.2 Projection in the axial plane of the worm
⎛ zcuw ( yGW ) ⎞
φx ( yGW ) = arctan⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (71)
⎝ ycuw ( yGW ) ⎠
xx ( yGW ) = xcuw ( yGW ) − pz2 ⋅ φ x ( yGW ) (72)
ycuw ( yGW )
y x ( yGW ) = (73)
cos(φ x ( yGW ))

ISO/DTR 10828.2
6.7.2.3 Pressure angle of the C/K profiles
6.7.2.3.1 First derivative of c2(yGW) et c3(yGW)
⎛ yGW ⎞
d c2 ( yGW ) = ⎜ d xGW ( yGW ) + ⋅ d 2 xGW ( yGW )⎟ ⋅ sin(γ m1)
1
− (74)
⎜
⎝ dxGW ( yGW ) d xGW ( yGW )2 ⎟
⎠
⎛ − a ⋅ sin(γ ) + p ⋅ cos(γ ) ⎞
d c3 ( yGW ) = ⎜ 0 m1 z2 m1 ⋅ d 2 x ( yGW )⎟ (75)
⎜ d xGW ( yGW ) ⎟
2 GW
⎝ ⎠
6.7.2.3.2 First derivative of εw(yGW)
d c3 ( yGW ) c3 ( yGW ) ⋅ c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ d c2 ( yGW ) d c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ c1

d ε w ( yGW ) = − − (76)
c12 + c2 ( yGW )2
( ) ( )( )
1 1
c12 + c2 ( yGW ) − c3 ( yGW )
2 2 2
c12 + c2 ( yGW ) ⋅
2
c12 + c2 ( yGW ) − c3 ( yGW )
2 2 2
6.7.2.3.3 First derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel
d xcuw ( yGW ) = d xGW ( yGW ) ⋅ cos(γ m1) − (sin(ε w ( yGW )) + yGW ⋅ cos(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ d ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ sin(γ m1 ) (77)
d ycuw ( yGW ) = − cos(ε w ( yGW )) + yGW ⋅ sin(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ d ε w ( yGW ) (78)
d zcuw ( yGW ) = −(d xGW ( yGW ) ⋅ sin(γ m1)) − [sin(ε w ( yGW )) + yGW ⋅ cos(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ (d ε w ( yGW ))] ⋅ cos(γ m1 ) (79)
6.7.2.3.4 First derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel projected in the axial plane of
the worm
d zcuw ( yGW ) ⋅ ycuw ( yGW ) − zcuw ( yGW ) ⋅ d ycuw ( yGW )

d φx ( yGW ) = (80)
ycuw ( yGW )2 + zcuw ( yGW )2
d xx ( yGW ) = d xcuw ( yGW ) − pz2 ⋅ d φx ( yGW ) (81)
d ycuw ( yGW ) ycuw ( yGW )

d y x ( yGW ) = + ⋅ sin(φ x ( yGW )) ⋅ d φ x ( yGW ) (82)
cos(φx ( yGW )) cos(φx ( yGW ))2
6.7.2.3.5 Pressure angle of the C/K profiles
d xx ( yGW )
tan α c ( yGW ) = (83)
d y x ( yGW )
6.7.2.3.6 Derivative of pressure angle of the C/K profiles
d 2 xx ( yGW ) d xx ( yGW ) ⋅ d 2 xx ( yGW )

d tan α c ( yGW ) = − (84)
d y x ( yGW ) d y x ( yGW )2
For the calculation of second derivative of xx, yx see Annex A for A, I, N profiles and Annex B for C and K
profiles.
NOTE The previous equations apply to any profile of disc type tool.

6.7.3 General equation of the axial profile
In the following of document the axial profile of the worm is considered with general formulae xx(yp), yx(yp),
tanαx (yp) as a function of a parameter yp, with:
⎯ yp = yr, radius of the worm for A, I, N profiles
⎯ and yp = yGW for radius of the worm for A, I, N profiles
7 Projection Planes
7.1 Introduction
The projection planes are defined in Figure 19.
7.2 Axial plane
The axial plane is the plane containing the worm axis and the X and Y axes of the coordinate system.
7.3 Offset plane
An offset plane is parallel to the X-Y plane at an offset D (Z axis).
A point in the offset plane is determined by the point of intersection with that plane of the helix through a
reference point x, y, in X-Y plane.
7.4 Transverse plane
A transverse plane is a plane which is perpendicular to the axe of worm.
7.5 Normal plane
A normal plane is defined as a plane which is perpendicular to the reference helix crossing the symmetric
axes of the complete axial profile (left and right flank).

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 19 — Projection planes
7.6 Projection of axial profile in an offset plane
By definition the worm wheel is conjugate to the worm. The profile of the worm is defined in an axial plane,
and it is projected in offset planes (Figure 20) in order to study the gear mesh of the worm gear set.

Figure 20 — Projection of axial profile in an offset plane
The distance between the axial plane of the worm and an offset plane is defined by distance D. D can be
positive or negative along Z axis.
For a given axial point, its projection angle in D plane, δD can be obtained by with the new coordinate xD and
yD.
⎛ D ⎞
δ D (yp , D ) = arcsin⎜ ⎟
⎝ ( )
⎜ y x yp ⎟
⎠
(85)
( ) ( )
xD yp, D = xx yp + pz 2 ⋅ δ D yp, D − ΔxD (D ) ( ) (86)
( ) ( )
yD yp , D = y x yp ⋅ cos δ D yp , D ( ( )) (87)
First derivatives of rack Profile equation:
With the derivatives according to yp:
(
d δ D yp , D = ) −D
⋅
( ) d y x yp
( ) yx (yp )2 − D 2
y x yp
(88)
( ) ( )
d xD yp , D = d xx yp + pz2 ⋅ d δ D yp , D ( ) (89)
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( (
d yD yp , D = d y x yp ⋅ cos δ D yp , D − y x yp ⋅ sin δ D yp , D ⋅ d δ D yp , D )) ( ) (90)
And it results the pressure angle of the axial projected point is:
(
tan α D yp , D = ) ( )
d xD yp , D
d yD (yp , D )
(91)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
8 Pitch Surfaces
To study worm gear geometry the first step is to define the main parameters of the worm gear set (see
Clause 4), and to select the type of the worm profile:
⎯ For the worm:
⎯ Number of threads on worm
⎯ Diameter factor
⎯ Axial Module
⎯ Normal Pressure Angle
⎯ Thread Thickness Coefficient
⎯ Rotational speed of the worm (rpm)
⎯ Worm Profile
⎯ Outside diameter of the grinding wheel for K and C profile
⎯ Radius of curvature of the grinding wheel for C profile
⎯ For the worm wheel:
⎯ Number of teeth on worm wheel
⎯ Profile shift coefficient
⎯ Face width of worm wheel
⎯ Outside addendum coefficient
⎯ Bottom clearance coefficient
⎯ In complement addendum and dedendum coefficients can be defined if they are not equal to proposed
values of Clause 4

