Literary Devices
Irony-
1.Irony is the use of words where the
meaning is the opposite of their usual
meaning or what is expected to happen
2. Language that usually signifies the
opposite, typically used for humour
e.g. ‘’water, water everywhere, but not a
single drop to drink’
e.g.’’ the boy is irregular regular at school
e.g. ‘’our ‘’luxury’’ resort turned out to be a
farm building’’
Oxymoron-
1.A combination of opposite words
2.Apparently where opposite terms
become a conjunction
e.g. ‘’he liked and disliked himself, he was
falsely true’’
e.g. ‘’act naturally’’
e.g. ‘’found missing’’
e.g. ‘’Hell’s Angel’’
e.g. ‘’living dead’’
All by RaniaYr.7B copyright claimed
Satire-
1.When using ridicule, humour or irony to
mock people’s stupidity
2.very similar to mockery, scorn, derision
and ridicule
e.g. ‘’a bunch of my friends are coming over
to play on their phones’’
e.g. ‘’so, they lived happily ever after but
elsewhere their fighting continued’’
e.g. ‘’I have been here for 12 hours straight
watching new, they really have to get a
life’’
Connotation-
1.It is a suggested but not direct meaning
that is associated with a word.
2.A meaning that is implied by a word but
apart from the thing it actually describes
e.g. ‘’there’s no place like home’’
e.g. ‘’her heart was as pure as gold’’
e.g. ‘’the rose was as rough as ash’’
Figurative language-
1.The common category of language meant
to be taken metaphorically including similes
and metaphors and personification
2. A language in which you use a different
statement to convey something than the
literal meaning
e.g. ‘’I feel as lethargic as a sloth’’
e.g. ‘’I am hungrier than a lion who has
starved itself for 2 weeks
e.g. ‘’my brothers were louder than two
cymbals clanging together’’
Imagery-
1.Visually descriptive or figurative
language, especially in literature
2.Explaining the scenery in the place
currently being used
e.g. ‘’Smoke mystically puffed out from the
unusual cottage’’
e.g. ‘’The burlap covering scraped against
my face’’
e.g. ‘’He could hear the footsteps of doom
nearing’’
Allegory-
1.A metaphor where in the characters,
events and situations of the story can be
taken on 2 levels; the literal and
metaphor/symbolic level
2. Where you say something but mean the
complete opposite vice versa
e.g. pigs represent people with power’’
e.g. ‘’Slow and steady’’
e.g. A tortoise could win from a hare
Metaphor-
1.A word or phrase in which is applied to an
object or person but not literally applicable
2.A figurative expression when something
is applied to an object or person that
doesn’t mean its literal meaning
e.g. ‘’you make my ears bleed’’
e.g. ‘’The world is a stage’’
e.g. ‘’sea of sand’'
Simile-
1.A figure of speech involving the
comparison of one thing with another of a
different kind
2. In which 2 unlikely things are compared
e.g. he was as quiet as a mouse around a
cat
e.g. The snowflake shined like a million tiny
diamonds
e.g. he was as angry as a lion who hasn’t
eaten for months
Euphemism-
1.A way to refer to something that is
irrelevant or ups
2. A polite way to say something upsetting
or uncomfortable
e.g. passed away besides dies
e.g. correction facility besides jail
e.g. differently abled besides disabled
Foreshadowing-
1.When you get a hint of what is going to
happen later in the story
2. It often happens to be in the beginning of
a novel
e.g. (the music in ‘’jaws’’ when a shark is
about to attack
e.g. (A weapon found in the beginning of
story could give a hint about a crime in the
past)
e.g. (when the situation gets more intense)
Epigraph-
1.A small saying or quote at the beginning
of a story
2.Usually to inform dedication or the
themes
e.g. ‘’revenge is a dish best served
cold……………. once upon a time….’’
e.g. dedicated to my mum
e.g. show me how to live……once upon a
time….’’
Paradox:
1.A statement that contradicts itself and
still seems true somehow.
2.two contradictory thoughts
e.g. You can save money by spending it
e.g. this is the beginning of the end
e.g. I am a compulsive liar
Personification:
Giving human attributes to non-human
things with a specific end goal to offer light
to human activity, feeling, thoughts and so
forth.
e.g. The wind howled in the night.
e.g. My alarm clock yells at me every
morning.
e.g. My flowers are begging for water.
Persona:
The person made by the author to tell the
story
e.g. Narrator
e.g. Main character
Alliteration:
the redundancy of starting sounds in
words.
e.g. I rarely rush past red roses.
e.g. The president said, “Work,
work, and work,” are the keys to success.
e.g. The orator said, “Good morning to the
old, good morning to the young, good
morning to each and every one present.”
Allusion: - Antagonist: -
An allusion adds to the profundity of our The power that neutralizes the hero; the
comprehension. On the off chance that we rival does not need to be a man (see sorts
know the reference then the artist or of contentions).
essayist's correlation causes us to see the
lyric or writing piece even more completely. e.g. Darth Vader is the main antagonist of
e.g. “I was surprised his nose was not Luke Skywalker in Star Wars.
growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to the e.g. In the movie Aladdin, Jaffar is the
story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew antagonist.
whenever he told a lie. It is from The e.g. In the Harry Potter series, Voldemort is
Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo the antagonist.
Collodi.
e.g. “I thought the software would be
useful, but it was a Trojan Horse.” This
refers to the tale in Homer's Iliad where the
Greeks built a large, hollow wooden horse
to hide soldiers in. It was given as a gift to
the enemy during the Trojan War and, once
inside the enemy's walls, the soldiers broke
out. By using trickery, the Greeks won the
war.

