Professional Documents
Culture Documents
It is an interactive PDF file just click on the content and you will be directed to the required page
www.madeeasy.in
2|Page How to use Virtual Calculator
General Instructions
Operation procedures and sequence of operations are totally different in Virtual
calculator. Hence all students are requested to practice the following procedures.
It is very weak calculator, can’t handle large equation at a time, we have to
calculate part by part.
Use more and more bracket for calculations
BODMAS rule should be followed
B → Bracket
O → Order (Power and roots)
D → Division
M → Multiplication
A → Addition
S → Subtraction
For answer must click on = [= means you have to click on this = button]
In the starting of any calculation you must click on C
[ C means you have to click on this C button]
For writing sin30 first write 30 and then click on sin (same procedure should be
follow for all trigonometric calculations)
[ sin means you have to click on this sin button]
Here mod button is simply a showpiece never press mod button. It is indicating
calculator is in deg mode or in rad mode. For changing degree mode to radian
mode you have to press radio ⊙ button.
Some functions
1. Exp
It is actually power of 10
2. ln
ln2 2 ln = 0.6931472
2ln2 2 * 2 ln = 1.386294
3ln5 3 * 5 ln = 4.828314
3. log
log100 100 log = 2
4. logyx
log10100 100 logyx 10 = 2
Note: you have to first type value of x then logyx button then value of y. Logically
value of x should be given first then value of y.
5. eX
e2 2 eX = 7.389056
5 e2 5 * 2 eX = 36.94528
6. 10X
102 2 10X = 100
7. Xy
23 2 xy 3 = 8
Note: you have to first type value of x then xy button then value of y. Logically
value of x should be given first then value of y.
𝛾 𝛾 1.4
𝑃2 𝛾−1 𝑃2 (𝛾−1) 5 (1.4−1)
� � ⟹ � � ⟹ � �
𝑃1 𝑃1 3
(5/3) xy 1.4/(1.4 – 1) = 5.111263
𝑦
8. √𝑥
32 √𝑥 5 = 2
5 𝑦
√32
Note: you have to first type value of x then √𝑥 button then value of y. Logically
𝑦
But in this case (1/5) is must you can’t use 32 xy 1/5 → wrong
9. |𝑥 |
|−5| 5 +/- = |𝑥| = 5
10. √
√5 5 √ = 2.236068
√32 + 42 =�(32 + 42 ) = ( 3 x2 + 4 x2 ) √ = 5
But
1
𝜎𝑒 = �[(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 ]
√2
1
𝜎𝑒 = �[(97.74 − 22.96)2 + (22.96 − 20)2 + (20 − 97.74)2 ]
√2
107.9089 / 2 √ = 76.30309
1
Therefore, 𝜎𝑒 = �[(97.74 − 22.96)2 + (22.96 − 20)2 + (20 − 97.74)2 ] = 76.30309
√2
11. 1/x
This is generally used at middle of calculation.
0.45𝑐𝑜𝑠12
1 − 0.45𝑠𝑖𝑛12
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
1.8 − 0.8 𝑥 − 10
=
2.0 − 0.8 60 − 10
1.8 − 0.8
𝑥 − 10 = (60 − 10) ×
2.0 − 0.8
1.8 − 0.8
𝑥 = 10 + (60 − 10) ×
2.0 − 0.8
y = A + Bx
xy = Ax + Bx2
Example:
Data x y xy x2
1 1 1 1 x1 12
2 2 2 2x2 22
3 3 3 3x3 32
∑𝑥 = 6 ∑𝑦 = 6 ∑𝑥𝑦 = 14 ∑𝑥 2 = 14
For ∑𝑥 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For ∑𝑦 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For ∑𝑥𝑦 1 * 1 + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 = 14
or 6 = 3 𝐴 + 6𝐵 … … … … . . (𝑖)
or 14 = 6A + 14 B … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖)
y = 0 + 1. x is the solution.