Figure 21 — Definition of pitch surfaces
The axis to study the gear mesh (Figure 21) are (0, X, Y, Z), with OX as the axis of the worm, OY along the
centre line in the mid plane of the worm wheel. The Z axis is used to define the distance D of each offset
plane according to the mid plane.
Right hand worm threads are considered, as the worm is driving and the worm wheel driven.
The pitch surface of the worm is a plane parallel to the axis of the worm and the axis of the wheel with a
distance to the axis of the worm equal to the half of pitch diameter dw1/2 (see 4.3.2).
The pitch cylinder of the worm wheel is defined with the pitch diameter dw2 (see 4.3.2).
The pitch cylinder of the wheel is rolling without sliding on the pitch plane of the worm.
The common tangent between the 2 pitch surfaces is called pitch axis; it is also the instantaneous axis of
rotation.
9 Conjugate worm wheel profile
9.1 Introduction
For all the calculation in Clauses 9 to 15 the origin of the abscissa of the profile in an offset plane D has to
be defined on the pitch line (see Clause 8) with the following transformation:
rwD = D 2 + rw12 (92)
⎛ D ⎞
δ DI (D ) = arcsin⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (93)
⎝ x rwD ) ⎠
y (

ISO/DTR 10828.2
ΔxD (D ) = xx (rwD ) + pz2 ⋅ δ DI (D ) (94)
9.2 Path of contact
The path of contact in an axial point is the line along which the common contact point of contact between
the flank of the worm and the conjugate flank of the worm wheel is moving during the gear mesh. The
coordinate of the path of contact is defined in Figure 22 and the followings equations:
Figure 22 — Path of contact
( ) (
ylD yp , D = yD yp , D − rw1) (95)
( )
xlD yp , D = −
(
ylD yp , D )
(
tan α D yp , D ) (96)
Figure 23 — Path of contact
When there is no singularity (see 9.6) in the gear mesh the active path of contact is limited:

⎯ on one side by the outside diameter of the worm wheel to define the start of active profile (SAP), point
A on Figure 23
⎯ on the other side by the active tip diameter of the worm (often equal to the outside diameter of the
worm except if there is chamfering), point B on Figure 23
For the calculation of point A and B see 10.3
9.3 Conjugate profile
The worm wheel conjugate profile of the profile of the worm in an offset plane D is obtained in Figure 24
and the following equations. Each point of the worm wheel profile is obtained from a point of the path of
contact. The kinematics conditions of rolling without sliding of pitch surfaces allow projecting those points in
circular coordinates of the wheel defined according to the centreline crossing the pitch point of the offset
plane.
Circular coordinates:
(
rM2D yp , D = ) (rw 2 − ylD (yp , D ))2 + xlD (yp , D )2 (97)
ε D ( yp , D ) =
(xD (yp , D ) − xD (rwD , D )) − xlD (yp , D ) (98)
rw 2
θ D (yp , D ) = ε D (yp , D ) + arctan⎜

⎛ (
xlD yp , D ) ⎞
⎟
(
⎜ rw 2 − ylD yp , D
⎝ ) ⎟
⎠
(99)
Cartesian coordinates with origin at the pitch point:
( ) ( )
X R D y p , D = rM2D y p , D ⋅ sin θ D y p , D ( ( )) (100)
( ) ( )
Y R D y p , D = rw 2 − rM2D y p , D ⋅ cos θ D y p , D ( ( )) (101)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 24 — Worm wheel profile conjugate profile
The outside radius of the worm wheel in the OFF SET plane D is given by:
⎡
re2D (D ) = min ⎢a w − (rf1 + c j1 ⋅ m x1 )2 − D 2 , ⎤
0,5 ⋅ d e2 ⎥ (102)
⎣ ⎦

In certain cases it is interesting to determine the point of the worm (for A, I, N profiles) or of the grinding
wheel (for C and K profile) which has generated the point of the worm wheel in an offset plane rWheel. The
algorithm is given in Annexe D.
9.4 Trochoïd (or fillet) at root of the worm wheel
The tip corner of cutting tool which generate the worm wheel, generates at the root of the worm wheel tooth
a fillet or trochoïd. The tip corner is defined in each offset plane by the coordinates (xa0D, ya0D) obtained by
increasing the outside diameter of the worm by the value of the clearance at the root of the worm wheel
teeth; this correspond to the outside radius of the cutting tool ra0. The principle for the profile of the worm in
an offset plane D is obtained in Figure 25 and the following equations. Here again the kinematics conditions
of rolling without sliding of pitch surfaces allow to project those point in circular coordinates of the wheel
defined according to the centreline crossing the tip corner of the offset plane.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 25 — Trochoïd (or fillet) of the worm wheel teeth
Circular coordinates (rt, θt): in the equations the radius circle of the point of the fillet rt is the parameter.
rt has to be greater than the root radius of the worm wheel rf2D given by:
rf2D = a w − ra0 2 − D 2 (103)
and:
⎡ 2 ⎤
xD (ra0 , D ) − xD (rwD , D ) rt − (rw2 − ylD (ra0 , D ))2 ⎥ + rt − (rw 2 − ylD (ra0 , D ))
2 2
θ tD = − arctan ⎢ (104)
rw 2 ⎢ rw 2 − ylD (ra0 , D ) ⎥ rw 2
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
Cartesian coordinates:
XTD (rt , D ) = rt ⋅ sin(θ tD (rt , D )) (105)
YTD (rt , D ) = rw 2 − rt ⋅ cos(θ tD (rt , D )) (106)
The relations are obtained directly as a function of radius of the circle crossing the point of the trochoïd. In
Equation (104) θtD is determined with the same as the conjugate profile of the worm wheel (see 9.3).
This allows to calculate, for each offset plane, the form radius of the worm wheel rfnD which correspond to
the intersection of trochoïd and conjugate profile. This value is obtained when θtD = θD for rt = rM2D (see
Equations (97), (99) and (104).
9.5 Equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane
To determine the equivalent radius of curvature the following process is used:
1) Calculation of the radius of curvature of the worm at the point of contact. This calculation is
made on the basis of analytical equation of the worm profile in each off set plane,
2) Calculation of the radius of curvature of the conjugate profile of the worm wheel by using
EULER SAVARY method,
3) From those 2 values it is possible to calculate an equivalent radius of curvature
9.5.1 Curvature for the worm at a point in an offset plane
It is given by the following equation resulting of general mathematical formulae for a curve in 2 dimensions:
d tan α D ( yGW , D )
( (
cos δ D yp , D ⋅ )) d y x ( yGW )
(
Ceq1D yp , D = ) 3
=
1
ρ1 ( y p , D )
(107)
⎡ ⎛ d x y ,D
⎢1 + ⎜ D p ( ) ⎞⎟ 2⎤2
⎥
⎢ ⎜ d yD yp , D( ) ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎦⎥

9.5.2 Curvature for the worm wheel at a point in an offset plane
To determine the radius of curvature of the worm wheel, we are using EULER-SAVARY geometric
construction (see Fig 26).
Figure 26 — Radius of curvature in an off set plane
In an offset plane, at a point M of path of contact, the centre of curvature of the worm wheel profile
resulting of the enveloping curve (envelop) of the worm profile, is the same as the enter of curvature 02
of the trajectory of the centre of curvature 01 of the worm profile.
(
⎛ ylD yp , D
)
1 − C eq1D yp , D ⋅ ⎜
( ) (
⎞
+ rw2 ⋅ sin α D yp , D ⎟ )
(
⎜ sin α D y p , D ) ⎟
( )
C eq2D yp , D = ⎝ ⎠ =
(
1
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ⎞⎟
(108)
ylD yp , D ⎛ ylD yp , D ⋅ C eq1D yp , D ρ 2 yp , D
(
rw 2 ⋅ sin α D yp , D −) ( ⋅ ⎜1 −
sin α D yp , D ⎜⎝ ) sin α D yp , D( ) ⎟
⎠
With:

