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At The End of This Unit Student Will Know/ Learn
At The End of This Unit Student Will Know/ Learn
PT Fault
Trip
Setting
Current from CT
Trip Signal
to CB Voltage from PT
Setting
Aditya Group of Engineering Colleges_EEE_SGP_Unit_3 5
In order to attain desired reliability, the power system
network is divided into different protection zones:
1. Generator Protection
2. Transformer Protection
3. Bus-bar & Feeder Protection
4. Transmission Line Protection
1
K I 2max I 2max cos 2t
2
Constant Dependent of time and
independent pulsating at double the
of time Supply frequency
Aditya Group of Engineering Colleges_EEE_SGP_Unit_3 15
The coil is energized by an operating quantity proportional to the
system current or voltage.
This quantity produces a magnetic flux which is in turn produces an
electromagnetic force, which is proportional to the square of the flux
in the air gap or square of the current.
Used mainly for protection of small machines.
Also used as auxiliary relay. (indicating flags, alarm relays etc.)
I1
I2
Pickup Value
Actuating Quantity
Operating Time
Very Inverse
iv. Inverse Definite Minimum Time 1
From CT
Operating time from the given Time-PSM at above calculated PSM = 10 is 2.8s.
This time is for TMS = 1.
Therefore, The actual operating time for TMS=0.4 will be 2.8 X 0.4 = 1.12s
Where K1, K2, K3 are constants, K3 being the torque due to the control-spring effect.
Neglecting the effect of spring used, which is very small, the torque
equation can be written as
T K1I 2 K 2V 2
A2 B2
Distance
-ve Torque
Directional
Relay
T K1VI cos( ) K 2V 2 K3
I K
K1VI cos( ) K 2 V 2 or cos( ) 2
V K1
K2 1
Y cos( ) or K
K1 Y cos( )
Z
or K or MK
cos( )
t1 M1
Zr
α φ
α
A R
V
I nI OR IZr V nIZr OR
Zr
V
nZr
Zr nZ r OR Zr Z nZ r
I
Where Z is fault point.
Offset characteristics gives sufficient time-delay
for the III zone unit.
When fault occurs in the zone of the II unit, it operates first and its tripping is not
blocked.
In case of power swings, the zone III unit operates first and blocks the tripping of the
zone II unit.
Aditya Group of Engineering Colleges_EEE_SGP_Unit_3 85
The main applications of offset MHO are:
1. Bus bar zone backup.
2. Carrier starting unit in distance/ carrier blocking schemes.
3. Power swing blocking. 25% Line
In a distance protective scheme employing 50% C
MHO relays, the third unit may be an offset MHO. 80% B M3
It provides backup protection. M2
The offset MHO relay has more tolerance to M1
arc resistance.
It can also see a close-up fault and fault which lies φ
behind the bus bar. Hence it is able to clear bus A
bar faults. Offset
(1-nZr)
Note: when a fault occurs, the voltage, current and phase angle change
instantaneously, whereas in case of power swing, the change slowly. This property is
utilized for the out of step blocking relay.
Aditya Group of Engineering Colleges_EEE_SGP_Unit_3 86
An angle impedance relay measures a component of the
impedance of the line at the relay location.
Its characteristic on RX diagram is a straight line and it is
inclined to the R-axis at any angle.
This relay is used in conjunction with other relays X
M Block
Used to limit the area of the MHO relay on the RX
diagram to make it less sensitive to power surges.
B
In this application relay is called a blinder. Z1 P
Trip (2Zr-Z)
Torque equation of the relay is given by Z C
900
T K1I2 K 2VI cos( ) K3 2Zr
φ α
In the case of reactance relay α=900. Zr N
But in case of OHM relay, it may have any value which R
governs the inclination of the characteristic with respect
to the R-axis
Aditya Group of Engineering Colleges_EEE_SGP_Unit_3 87
ZA Relay ZL Relay ZB
S
S
EA V EB
X
Reactance
Relay
MHO Relay
Impedance Relay
O R
φ R
R MHO
Impedance
Fig1. Effect of Arc Resistance Fig2. Effect of Arc Resistance Fig3. effect of arc resistance
on Impedance Relay on MHO Relay on distance relays
29 103 l
The arc resistance given by Warrington formula: R arc
1.4
I
16300(1.75S vt )
Taking into account the wind velocity and time: R arc
I1.4
L=length of the arc in meters in still air; I fault current in amperes
S= conductor spacing in meters; v= wind velocity in km/h
Aditya Group of Engineering Colleges_EEE_SGP_Unit_3 89
The effect of arc resistance and power surges plays an important role in the
selection of distance relays for a particular distance protective scheme.
1. Impedance Relay:
1. Moderately affected by both power surges and arc resistance, hence,
suitable for medium length line for phase fault relaying.
2. Reactance Relay:
1. As remains unaffected by arc resistance, it is preferred for ground fault
relaying.
2. Also used for phase fault relaying in case of a short line.
3. These are more affected by power surges, hence, they are suitable for
long transmission line.
4. Power surges remain for a shorter period on short lines, hence their effect
is unimportant.
Most of the present day static relays include a dc polarized relay as a slave
relay. This is an output device and does not perform the function of
comparison or measurement, but simply closes the contact.
For distance and directional protections, induction cup units are replaced by
rectifier bridge type static relays which employed dc polarized relays as slave
relays.