Production Engineering
0.45𝑐𝑜𝑠 12
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = (1−0.45𝑠𝑖𝑛 12)
Then find ∅
𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡17.3 + tan
(17.3 − 10)
1
𝛾 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 17.3 + tan
(17.3 − 10)
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 17.3
= 1 / 17.3 tan = 3.210630 M+ then press C button
Then find 𝛾
Velocity relations
𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
=
𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠(∅ − 𝛼)
𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠10
=
2.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(22.94 − 10)
𝑐𝑜𝑠10
𝑉𝑠 = 2.5 ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠(22.94 − 10)
Merchant Circle
𝑏𝑡 3×0.51
(i) 𝐹𝑠 = 𝜏𝑠 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ = 285 × (𝑠𝑖𝑛 20.15) [we have to use extra bracket for denominator]
(ii) 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(∅ + 𝛽 − 𝛼)
𝐹𝑠 1265.8
𝑂𝑟 𝑅 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(∅ + 𝛽 − 𝛼) �𝑐𝑜𝑠(20.15 + 33 − 10)�
Force Relations
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝐹𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
Turning
(i) 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆 = 0.32 𝑠𝑖𝑛75
𝐹 800
(ii) 𝑥
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 75) [We have to use extra bracket for denominator]
Specific Energy
𝐹 800
𝑒 = 1000𝑐 𝑓𝑑 = (1000 ×0.2×2) [We have to use extra bracket for denominator]
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
1.8 − 0.8 𝑥 − 10
=
2.0 − 0.8 60 − 10
1.8 − 0.8
𝑥 − 10 = (60 − 10) ×
2.0 − 0.8
1.8 − 0.8
𝑥 = 10 + (60 − 10) ×
2.0 − 0.8
100 30 𝑛
or 75
= �10 �
4
or 3
= 3𝑛
4
or 𝑙𝑛 �3� = 𝑛𝑙𝑛3
4
𝑙𝑛 � �
or 𝑛 = 3
(𝑙𝑛 3)
[We have to use extra bracket for denominator]
(4/3) ln / ( 3 ln ) = 0.2618593
(ii) Find C
C = 100 x 1200.3
𝑇 𝑛 60 0.204
(iii) 𝑉3 = 𝑉1 × �𝑇1 � = 30 × �30 �
3
30 * ( 60 / 30 ) xy 0.204 = 34.55664
1 1
90 0.45 60 0.3
(iv) � � > � �
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
90 0.45 60 0.3
or � � = � �
𝑥 𝑥
90 0.3 60 0.45
or � � =� � [Make power opposite]
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 0.45 60 0.45
or =
𝑥 0.3 900.3
60 0.45
or 𝑥 0.15
= = 60 xy 0.45 / 90 xy 0.30 = 1.636422
900.3
1
or 𝑥 = (1.636422)0.15
y = A + Bx
xy = Ax + Bx2
Example:
Data X y xy x2
1 1 1 1 x1 12
2 2 2 2x2 22
3 3 3 3x3 32
∑𝑥 = 6 ∑𝑦 = 6 ∑𝑥𝑦 = 14 ∑𝑥 2 = 14
For ∑𝑥 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For ∑𝑦 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For ∑𝑥𝑦 1 * 1 + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 = 14
or 6 = 3 𝐴 + 6𝐵 … … … … . . (𝑖)
or 14 = 6A + 14 B … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖)
y = 0 + 1. x is the solution.