ISO/DTR 10828.2
( ) ( (
sin α D yp , D = sin arctan tan α D yp , D ( ))) (109)
9.5.3 Equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane
It is given by:
(
ReqD yp , D = ) C eq1D (
1
) (
yp , D + C eq2D yp , D ) (110)
9.6 Singularities of worm gear mesh
9.6.1 Point of zero contact pressure angle
Figure 27 — The point of zero contact pressure angle
It can be observed on Figure 27 that the presence of point of an offset profile with zero contact pressure
angle gives a very flat path of contact. It is said that there is an asymptotic direction above the point of zero
pressure angle.
The calculation of the point of the worm in the offset plane with pressure angle equal to zero is only valid if
D>0.
It is based on the calculation of the point where tan α D ( ynul, D ) = 0 in each off set plane.
The algorithm is given in the table:
A, I, N Profiles C and K profiles
y min ← max(D, a 2 ) y min ← Rgrindw (RGWm , m x1, ra1 )

y max ← ra1 y max ← Rgrindw (RGWm , m x1, D )
ynul ← 0,5 ⋅ (y min+ y max ) ynul ← 0,5 ⋅ (y min+ y max )
while tanα D (ynul,D) > 0,0000001 while tanα D (ynul, D ) > 0,0000001
ZERO(D) := ZERO(D) :=
y min ← ynul if tanα D (ynul,D) < 0 y min ← ynul if tanα D (ynul, D ) > 0
y max ← ynul if tanα D (ynul,D) > 0 y max ← ynul if tanα D (ynul, D ) < 0
ynul ← 0,5 ⋅ (y min+ y max ) ynul ← 0,5 ⋅ (y min+ y max )
return ynul return ynul

The coordinate of the point of zero pressure angle is obtained by calculation xD ( ynul, D ) and yD ( ynul, D )
(Equations (86) and (87)).
For the different offset planes (with D>0) the points of zero pressure angle give the line of zero pressure
angle.
For profile I the line of zero pressure angle is an horizontal line tangent to the cylinder base.
9.6.2 Loos of contact
The zero contact pressure angle gives a very flat path of contact which can give a limitation of the gear
mesh (Figure 28).
This phenomena can only appear for offset planes with D>O – This can be a limitation of the active face
width of worm wheel.
Figure 28 — Limitation of gear mesh by the point of zero contact pressure angle
This phenomenon can appears for offset planes with D>0 and closed to the border of face width of the
worm wheel.
The process to detect such case is as follow:
⎯ Determine the point of path of contact for yp = ra1 (point B on Figure 28) with Equation (96),
xlaD = xlD (ra1, D )
(xlD (ra1, D ))2 + (rw2 − ylD (ra1, D ))

2 2
⎯ Calculate the radius ra2D =
⎯ If ra2D > re2D there is no point of contact with the worm in the offset plane as in Figure 28 otherwise
the start of active profile (point A) exists as in Figure 23.
9.6.3 Cusp
In certain circumstances it can appear a limitation of conjugate action due to the fact that the path of contact
presents a cusp as shown in the following Figure 29.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 29 — The cusp effect
This effect can appear when the path of contact is flat – C profile is more sensitive to this effect than other
profile types. It produces a limitation of the contact ratio because the path of contact is limited to the points
between A and T. The potential of contact between T and B is lost.
Calculation of the CUSP point of the worm wheel in the OFF SET PLANE is valid for all the face width of the
worm wheel. It is based on the calculation of the MIN value of the RADIUS OF THE CONJUGATE
WORMWHEEL in each off set plane.
( )
To obtain this MIN value we determined when the derivative of RM2D yp , D according to yp is equal to zero.
( )
d RM2D yp , D =
1
(
RM2D yp , D
⋅
)
[− (aw − yD (yp, D )) ⋅ d yD (yp, D )] (111)
⎛ yD (yp , D ) − rw1 ⎞
⋅ [d yD (yp , D ) ⋅ tan αD (yp , D ) − (yD (yp , D ) − rw1) ⋅ (1 + tan αD (yp , D )]
1
+⎜ ⎟⋅
⎜ tan αD (yp , D ) ⎟ tan α (y , D )2
⎝ ⎠ D p
The algorithm is:
A, I, N Profiles C and K profiles
y min ← rw1 y min ← Rgrindw (R w , m x1, rw1 )

y max ← 6ra1 y max ← Rgrindw (R w , m x1, ra1 + 5 R w )
ycusp ← 0,5 ⋅ ( y min+ y max ) ycusp ← 0,5 ⋅ ( y min + y max )
while d RM 2 D ( ycusp, D ) > 0,0000001 while d R M 2 D ( ycusp, D ) > 0,0000001
ZERO(D ) := ZERO(D ) :=
y min ← ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) < 0 y min ← ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) > 0
y max ← ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) > 0
y max ← ycusp if d RM2D ( ycusp, D ) < 0
ycusp ← 0,5 ⋅ ( y min+ y max )
ycusp ← 0,5 ⋅ ( y min + y max )
return ycusp
return ycusp

The coordinate of the cusp is obtained by calculation xD ( ycusp, D ) and yD ( ycusp, D ) (Equations (86) and
(87)).
For the different offset planes the cusps give the line of cusp points (see Figure 30). This line has to be
outside of the zone of contact other wise it limits the maximum potential contact and reduces the load
capacity.
At each point of cusp the equivalent radius of curvature is equal to zero the other reason to avoid this line in
the zone of contact.
Line of cusp points
Line of start of active profile

points or start of zone of
contact
Line of zero contact pressure

angle points
In BLACK it is the ROOT CYLINDER of the WORM - In BLUE it is the OUTSIDE CYLINDER of the
WORM.
In GREEN it is the limit given by the ROOT ACTIVE radius on the WORM. Normally the lines of contact are
between that line and the outside circle of the worm in BLUE.
In RED it is the limit given by the CUSP. If this line is CROSSING the outside cylinder of the worm, there is
a LIMITATION of gear mesh. For the point of contact closed to CUSP LINE the radius of curvature is closed
to ZERO.
In FUCHSIA it is the limit given by the ZERO PRESSURE ANGLE - When this line is near ROOT ACTIVE
lines there is a LIMITATION of gear mesh.
Figure 30 — The cusp line, the zero pressure angle line, the active root line for worm
10 Geometry of contact
In fact the development of the equations for the profile of the worm is function of 2 parameters yp and D.
With the partial derivative according to these 2 parameters of the vector which define the coordinate vector
of a point of the worm we are able to obtain 2 vectors of the tangential plane to the worm.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
⎛ xD yp , D ( )⎞⎟
( ⎜
P yp , D = ⎜ yD yp , D) ( )⎟ (112)
⎜ D ⎟
⎝ ⎠
10.1 Tangent plane at point of contact
With the derivation according to yp:
⎛ d x D yp , D ( )⎞⎟
( ⎜
)
T 1 yp , D = ⎜ d y D yp , D ( )⎟ (113)
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
And TD1 the normalised vector is:
(
TD1 yp , D = ) ( )
T 1 yp , D
(114)
T 1(yp , D )
With the derivation according to D:
d DxD yp , D = ( ) cos δ D ( (
pz2
)) ( )
yp , D ⋅ y x yp
(115)
(
d DyD yp , D = − tan δ D yp , D ) ( ( )) (116)
⎛ d DxD yp , D ( )⎞⎟
( ⎜
)
T 2 yp , D = ⎜ d DyD yp , D ( )⎟ (117)
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
And TD2, the normalised vector is:
(
TD 2 yp , D = ) ( )
T 2 yp , D
(118)
T 2( y p , D )
10.2 Normal plane at point of contact
The unit normal vector to the point of contact: (orientation from the inside to the outside of the worm) is
given by:
NORMAL yp , D = ( ) ( ) ( )
TD2 yp , D × TD1 yp , D
(119)
TD 2(yp , D )× TD1(yp , D )
nNxy yp , D = ( ) (NORMAL(yp , D )1 )2 + (NORMAL(yp , D )2 )2 (120)

