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Lesson 2. Simple Apprehension
Lesson 2. Simple Apprehension
Lesson 2. Simple Apprehension
Simple
Apprehension
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LANGUAGE
A set of symbols by which things, ideas, and
thoughts or feelings are communicated to others.
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE
1. Symbol – word/name/phrase signifying to something
2. Referent – thing/person symbolized
3. Reference – meaning existing between the symbol & the
referent
4. Subject – individual that uses the symbol
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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF
LANGUAGE
INFORMATIVE – claiming something about reality
whether true or false.
EXPRESSIVE – expressing some feeling/emotion
DIRECTIVE – attempting to influence behavior
WORD
Used as a sign of an idea
Arbitrary or man-made
Conventional (changes relatively)
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IDEA
Intellectual image of a thing or the intellectual
apprehension of a thing
ABSTRACTION
process of forming idea
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LOGICAL PROPERTIES (Idea)
1. COMPREHENSION – set of thought elements or
conceptual features contained in an idea.
2. EXTENSION – range or scope of individuals and
classes to which an idea may be applied.
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CLASSIFICATION OF IDEAS
MEANING EXAMPLE
1. Singular expresses a concept applicable to only ✓ President of the Philippines
one individual ✓ Miss Universe 2016
3. Transcendal ✓ Object
expresses a formal reason applicable
✓ Goodness
to individuals of different kind or class ✓ Nature
4. Particular expresses only a part of a universal ✓ Most teachers
Executive
JHRA Band Other people
Secretary
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THE TERM
✓ external representation of a concept and the
ultimate structural element of proposition.
ACCORDING TO MEANING
Homologous bearing the same meaning and applied Scientists, Filipino, man
to several individuals
Equivocal term that has more than one meaning Club, Bat, Green
Metaphorical term transferred from its proper King, Honor, Tiger, Beast
meaning and applied to something else
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ACCORDING TO EXTENSION
Common term may be applied to many persons or student, teacher, boy, food
objects
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ACCORDING TO COMPREHENSION
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DEFINITION
✓ A linguistic device that provides an explanation
or demonstration about the use of term.
✓ It is a statement that gives the meaning of a
term or a statement which explains what a term
means.
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TYPES OF DEFINITION
1. NOMINAL DEFINITION
explains or indicates the term itself, not the thing
signified by the term.
a) By giving the etymology of a term
b) By giving synonym or equivalent term
TYPES OF DEFINITION
2. CONNOTATIVE DEFINITION
gives the essential characteristics possessed in
common by the individual.
a) By the latter, property of a thing that is common
with other things
b) By the former, essential property that differentiates
it from other
TYPES OF DEFINITION
3. DENOTATIVE DEFINITION
makes the mening of a term clear by the application of
this term to its referent
a) Demonstrative – expresses something
b) Enumerative – listing objects/concepts
c) Ostensive – pointing out or showing the object
d) Extensive – giving examples
TYPES OF DEFINITION
4. DESCRIPTIVE DEFINITION
gives the meaning of a term by enumerating the
characteristics, whether essential, or accidental, of the
referent of that term
a) By giving the property (property – natural
characteristics of a thing)
b) By giving the maker or the purpose of the referent
TYPES OF DEFINITION
5. LEXICAL DEFINITION
gives a dictionary meaning of a word, or defines a word
as it is used by any community or group of people
TYPES OF DEFINITION
6. STIPULATIVE DEFINITION
given when someone is assigning a meaning to a word
in order to influence attitudes of change the actual
meaning of the word
TYPES OF DEFINITION
7. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
explain the way in which a scientific function works.
a) Instrumental operations – performed by various
devices for observations and measurements
b) Paper and Pencil Operation
c) Verbal Operation
d) Thought Experiment
RULES OF DEFINITION
1. Definitions should be clearer than the term to be
defined. The latter should not appear in the former.