6.5 1 − 0.2
𝑇𝑜 = �3 + �� �
0.5 0.2
Now 𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶
or 𝑉𝑜 (64)0.2 = 60
60
or 𝑉𝑜 = 64 0.2
Metrology
3
𝑖 = 0.45 √𝐷 + 0.001𝐷
3
𝑖 = 0.45 √97.98 + 0.001 × 97.98
𝒚
0.45 * 97.98 √𝒙 3 = + 0.001 * 97.98 = 2.172535
Rolling
∆ℎ 5
cos 𝛼 = 1 − = 1−
𝐷 600
If you want 𝛼 in radian after calculating 7.40198 just press * 𝜋/180 and you will
get 𝛼 = 0.129189 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Forging
𝜋𝑑 12 𝜋𝑑 22
(i) × ℎ1 = × ℎ2
4 4
ℎ1 50
𝑑2 = 𝑑1 × � = 100 × � = 100 × √2
ℎ2 25
or 100 * 2 √ = 141.4214
6 1
(ii) 𝑥𝑠 = 48 − � � 𝑙𝑛 � �
2×0.25 2×0.25
𝑥 2𝐾
(iii) 𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 ∫0 𝑠 �𝑃𝑠 + (𝑥𝑠 − 𝑥)� 𝐵𝑑𝑥
ℎ
𝑥𝑠
2𝐾 𝑥2
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2𝐵 �𝑃𝑠 𝑥 + �𝑥𝑠 𝑥 − ��
ℎ 2 0
2𝐾 𝑥 𝑠2
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2𝐵 �𝑃𝑠 𝑥𝑠 +
ℎ
�𝑥𝑠2 − 2
��
𝐾
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2𝐵 �𝑃𝑠 𝑥𝑠 + 𝑥𝑠2 �
ℎ
4.04
𝐹𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 × 150 × �16.16 × 39.68 + � 6
� × 39.682 �
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 510418.2 𝑁
𝐿
2𝜇
(𝐿−𝑥)
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 � 2𝐾𝑒 ℎ 𝐵𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑠
𝐿
2𝜇
(𝐿−𝑥)
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4𝐾𝐵 � 𝑒 ℎ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑠
2𝜇 𝐿
(𝐿−𝑥)
𝑒ℎ
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4𝐾𝐵 � �
2𝜇
−
ℎ 𝑥𝑠
4𝐾𝐵 2𝜇
(𝐿−𝑥 𝑠 )
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = �𝑒 0 − 𝑒 ℎ �
2𝜇
�− �
ℎ
2𝜇
2𝐾𝐵ℎ �(𝐿−𝑥 𝑠 )�
[Note: extra brackets are used]
��
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = � 𝜇
� �𝑒 ℎ − 1�
2 × 4.04 × 150 × 6 ��
2×0.25
�(48−39.68 )�
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = � � �𝑒 6 − 1�
0.25
This is very large calculation; this weak calculator can’t handle at once, we have
to calculate part by part
𝐹𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 29098.82 𝑁
Extrusion
𝜋𝑑𝑜2 𝑑𝑜
𝐹 = 2𝜎𝑜 × × 𝑙𝑛 � �
4 𝑑𝑓
𝜋 × 82 5
𝐹 = 2 × 400 × � � 𝑙𝑛 � �
4 4
Wire Drawing
(1+𝐵) 𝑟 2𝐵
(i) 𝜎𝑑 = 𝜎𝑜 �1 − �𝑟𝑓 � �
𝐵 𝑜
(1 + 1.7145) 5 2×1.7145
𝜎𝑑 = 400 × �1 − � � �
1.7145 6.25
It is a long calculation,
(1+1.7145 )
First calculate, 400 × = 400 * (1 +1.7145) / 1.7145 = 633.3040
1.7145
Then calculate,
5 2×1.7145
�1 − �6.25 � � = (1 –(5 / 6.25) xy (2 * 1.7145)) = 0.5347402
[At that time in your calculator 0.5347402 is present just multiply it with
previous value 633.3040]
𝑟 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 2×1.7145