(
⎛ NORMAL yp , D 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
)
⎜ (
nNxy yp , D )
⎟
(
⎜ NORMAL y , D ⎟ )
( )
NormalNxy yp , D = ⎜
⎜ (
p
nNxy yp , D
2⎟
)
⎟
(121)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
10.3 Zone of contact
The zone of contact is limited in each offset plane by the active radius at the root of the worm and the tip
radius of the worm or the cusp radius when there is limited conjugate contact.
In longitudinal direction (along the face width of the worm wheel) the limitation is the face width of the worm
wheel, or the tip radius of the worm for important values of face width or the cusp curve when there is
limited conjugate contact. See Figure 31
The zone the contact is the surface defined by all the path of contact in the different offset planes. It is
limited by the tip cylinder of the worm and the external surface of the worm wheel defined by the external
cylinder and external throat surface.
In the case of chamfering, those limits are respectively the addendum active cylinder of the worm and the
active tip line at the tip of the worm wheel teeth.
In case of cusp in the gear mesh the zone of contact is limited by the cusp.
INTRODUCE THE DEFINITION OF SAP

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 31 — Zone of contact
The lines of contact are moving on the surface limited by the zone of contact.
In each offset plane, the zone of contact (Figures 31, 34) is limited by the start of active profile (point A in
Figure 23) and the end of active profile (point B in Figure 23) except if there is a cusp (point T of Figure 29).
In the last case the zone of contact is truncated as in Figure 34.
This calculation has to be done for all offset planes. It is recommended to use between 30 and 80 offset
planes uniformly distributed along the worm wheel face width.
10.4 Lines of contact
A line of contact is composed of all the conjugate points between the flank of worm and the conjugate flank
of the worm wheel for a relative position of the worm gear set.
Several threads of the worm can be simultaneously in contact.

Figure 32 — Zone of contact and Lines of contact for one relative position of worm and worm wheel
(here 3 threads are in contact for this relative position)
Figure 33 — Path of contact, zone of contact and lines of contact for one relative position of worm
and worm wheel

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 34 — Path of contact, zone of contact and lines of contact for one relative position of worm
and worm wheel
(
The equation of the lines of contact Fcont yp , D = 0 is given by:)
( ) ( ) ( ) (
Fcont yp , D = xD yp , D ⋅ tan α D yp , D + yD yp , D − rw1 ) (122)
Coordinate of a point of contact: For this we consider only the point along the path of contact (in fact for a
relative position between the worm and the worm wheel there are 1 or 3 points of contact).
For the worm (0M):
(
⎛ xlD yp , D )⎞
( ) ⎜
(
M 1 y p , D = ⎜ yD y p , D )⎟⎟ (123)
⎜ D ⎟
⎝ ⎠
For the worm wheel (02M):
⎛ (
xlD yp , D ) ⎞
( ) ⎜
M 2 y p , D = ⎜ − a w + yD y p , D( )⎟⎟ (124)
⎜ D ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The determination of lines of contact is made by the determination of points of contact.

First of all the relative position of the worm is set up by the parameter ΔxD (D ) of Equation (86). This value
is setup in order to obtain the first line of contact tangent to the zone of contact (see Figure 35), this is the
initial value ΔxDinit (D ) .
To determine the 1st line of contact, the calculation is made in all the offset planes used to determine the
( )
zone of contact. In each offset plane, the initial value of yp to calculate Fcont yp , D = 0 is initialized between
the values obtained for the start of active profile (point A in Figure 23) and the end of active profile (point B
in Figure 23) or the cusp (point T of Figure 29). So the point of contact is obtained easily.
To obtain the next line of contact the value of ΔxDinit (D ) is decreased by one time the axial pitch px1, and
again all the points of contact are determine in each offset planes.
The decrease of ΔxDinit (D ) by 2 times the axial pitch px1 is done to obtain the 2nd line of contact and so on
up to the position of the worm for which there is no more contact points, it means points of contact out of the
zone of contact.
To study a second relative position of the worm and the worm wheel the initial value ΔxDinit (D ) is
decreased by a portion of the axial pitch px1, px1/n where n is an integer corresponding to the number of
relative positions to study. (e.g. for 10 relative positions to study n=10) and the process is started again with
this new initial value.
10.5 Contact ratio
In a worm gear the contact ratio is obtained by the ratio of the distance between the 2 positions of the worm
defined when the first line of contact is tangent to the zone of contact and the last line of contact is tangent
to the zone of contact see Figure 35, divided by the axial pitch.

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure 35 Contact ratio
10.6 Tangent vector to the line of contact
To determine the vector TANGENT to the LINE OF CONTACT, we have to consider the equation of the
(
lines of contact Fcont yp , D = 0 . )
( )
The derivatives of Fcont yp , D have to be evaluated for the point the contact. It means that in the
( ) ( ) (
equations d yFcont yp , D and d DFcont y p , D , xD yp , D has to be replaced by x1D yp , D which satisfies ) ( )
the contact equation.
( ) ( ) ( )
d yFcont yp , D = x1D yp , D ⋅ d tan α D y p , D + d xD yp , D ⋅ tan α D y p , D + d yD yp , D ( ) ( ) ( ) (125)
( ) ( ) ( )
d DFcont yp , D = x1D yp , D ⋅ d D tan α D yp , D + d DxD yp , D ⋅ tan α D yp , D + d DyD yp , D ( ) ( ) ( ) (126)
With:
(
d Dδ D yp , D = ) ( )
1
y x yp ⋅ cos δ D yp , D ( ( )) (127)
( ) ( ( ))
d Dδ D yp , D = − sin δ D yp , D ⋅ tan α x yp ⋅ d Dδ D yp , D − ( ) ( ) p z2
(128)
( )2
y x yp
(
This is obtained by considering the derivative of Fcont yp , D at the point of contact, and it gives the relation )
between D and yp along the line the contact as the relation of partial derivatives.
(
d Dym yp , D = ) ( )
− d yFcont yp , D
d DFcont (yp , D )
(129)
To obtain the tangent vector to the lines of contact we have to take the total derivative according to yp (or
D)
( )
⎛ d xD yp , D + d DxD yp , D ⋅ d Dym yp , D
⎜
( ) ( )⎞⎟
( ) ( )
Tcont yp , D = ⎜ d yD yp , D + d DyD yp , D ⋅ d Dym yp , D ( ) ( )⎟ (130)
⎜
⎝ d Dym yp , D ( ) ⎟
⎠
And the unit vector is:
TN (yp , D ) = Tcont (yp , D ) (131)

Tcont (yp , D )
cont
Or:

⎛
⎜ d DxD yp , D +
d xD yp , D
( ) ( ) ⎞⎟
⎜ d Dym yp , D ( )⎟
(
⎜
)
Tcont1 yp , D = ⎜ d DyD yp , D +
d yD y p , D
( ) ( ) ⎟⎟
⎜ d Dym yp , D ( )⎟ (132)
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
And the unit vector is:
(
TN 1cont yp , D = ) ( )
Tcont1 yp , D
(133)
Tcont1(yp , D )
( ) ( )
r r
NOTE Tcont yp , D and Tcont1 yp , D are identical
10.7 Normal plane at point of contact
As the contact is linear along the lines of contact, according to EULER's theory on curvatures of surface,
the direction tangent to line of contact is ONE of the principal directions of curvature.
The SECOND principal direction of curvature is normal to that ONE and can be obtain with the vector
product between the tangent vector to the line of contact and the normal to the tangent plane of contact.
( ) ( ) ( )
Those 3 vectors [ TN cont yp , D , B yp , D , B yp , D ] defines the trihedral of DARBOUX RIBAUCOUR.
( ) ( )
B yp , D = TN cont yp , D × NORMAL yp , D ( ) (134)
10.8 Principal equivalent radius of curvature
For a point of contact, the equivalent of curvature reaches MIN and MAX values called PRINCIPAL
RADIUS OF CURVATURE when we consider its projection in the MAIN PLANES.
In a point of contact, those MAIN PLANES are defined as follow:
⎯ The MAX equivalent of curvature is always in the plane defined by the normal at the surface of the
worm and the vector tangent to the instantaneous line of contact,
⎯ The MIN equivalent of curvature is always in the plane defined by the normal at the surface of the
worm and the vector normal to the instantaneous line of contact.
This equivalent radius of curvature in an offset plane (see 9.5) has to be projected in the 2 main planes of
curvature, which are in this particularly case:
a) the plane normal to the instantaneous line of contact between the flanks of worm and worm wheel,
crossing the studied point of contact,
b) the plane tangent to the instantaneous line of contact between the flanks of worm and worm wheel,
crossing the studied point of contact, and
c) In this last plane the curvature is zero because the contact is locally linear.
At each point of contact we can define in an offset plane 3 vectors as follow:

ISO/DTR 10828.2
⎯ a tangent vector to the worm and worm wheel profile,
⎛ (
sin α D yp , D ) ⎞
tD ( )
⎜
yp , D = ⎜ cos(arctan(tan α D yp , D ( )))
⎟
⎟ (135)
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎯ a normal vector to the worm and worm wheel profile,
⎛ cos(arctan(tan α D yp , D ( )))⎞⎟
nD ( )
⎜
yp , D = ⎜ − sin α D yp , D ( ) ⎟ (136)
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎯ a vector normal to the offset plane.
⎛0⎞
( ⎜ ⎟
bD yp , D = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ) (137)
⎜ 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
The radius of curvature is projected along the normal to the point of contact contained in the offset plane.
First of all we have to determine the radius of curvature projected along the normal to the common tangent
plane of conjugate flanks at the contact point.
The angle of projection is obtained by the scalar product between the 2 normal vectors.
(
Reqxy y p , D )
Req1 y p , D =( ) (138)
( )
NORMAL y p , D ⋅ NormalNxy y p , D ( )
EULER's formula on the radius of curvature of a surface is applicable. It gives the curvature C, in function of
the 2 principal curvatures C' and C" and the angle ζ to direction of the curvature C' and the curvature C. The
relation which classify C ' and C" is: C" < C'.
EULER's formula is: C = C ' ⋅ cos 2 (ζ ) + C '' ⋅ sin2 (ζ ) (139)
In our case because the profiles are conjugate we have always C"=0 (The contact is linear and the radius of
curvature along the line the contact is infinite or the curvature equal to zero).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
Re q yp , D = Re q1 yp , D ⋅ tD yp , D ⋅ B yp , D (140)
11 Velocities at contact point
11.1 Velocity of a point of worm
The angular velocity of the worm (rd/s) is given by:
n1
ω w1 = π ⋅ (141)
30
The angular velocity vector of the worm (rd/s) is given by:

⎛ ω w1 ⎞
ω1 = ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ (142)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
Velocity of a point of the thread of the worm (in m/s):
( )
V1 yp , D = 10 − 3 ω1 × M 1 yp , D ( ) (143)
Velocity of a point of worm wheel
The angular velocity vector of the worm wheel (rd/s) is given by:
⎛ x1D (yp , D ) ⎞⎟
( ⎜
)
M 2 yp , D = ⎜ − a w + yD (yp , D )⎟ (144)
⎜ D ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Velocitiy of a point of the thread of the worm wheel (in m/s):
( )
V2 yp , D = 10 − 3 ω 2 × M 2 yp , D ( ) (145)
11.2 Relative velocity between 2 conjugate flanks
The relative velocity between the 2 flanks (in m/s) (this is the sliding velocity):
Erreur ! Des objets ne peuvent pas être créés à partir des codes de champs de mise en forme. (146)
This relative sliding velocity can be projected in the common tangent plane to the point of contact in 2
directions:
⎯ one normal to the line of contact,
⎯ the second tangent to the line of contact.
( ) (
V1n yp , D = V1 yp , D ⋅ B yp , D ) ( ) (147)
( ) (
V2n yp , D = V2 yp , D ⋅ B yp , D ) ( ) (148)
It results the projection of these velocities on the common normal at the point of contact are equal.
( ) ( ) (
VSn yp , D = V1n yp , D − V2n yp , D = VS yp , D ⋅ TN 1cont yp , D ) ( ) ( ) (149)
11.3 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact
The direction of the velocity of points of contact is obtained with the determination of the tangent vector to
the path of contact in an offset plane:
( )
d y lD y p , D = d y lD y p , D ( ) (150)
(
d xlD y p , D = ) −1
( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
⋅ d y lD y p , D ⋅ tan α D y p , D − y lD y p , D ⋅ d tan α D y p , D )) (151)
(
tan α D y p , D )2

ISO/DTR 10828.2
(
d y lD y p , D )
(
tan ε D y p , D = ) d xlD y p , D( ) (152)
(
d xD d yD yp , D = ) 1
(
tan ε D yp , D ) (153)
11.4 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact
Velocity of the contact point along the path of contact in an offset plane:
10 − 3 ⋅ ω w1⋅ p z2
(
⎛ d xD d yD yp , D )⎞⎟
(
VcD yp , D = ) (
tan α D yp , D − d xD d yD yp , D) ( )
⎜
⋅⎜ 1 ⎟ (154)
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
( )
VcDn yp , D = VcD yp , D ⋅ B yp , D ( ) ( ) (155)
11.5 Velocity at the point of contact
Velocity of the contact point on the worm:
( )
Vc1n yp , D = V1n yp , D − VcDn yp , D ( ) ( ) (156)
Velocity of the contact point on the worm wheel:
( )
Vc2n yp , D = V2n yp , D − VCDn yp , D ( ) ( ) (157)
( )
VDn yp , D is the projection along the normal to the line of contact in the common tangent plane at the
contact point
( )
VSUMn yp , D = Vc1n yp , D + Vc2n yp , D ( ) ( ) (158)