Let � � =𝑥
6.25
(1+1.7145)
or 400 = 400 × 1.7145
[1 − 𝑥] + 𝑥 × 50
(1+1.7145 )
Calculate, 400 × = 400 * (1 +1.7145) / 1.7145 = 633.3
1.7145
or 400 = 633.3[1 − 𝑥] + 𝑥 × 50
1
or 𝑟𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6.25 × (0.4)2×1.7145
(ii) 𝐹 = 𝐿𝑡𝜏
( 25 x2 + 4 * 25 * 15) √ = 46.09772 mm
𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 1.5
(iv) 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = (𝑒 0.05 [Extra bracket for denominator]
𝑒 𝜀 1 ×𝑒 𝜀 2 ×𝑒 0.09 )
Casting
𝜋𝑑 2
(i) 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = × ℎ�𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 � × 𝑔
4
𝜋 × 0.1202
𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = � � × 0.180 × (11300 − 1600) × 9.81
4
𝑉 2
(ii) 𝑡𝑠 = 𝐵 �𝐴 �
B * (V / A) x2 = 0
Welding
𝑉 𝐼
(i) 𝑂𝐶𝑉
+ 𝑆𝐶𝐶 = 1
45 500
+ =1 … … . . (𝑖)
𝑂𝐶𝑉 𝑆𝐶𝐶
55 400
+ =1 … … . . (𝑖𝑖)
𝑂𝐶𝑉 𝑆𝐶𝐶
(55 × 5 − 45 × 4)
= (5 − 4) = 1
𝑂𝐶𝑉
or OCV = 95 V
45 500
+ =1
95 𝑆𝐶𝐶
500 45
or 𝑆𝐶𝐶 = �1 − 95�
500
or 𝑆𝐶𝐶 = 45
�1− �
95
Machine Tools
(𝐿+𝐴+𝑂)
(i) Turning time ( T ) = (𝑓𝑁 )
(L+A+O) / (f *N) = 0
(𝐿+ℎ+𝐴+𝑂)
(ii) Drilling time ( T ) = (𝑓𝑁 )
L = 50 mm
𝐷 15
ℎ= = = 15/ (2 ∗59 tan ) = 4.5 𝑚𝑚
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 (2 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛59)
A = 2 mm
O = 2 mm
f = 0.2 mm/rev
N = 500 rpm
(50 + 4.5 + 2 + 2)
𝑇=
(0.2 × 500)
ECM Calculation
(i) Find average density of an alloy
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= + + +
𝜌 𝜌1 𝜌2 𝜌3 𝜌4
1 0.7 0.2 0.05 0.05
or = + + +
𝜌 8.9 7.19 7.86 4.51
First calculate
𝜌 = 8.069989 𝑔/𝑐𝑐
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= + + +
𝐸 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐸4
1 𝑥 1 𝑣1 𝑥 2 𝑣2 𝑥 3 𝑣3 𝑥 4 𝑣4
or = + + +
𝐸 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐸4
First calculate
0.7 * 2 / 58.71+0.2 * 2 / 51.99+0.05 * 2 / 55.85+0.05 * 3 / 47.9 = 0.03646185
𝐸 = 27.42593
Alternate Method – 1:
First calculate
0.7 * 2 / 58.71 = 0.02384602
𝐸 = 27.42593
𝐸 = 27.42593
Strength of Materials
(Only for the type of equations which are not yet covered)
Elongation
𝑃𝐿
(i) 𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
10×10 3 ×1000
or 𝛿 = 𝜋 ×5 2
𝑚𝑚
×200×10 3
4
100×4
or 𝛿 = 𝑚𝑚
(𝜋 ×52 ×2)
[After cancelling common terms from numerator and denominator and one extra
bracket in the denominator has to be put]
100 * 4 / ( 𝝅 * 5 x2 * 2) = 2.546480 mm
Thermal Stress
0.5×12.5×10 −6 ×20
(ii)
50×0.5
�1+ �
𝜋 ×0.01 2 6
� 4 ×200 ×10 �
50×0.5 50×0.5×4
First calculate 𝜋 ×0.01 2