Annex A
(informative)
Settings and derivates of A, I, N profiles equations
A.1 Introduction
This Annex contains the detailed for equation of profile in the axial plane of the worm ox X-Y plane
according to the conventions of Figure 5
A.2 Equations of the profile in the X-Y plane for type A worms
See Figures 6 to 7 and A.1 for the setting of type A worms, where:
α ot is the transverse pressure angle of the cutter
α on is the normal pressure angle of the cutter (see Equation (19))
γ1 is the lead angle of threads.
Figure A.1 — Generation of Type A profile
For a point (xx, yx) at a distance yx from the worm axis:
x x = y x ⋅ tan(α ot ) = y x ⋅ tan(α on ) / cos(γ 1 ) (A.1)
and

ISO/DTR 10828.2
tan(α x ) = tan(α ot ) (A.2)
A.3 Equations of the profile in the X-Y plane for type I worms
See Figures 9 to 11 for the setting of type I worms, where:
pz1 is the lead;
rb1 is the base radius; (see Equation (21))
γ b1 is the base lead angle; (see Equation (20))
γ1 is the reference lead angle.
Figure A.2 — Generation of Type I profile
For a point (xx, yx) at a distance yx from the worm axis:
P y x2 − rb21
x x = z1 arctan + y x2 − rb21 . tan(γ b1 ) (A.3)
2.π rb

y x2 − rb21 Pz1
tan(α x ) = . (A.4)
rb1 2.π . y x
A.4 Equations of the profiles in the X-Y plane for type N worms
See Figures 12 and 13 for the setting of type N worms, where:
px1 is the axial pitch;
pz1 is the lead;
r'b1 is the radius of a notional base circle;
r'b1 is the lead angle of the notional base helix;
A is the distance from the worm axis to virtual point of the cutter (see ref.[1]);
γ1 is the lead angle of the reference helix;
α on is the normal pressure angle of the cutter;
d1 is the reference diameter of the worm.
Figure A.3 — Generation of Type N profile

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Figure A.4 — Profile N: Convention for equations
For a point (xx, yx) at radial distance yx from the worm axis:
⎧ ⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎫
pz1 ⎪ ⎜ y x − r 'b1 ⎟ ⎪
xx = ⋅ ⎨arctan⎜ ⎟ − θ ⎬+ y x2 − r 'b21 ⋅ tan(γ 'b1 ) (A.5)
2.π ⎪ ⎜ r ' b1 ⎟ ⎪
⎩ ⎝ ⎠ ⎭

Figure A.5 — Profile N: Generatrix with pseudo base radius
With:
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ A − r 'b1 ⎟
θ = arctan⎜ ⎟ (A.6)
⎜ r 'b1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
pz1 ⋅ r 'b1+2 ⋅ π ⋅ y x ⋅ tan(γ 'b1)

tan(α x ) = (A.7)
2 ⋅ π ⋅ y x y x2 − rx21
Where:

ISO/DTR 10828.2
r 'b1
tan(γ 'b ) = (A.8)
A ⋅ tan(γ 1 )
A ⋅ sin(γ 1 ) ⋅ tan(α on )
r 'b1 = (A.9)
1 − (sin(γ 1 ) ⋅ tan(α on ))2
1 ⎛ cos(γ 1) ⎞
A= ⋅ ⎜⎜ d1 − pz1 ⋅ ⎟ (A.10)
2 ⎝ 2 ⋅ tan(α on ) ⎟⎠
A.5 Second derivative of axial Profile equation
⎡ ⎡ ⎛ 2⎤ ⎤
⎞
( )
d 2 x x yp = ⎢− a1 ⋅ a 2 ⋅ ⎢2 − ⎜ 2
⎢ ⎢ ⎜ yp
a ⎟
⎟
⎥ − a ⋅a 2⎥ ⋅
⎥ 3 2 ⎥
1
3
(A.11)
⎢⎣ ⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎥⎦ ⎛
⎜ p2 − 2 ⎞2
y a 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
( )
d 2 y x yp = 0 (A.12)

Annex B
(informative)
Setting and derivates of K and C profiles equations
B.1 Equations for K profile

Where:
C is the cutter spindle/worm centre distance;
γ1 is the reference lead angle;
pz1 is the lead;
(yGW, xGW(yGW)) are the coordinates of a point on the tool flank when the origin is at the point of
intersection of the tool axis and the tool median plane, with the x-axis as the tool
spindle axis and the abscissa on the trace of the median plane;
d1 reference diameter of the worm;
px axial pitch;
αon normal pressure angle of the tool.
B.1.1 Equation of the profile of the grinding wheel:
Equations of the profile of a bi-conical grinding wheel (Figure 16):
Like type I profile, profile K is convex in axial planes.
Figure B.1 — Profile K - Grinding wheel profile
x3 has to be changed in xGW (yGW)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
g(x3) has to be changed in yGW
One of the advantages of this type is that the two flanks of a thread space can be machined simultaneously.
A disadvantage is that the form of the thread flanks varies with tool diameter, so the reproductibility is
approximated.
NOTE 1 The smaller the diameter of the tool, the more nearly the normal profiles of the thread spaces approach
those of type N worms and the larger the tool diameter the more nearly the forms of the thread flanks approach those of
type I worms.
NOTE 2 It is possible to machine type K worms with conical milling cutter. The flank surfaces have facets resulting of
the cutting discontinuity causes by cutting tooth pitch.
t
a
n
α
(y )= x ( )⋅ (y )
w
G
W
m
s
G
W
G
W
a
x − −R (B.1)
α
(y )=
G
W
G
W
(B.2)
With:
yGW radius of grinding wheel which generate the point on the worm.
Rp is the radius of the circle of intersection of both conical surfaces of the grinding wheel flanks.
f
1
d
0
G
W
a
a =R +
(B.3)
m2
1
d
w
R =a −
(B.4)
c
o
s
(π ⋅ m )⋅ (γ )
x
1
x2
1
−s
m
s
x = (B.5)
B.2 Alternatives equations for C profiles
Equations enabling determination of the axial sections of worms
With the basic data of the tool indicated in Figure 17, the parameters Rw, xw and αw may be derived for any
point Pw of the tool profile.
On the basis of these three parameters and with the equations provided below, the coordinates x, r, of an
axial profile and the angle α of the tangent may be determined for any point P of the profile of a worm.
Symbols:
a0 refers to the worm/tool centre distance (length of the common perpendicular to the
worm/tool axes);
pz1 refers to the lead of the worm threads;
γ refers to the thread angle;
1
Rw, xw, αw see Figure 18;
x, r, α see Figure 19.

B.2.1 Equation of the profile of the grinding wheel:
⎛ R w − ym ⎞
α w ( ym ) = arcsin⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − ⎟⎟
⎝ ρ ⎠ (B.6)
x w ( ym ) = xms + ρ ⋅ (cos(α w ( ym )) − cos(α 0 )) (B.7)
Figure B.2 — Profile C - Axial section of the tool
y w ( ym ) = ym (B.8)
With:
xms =
(π ⋅ mx − s x1 ) ⋅ cos(γ 1 ) (B.9)
2
d f1
a0 = Rp + (B.10)
2
d m1
R w = a0 − (B.11)
2
B.3 Derivates for K profile
B.3.1 First derivative of K Profile equation
dα GW ( y GW ) = 0 (B.12)
d x GW ( y GW ) = − tan(α 0 ) (B.13)

ISO/DTR 10828.2
B.3.2 Second derivative of K Profile equation
d 2α GW ( yGW )0 (B.14)
d2 x GW ( y GW ) = 0 (B.15)
B.3.3 Third derivative of K Profile equation
d 3α GW ( yGW ) = 0 (B.16)
d 3 x GW ( y GW ) = 0 (B.17)
B.4 Derivates for C profile
B.4.1 First derivative of C Profile equation
dα WG ( yGW ) =
1
(B.18)
1
⎡ ⎛ RGWm − y GW ⎞
2⎤2
ρ ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
d xGW ( yGW ) = − ρ ⋅ sin(α GW ( yGW )) ⋅ dα GW ( yGW ) (B.19)
B.4.2 Second derivative of C Profile equation
⎛ R − yGW ⎞
d 2α GW ( yGW ) = ⋅ ⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − GWm
1
⎟⎟ (B.20)
3
⎝ ρ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ RGWm − yGW ⎞
2⎤2
ρ 2 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
d 2 xGW ( y GW ) = ρ ⋅ cos(α GW ( y GW )) ⋅ d α GW ( y GW )2 − ρ ⋅ sin(α GW ( y GW )) ⋅ d 2α GW ( y GW ) (B.21)
B.4.3 Third derivative of C Profile equation
2
⎛ R − yGW ⎞
d 3α GW ( yGW ) = ⋅ ⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − GWm
3
⎟⎟
5
⎝ ρ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ R − yGW ⎞
2⎤2
ρ 3 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − GWm ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
(B.22)
1
+
3
⎡ ⎛ R − yGW ⎞
2⎤2
ρ 3 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ sin(α 0 ) − GWm ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣

d 3 xGW ( y GW ) = ρ ⋅ sin(α GW ( y GW )) ⋅ d α GW ( y GW )3
−3 ρ ⋅ cos(α GW ( y GW )) ⋅ d α GW ( yGW ) ⋅ d 2α GW ( yGW ) (B.23)
− ρ ⋅ sin(α GW ( y GW )) ⋅ d 3α GW ( yGW )
B.5 Second derivative for K/C profile for c2(yGW) et c3(yGW)
⎛ 2 ⋅ d2 xGW ( y GW ) 2 ⋅ y GW y GW ⎞
d 2c2( y GW ) = ⎜ d 2 xGW ( y GW ) − + ⋅ d 2 xGW ( y GW )2 − ⋅ d 3 xGW ( y GW )⎟ ⋅ sin(γ m1 ) (B.24)
⎜ d xGW ( y GW ) 2
d xGW ( y GW )3
d xGW ( y GW )2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ a ⋅ sin(γ ) − p ⋅ cos(γ ) ⎞
d 2c3( yGW ) = 2⎜ 0 m1 z2 m1 ⋅ d 2 x ( yGW )2 ⎟
⎜ d xGW ( yGW )3 ⎟
GW
⎝ ⎠ (B.25)
a ⋅ sin(γ m1 ) − pz2 ⋅ cos(γ m1 )
− 0 ⋅ d 3 xGW ( yGW )
d xGW ( yGW )2
B.6 Second derivative for K/C profile for ε w ( yGW )
B.6.1 First derivation of the 1st term of d 2ε w ( yGW )
(See subclause 6.6.2.1 and 6.6.2.3.2 for ε w ( yGW ) and d ε w ( yGW )
d 2c3( y GW ) d c3( y GW ) ⋅ (c 2 ( y GW ) ⋅ d c2( y GW ) − c3 ( y GW ) ⋅ d c3( y GW ))

d Aε w ( y GW ) = − (B.26)
( ) ( )
1 3
c12 + c 2 ( y GW ) − c3 ( y GW )
2 2 2
c12 + c2 ( y GW ) − c3 ( y GW )
2 2 2
B.6.2 First derivation of the 2nd term of d 2ε w ( y GW )
BNε w ( y GW ) = −c 3 ( y GW ) ⋅ c 2 ( y GW ) ⋅ d c2( y GW ) (B.27)
and
d BNε w ( yGW ) = − d c3 ( yGW ) ⋅ c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ d c2( yGW ) − c3 ( yGW ) ⋅ d c2( yGW )2 − c3 ( yGW ) ⋅ c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ d 2c2( yGW ) (B.28)
B.6.3 First derivation of the 3rd term of d 2ε w ( y GW )
⎛ 2 d c2( yGW )2 ⋅ c2 ( yGW ) ⎞⎟ c1

d Cε w ( yGW ) = ⎜ − d 2c2( yGW ) + ⋅ (B.29)
⎜
⎝ c1 + c2 ( yGW )
2 2
⎠ c1 + c2 ( yGW )
⎟ 2 2
B.6.4 First derivation of the numerator of the 2nd term of d 2ε w ( y GW )
( )( )
1
BDε w ( y GW ) = c12 + c 2 ( y GW )2 ⋅ c12 + c 2 ( y GW )2 − c 3 ( y GW )2 2 (B.30)
( )
1
d BDε w ( yGW )2c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ d c2( yGW ) ⋅ c12 + c2 ( yGW )2 − c3 ( yGW )2 2 + (B.31)
)( )
−1
(c 1
2
+ c2 ( yGW )2 ⋅ c12 + c2 ( yGW )2 − c3 ( yGW ) 2 2
⋅ (c2 ( yGW ) ⋅ d c2( yGW ) − c3 ( yGW ) ⋅ d c3( yGW ))

ISO/DTR 10828.2
d BNε w ( y GW ) ⋅ BDε w ( y GW ) − d BDε w ( y GW ) ⋅ BNε w ( y GW )

d BDε w ( y GW ) = (B.32)
BDε w ( y GW )2
B.6.5 Second derivative for K/C profile for ε w ( y GW )
d 2ε w ( y GW ) = d Aε w ( y GW ) + d BDε w ( y GW ) + d Cε w ( y GW ) (B.33)
B.7 Second derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel:
d 2 xc uw ( y GW ) = d 2 xc GW ( y GW ) ⋅ cos (γ m1 ) −
(2 cos (ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ dε w ( y GW ) − y GW ⋅ sin(ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ d ε w ( y GW )2 + (B.34)
y GW ⋅ cos (ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ d 2ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ sin(γ m1 )
d 2 ycuw ( y GW ) = 2 sin(ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ d ε w ( y GW ) +
(B.35)
y GW ⋅ cos(ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ d ε w ( y GW )2 + y GW ⋅ sin(ε w ( y GW )) ⋅ d 2ε w ( y GW ))
d 2 zcuw ( yGW ) = − d 2 xGW ( yGW ) ⋅ sin(γ m1 ) − (B.36)