=(𝜋×0.012
� ×200×10 6 � ×200×10 6 )
4
Then add 1
0.001591550 + 1 = 1.001592
0.9984105
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐
(iii) 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = �� � + 𝝉𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐
2
80 − 20
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ���� �� + 402 �
2
[One bracket for denominator one bracket for square and one for square root]
(((80-20) / 2 ) x2 + 40 x2 ) √ = 50 MPa
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
For 𝜎1,2 = + �� 2
� + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
�𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 �
First calculate
2
2
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
And then calculate ���� 2 �
�� + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
Deflection of Beams
10 * 3 10x * 5 xy 4 / (8 * 781250 ) = 1 mm
Bending stresses
3
(v) 𝜎 = 𝑀𝑦
𝐼
= 9.57×10
3
×0.1
Pa
0.1×0.2
� �
12
9.57 × 103 × 12
=
0.23
Torsion
𝑇 𝐺𝜃
(vi) =
𝐽 𝐿
409.256 80×10 9 ×𝜋
𝜋 =
(1−0.74 )𝐷 4 1×180
32
32×409.256×180
or 𝐷4 =
𝜋 2 ×(1−0.74 )×80×10 9
2357315
Now 𝐷 4 = = 0.000003928904
5.999930×10 11
Spring
8𝑃𝐷 3 𝑛
(vii) 𝛿=
𝐺𝑑 4
= 48.83 mm
Theories of column
2 𝐸𝐼
(viii) 𝑃𝑐𝑟 =𝜋 2 [For one end fixed and other end free]
4𝐿
𝜋 ×𝑑 4
𝜋 2 ×210×10 9 ×
3
10 × 10 = 64
4×4 2
3 2 9 4
or 10 × 10 × 4 × 4 × 64 = 𝜋2 × 210 × 10 × 𝜋 × 𝑑
10 * 3 10x * 4 * 4 x2 * 64 = 4.096000e+7
4.096000e + 7
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑑4 = = 0.000006290584
6.511319𝑒 + 12
Theories of Failure
1
(ix) 𝜎𝑒 = �[(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎3 − 𝜎1 )2 ]
√2
1
𝜎𝑒 = �[(97.74 − 22.96)2 + (22.96 − 20)2 + (20 − 97.74)2 ]
√2
107.9089 / 2 √ = 76.30309
1
Therefore, 𝜎𝑒 = �[(97.74 − 22.96)2 + (22.96 − 20)2 + (20 − 97.74)2 ] = 76.30309
√2
Theory of Machines
(Only for the type of equations which are not yet covered)
Frequency
1 𝑆 1 40×10 3
(i) 𝑓𝑛 = � = �� �
2𝜋 𝑀 2𝜋 100
Transmissibility ratio
�1+(2𝜉𝑟 )2
(ii) 𝑇𝑅 =
�(1−𝑟 2 )2 +(2𝜉𝑟 )2
�1 + (2 × 0.15 × 18.85)2
𝑇𝑅 =
�(1 − 18.852 )2 + (2 × 0.15 × 18.85)2
(1 – 18.85 x2 ) x2 = 125544.4
TR = 0.01620559 (Answer)
Thermodynamics
(Only for the type of equations which are not yet covered)
SFEE
𝑐12 𝑔𝑍 𝑑𝑄 𝑐12 𝑔𝑍 𝑑𝑊
(i) ℎ1 + + + = ℎ1 + + +
2000 1000 𝑑𝑚 2000 1000 𝑑𝑚
Entropy Change
𝑇 𝑃
(ii) 𝑆𝑄 − 𝑆𝑝 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑙𝑛 � 𝑄 � − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 � 𝑄 �
𝑇 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
300 50
𝑆𝑄 − 𝑆𝑝 = 1.005 𝑙𝑛 � � − 0.287𝑙𝑛 � �
350 150
M+ M-
300
First calculate 1.005 𝑙𝑛 � �
350
∴ ∆𝑆 = 0.16 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾
Available Energy
𝑇
(iii) 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 �(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) − 𝑇𝑜 𝑙𝑛 � 2 ��
𝑇 1
1250
𝐴𝐸 = 2000 × 0.5 �(1250 − 450) − 303𝑙𝑛 � 450 ��
1250
First calculate �(1250 − 450) − 303𝑙𝑛 � 450 ��
(Only for the type of equations which are not covered yet)
Conduction
2𝜋𝐿 �𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 𝑓 �
(i) 𝑄= 𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 �𝑟 2 � 𝑙𝑛 �𝑟 3 �
1 + 2
𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝐵
2 × 𝜋 × 1 × (1200 − 600)
𝑄=
0.025 0.055
𝑙𝑛 � � 𝑙𝑛 � �
0.01 + 0.025
19 0.2
0.025 0.055
𝑙𝑛 � � 𝑙𝑛 � �
0.01 0.025
First calculate denominator +
19 0.2
But it is very weak calculator can’t calculate two ln in a operation
Calculate
Then
2 × 𝜋 × 1 × (1200 − 600)
∴ 𝑄= = 944.72 𝑊/𝑚
0.025 0.055
𝑙𝑛 � 𝑙𝑛
0.01 � + �0.025�
19 0.2
Unsteady Conduction
𝜃 𝑇−𝑇
(ii)
𝜃𝑖
= 𝑇 −𝑇𝑎 = 𝑒 −𝐵𝑖 𝐹𝑜
𝑖 𝑎
298 − 300 −3
= 𝑒 −425𝜏×2.3533 ×10
30 − 300
298−300
or 𝑙𝑛 �
30−300
� = −425𝜏 × 2.3533 × 10−3
30−300
or 𝑙𝑛 �
298−300
� = 425𝜏 × 2.3533 × 10−3
(30−300 )
𝑙𝑛 �(298 −300 )�
or 𝜏 =
425×2.3533 ×10 −3
Heat Exchanger
𝜃 𝑖 −𝜃𝑜 90−40
(iii) 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 𝜃 = 90
𝑙𝑛 � 𝑖 � 𝑙𝑛 � �
40
𝜃𝑜
(90 / 40) ln = then press 1/x then multiply with numerator * (90 – 40) = 61.65760
Radiation
1 1
𝑓12 = 1 𝐴1 1 = 1 2×10 −3 1
+ � −1� + � −1�
𝜀1 𝐴2 𝜀2 0.6 100 0.3
2×10 −3 1
First calculate � � �0.3 − 1�
100
0.5999830
Industrial Engineering
(Only for the type of equations which are not yet covered)
Forecasting
(i) 𝑢𝑓 = 𝛼𝑆𝑡 + 𝛼(1 − 𝛼)𝑆𝑡−1 + 𝛼(1 − 𝛼)2 𝑆𝑡−2 + 𝛼(1 − 𝛼)3 𝑆𝑡−3
M+ M+ M+ M+
Regression Analysis
(ii) Let us assume the equation which best fit the given data
y = A + Bx
xy = Ax + Bx2
Example:
Data x Y Xy x2
1 1 1 1 x1 12
2 2 2 2x2 22
3 3 3 3x3 32
∑𝑥 = 6 ∑𝑦 = 6 ∑𝑥𝑦 = 14 ∑𝑥 = 14
2
For ∑𝑥 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For ∑𝑦 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
For ∑𝑥𝑦 1 * 1 + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 = 14
or 6 = 3 𝐴 + 6𝐵 … … … … . . (𝑖)
or 14 = 6A + 14 B … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖)
y = 0 + 1. x is the solution.
2𝑈𝑅 𝐼𝑐 +𝐼𝑝
(iii) 𝑄=� ×� �
𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑝
1.050000e+8 √ = 10246.95
END
If you got the above points, of the way of calculation then you should be happy enough
because we finally succeeded in its usage.