(2 cos(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ d ε w ( yGW ) − yGW ⋅ sin(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ d ε w ( yGW ) + yGW ⋅ cos(ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ d 2ε w ( yGW )) ⋅ cos(γ m1 )
2
B.8 Second derivative of point generated by the grinding wheel projected in the
axial plane of worm:
d 2 zcuw ( yGW ) ⋅ ycuw ( yGW ) − zcuw ( yGW ) ⋅ d 2 ycuw ( yGW )
d 2φ x ( yGW ) = −
ycuw ( yGW )2 + zcuw ( yGW )2 (B.37)
ycuw ( yGW ) ⋅ d ycuw ycuw ( yGW ) + zcuw ycuw ( yGW ) ⋅ d zcuw
2(d zcuw ( yGW ) ⋅ ycuw ( yGW ) − zcuw ( yGW ) ⋅ d ycuw ( yGW )) ⋅
(yc ( yGW )2 + zcuw ( yGW )2 )
2
uw
d 2 x x ( yGW ) = d 2 xcuw ( yGW ) − p z 2 ⋅ d 2φ x ( yGW ) (B.38)
d 2 yc uw (y GW ) 2d2 yc uw (y GW )
d 2 y x (y GW ) = + ⋅ sin(φ x (y GW )) ⋅ dφ x (y GW ) +
cos(φ x (y GW )) cos(φ x (y GW ))2 (B.39)
⎛ 2 ⋅ sin(φ (y
x GW )) yc uw (y GW )
2 ⎞
⎟ ⋅ yc (y
uw GW ) ⋅ dφ x (y GW ) + ⋅ sin(φ x (y GW )) ⋅ d 2φ x (y GW )
⎜ 1 2
+
⎜ cos(φ (y ))3 cos(φ x (y GW )) ⎟ (φ x (y GW ))2
⎝ x GW ⎠ cos
d2x x (y GW ) dx x (y GW ) ⋅ d 2 y x (y GW )
d tan α c (y GW ) = − (B.40)
dy x (y GW ) dy x (y GW )2

Annex C
(informative)
Algorithm to determine the point of generations of worm and worm

wheel
C.1 Algorithm to determine the point of the grinding wheel which generates a
point of the axial profile
For C and K Profiles the algorithm to determine the radius grinding wheel which generates a point of the
axial profile of the worm is the following:
m m h
i
n x l
y ← 0,2 ⋅ R
a
w
1
x
f
1
y ←R +r −m
g
r
i
n
d
,
,1
w
i
e m m g
(R w )= [0,5( y min+ y max )] − rworm > 0,0000001

x
f
w
o
r
m
x n x n
R m r y C.1
i a i
0
,
5 ,
m m
i
n i
m m
a a m
x x a
i
f i
0
,
0 ,
⋅ (y ) [y [0,5( y min+ y max )] − rworm ] >
x x
y ← +y
0
5 0
n i
0
0
y ← ⋅ (y +y ) [y [0,5( y min+ y max )] − rworm ] <
r
d
,
5
m
n
R ← ⋅ (y +y )
r
e
t
u
r
n
g
r
i
n
d
C.2 Algorithm to determine the point of generation of a worm wheel

For A, I, N Profiles the algorithm to determine the radius Rworm of the axial plane which generates a
conjugate profile on the circle radius rWheel of the worm wheel is the following:
m m h
i
n a
f
1 a D
y ←r
x e m m w
10 0
y ←r
,
,1
,1
w
i
l
,
5 5 a
m m
i
n n 5
m m M
a a
x x 0D m
, i
0
,
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
C.2
Rworm (D r r )= [ ⋅ (y ) D] − r
f
a
W
h
e
e
l
M n x r
2
W
h
e
e
l
r r +y >
i a o
i 0
f ,
0
,
5
m a
i
n x
m -
a W
x h
, e
-
0
,
0
⋅ (y ) [r [ ⋅ (y ) D] r ]>
M
2
Dm
W0
h,
e0
e
l
y ← +y +y
, m
f i
i
i
n
m
,
[r [ ⋅ (y ) D] ]<
10
e
l
y ←r ← +y r
m
,
5
a
x
R ← ⋅ (y +y )
r
e
t
u
r
n
w
o
r
m
For C and K Profiles the algorithm to determine the radius grinding wheel which generates a conjugate
profile on the circle radius rWheel of the worm wheel is the following:

ISO/DTR 10828.2
m m g
i
n a
f
1 a5
y ← Rm
x n
0
y ← Rm
r
i
d
0
,
m d d n
i
n , i
m 2 D D
a D
x
R ← ⋅ (y +y )
w
h
i
l
e m m g
g
r
i
n
- M
0
,
0 n
0 d
0
0
0
1
(R )
M n x n
2
D
e
>
w
o
r
m
,
,1
,1
r D r
(D rf )=
a
W
h
e
e
l
i a r
g
r
i
n r
f i
g
r
i
,
0
,
0 ,
R r r C.3
(r (R D) − r )>
2 M
W
h
e
e
l
y ←R
g 0
i 5
d
f m
g
r
i
n
d
,
0
0
(r (R D) − r )<
W
h
e
e
l
y ←R
i
d
i
n
m
a
x
R ← ⋅ (y +y )
r
e
t
u
r
n
w
o
r
m
R
The active root radius of worm can be calculated according to the outside radius of the worm wheel:
.
w
o
r
m
W
W
,
,1
,l
(D ) = R (D (D ))
A
C
T
f
a
.
e
2
D
yp r r r C.4

Annex D
(informative)
Algorithm to determine lines of contact and non-dimensional

parameters

ISO/DTR 10828.2
Annex E
(informative)
Examples

Bibliography
[1] M. DENIS and M. OCTRUE, Note technique CETIM n°22, Cylindrical worm gear geometry, Ed.
CETIM - Senlis - FRANCE – 1982

Worm Gears PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Worm Gears PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO/TC 60/SC 1/WG 7 N 308

ISO/TC 60/SC 1/WG 7

Worm gears — Worm profiles and gear mesh geometry

Document type: Technical Report

H:\Secteur1\Projets\ISO\ISO TR 10828\ISO_DTR_10828_N308_2011-04-12.doc STD Version 2.2

Violators may be prosecuted.

ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii

11.4 Velocity at the contact point along the path of contact.................................................................. 53

iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v

⎯ the type of machining process (turning, milling, grinding);

⎯ the shapes of edges or surfaces of the cutting tools used;

⎯ the tool position relative to an axial plane of the worm;

vi © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

Worm gears — Worm profiles and gear mesh geometry

ISO 1122-2, Vocabulary — Worm gears

ISO 701, International gear notations — Symbols for geometrical data

ISO/TR 14521, Worm gears — Load capacity of worm gears

3 Symbols and abbreviated terms

Table 1 — Symbols for worm gears

Symbols Description Units Figures Equation

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1

da 1 worm tip diameter mm 13

2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

Symbols Description Units Figures Equation

pn1 normal pitch mm 7

sn1 normal worm tooth thickness in normal section mm 17

vΣ sum velocity (entertainment) m/s 53

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3

Table 2 — Indices for worm gears

4 Formulae for calculation of dimensions

4.1 Parameters for a cylindrical worm

4.1.1 Axial pitch

4.1.2 Axial module

4.1.4 Diametral factor

4.1.5 Reference lead angle

4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

4.1.6 Reference helix angle

4.1.7 Normal pitch on reference cylinder

pn1 = px1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (7)

4.1.8 Normal module

mn = mx1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (8)

4.1.9 Reference diameter

dm1 = q1 ⋅ mx1 (9)

4.1.10 Reference tooth depth

4.1.11 Reference addendum

where h*am1 is the addendum coefficient = 1 (normally)

4.1.12 Reference dedendum

© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 5

d a1 = dm1 + 2 ⋅ ham1 (13)

4.1.14 Root diameter

d f 1 = dm1 − 2 ⋅ hfm1 (14)

4.1.16 Reference tooth thickness in the axial section

4.1.17 Reference space width in the axial section

emx1 = p x1 − smx1 (16)

4.1.18 Normal tooth thickness

sn1 = smx1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (17)

4.1.19 Normal space width

en1 = emx1 ⋅ cos γ m1 (18)

4.1.20 Profile flank form

A is the straight sided axial thickness section