Antithesis: - Assonance: -
Resistance, or differentiation of thoughts or The redundancy of the same or comparable
words in an adjusted or parallel vowel sounds, yet with various end
development. consonants in a line, as in the words, date
and fade.

e.g. "Man proposes, God disposes." Examples: -

 “And stepping softly with her air of
e.g. "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real blooded ruin about the glade in a frail
thing." - Goethe. agony of grace she trailed her rags
through dust and ashes, circling the
dead fire, the charred billets and chalk
bones, the little calcined ribcage.”

 "Do not go gentle into that good night,

Old age should burn and rave at close of
day; Rage, rage, against the dying of the
light. . .. Grave men, near death, who
see with blinding sight Blind eyes could
blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage,
rage against the dying of the light."
Ballad: - Blank Verse: -
a ballad that recounts a story, often in four- Unrhymed iambic pentameter.
line stanzas with an abstain; the subject of
melodies is by and large old stories or well- e.g. Something there is that doesn’t love a
known legend. wall.
That sends the frozen-ground swell under it
e.g. "Brothers and men that shall after us Tomorrow, tomorrow and tomorrow
be,
Let not your hearts be hard to us:
For pitying this our misery
Ye shall find God the more piteous."
It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stopped one of three.'
By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stop’s thou me?
The bridegroom's doors are opened wide,
And I am next of kin;
The guests are met, the feast is set:
Mayst hear the merry din.'

Climax: - Conflict: -
The point in the story where the contention The battle between two powers, one for
is at its pinnacle, when the contention has the most part being the hero of the story.
achieved its emergency and one of the two The adversary can be oneself, someone
powers "wins." else, creature, nature, innovation/machine,
society, or the extraordinary
e.g. The deaths of Romeo (who kills himself
because he thinks Juliet is dead) and Juliet e.g. ‘’to be or not to be’’,
(who kills herself when she awakes and that’s basically the question, to let it suffer
sees Romeo dead). Romeo and Juliet, the slings and arrows of outrageous
Shakespeare.
Peeta and Katniss agree to eat the
poisonous berries instead of attempt to kill
each other (and the outcome is that they
are both declared winners). The Hunger
Games
Consonance: -
The repetition of consonant sounds at the
end of words.
e.g. Mike likes his new bike.
He stood on the road and cried.
Couplet: -
Two lines of a ballad that rhyme; a couplet
generally remains as an entire thought or
linguistic "sentence" inside the sonnet.
e.g. I saw a little hermit crab
His colouring was oh so drab
She was a little tense
The notice made no sense

Denotation: - Diction: -
The denotative importance is the lexicon Lingual authority is the creator's selection
significance of the word without its social of words. If she picks single word over
implications. another, it is most likely on the grounds
Examples of Denotation symbols in Maths that that word infers some social or
 + is plus demonstrative importance.
 - is minus
 / is divide e.g. "I ain't got no money... It's a lie. Judge
 x is multiplying Thatcher's got it. You get it. I want it... I
 = is equals ain't got no money, I tell you. You ask Judge
 < is less than Thatcher; he'll tell you the same."
 > is more than "You can choose your friends but you sho'
 {} is a set can't choose your family, an' they're still kin
Examples of Denotation symbols (in genral) to you no matter whether you acknowledge
 ! - exclamation point 'em or not, and it makes you look right silly
when you don't."
 . - period
"They're certainly entitled to think that, and
 “” - quotation
they're entitled to full respect for their
 @ - at
opinions... but before I can live with other
 # - number
folks I've got to live with myself. The one
 () - parenthesis thing that doesn't abide by majority rule is
 & - ampersand a person's conscience."
 % - percent
 $ - dollar sign
 ' - apostrophe
 : - colon
 ; - semicolon
 ? - question mark
Dramatic Irony: -
An error between what the character
knows and what the peruse knows to be
valid; it's the point at which the peruse
knows something the character does not
know.
e.g. Girl in a horror film hides in a closet
where the killer just went (the audience
knows the killer is there, but she does not).
In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows
that Juliet is only asleep-not dead-but
Romeo does not, and he kills himself.
In Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, we
know that the old woman bringing the
apple is the wicked queen who wants to kill
Snow White, but she does not. She
purchases the apple, takes a bite, and falls.
Dynamic character: -
A dynamic character is one who changes
before the finish of the story, getting the
hang of something that progressions him or
her for all time.
Examples: -
 Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secrets
 Sherlock Holmes in A Scandal in
Bohemia
Hamlet in Hamlet
Dramatic poetry: -
A piece in refrain depicting an account of
life or character, as a rule including strife
and feelings, in a plot advancing through
activity and discourse.
e.g. What men or gods are these? What
maidens loth?
What mad pursuit? What struggle to
escape?
What pipes and timbrels? What wild
ecstasy?
Experience, though noon auctoritee
Were in this world, were right ynogh to me
To speke of wo that is in marriage;
For, lordynges, sith I twelf yeer was of age,
Thonked be God, that is eterne on lyve,
Housbondes at chirche dore I have had fyve
For I so ofte have ywedded bee -
And alle were worthy men in hir degree.
End Rhyme: -
This is what we call it when the words at
the ends of the lines rhyme.
Examples: -
 'In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly.
Scarce heard amid the guns below.'
Epic Poetry: - Exact Rhyme: -
A broadened story lyric that incorporates This is when words sound exactly alike.
courageous or sentimental (experiences of
the sentimental legend) occasions or topics. e.g. Dizzying and deafening the ear with its
sound.
Dividing and gliding and sliding,
e.g. The Faerie Queene And falling and brawling and sprawling
Paradise Lost
Odyssey

Exposition: - 1st person point of view: -

The background information of a story, the The narrator, usually the protagonist, tells
story before the story. the story from his/her perspective using
me, us etc.
e.g. The Disney movie Beauty and the Beast e.g. “It was times like these when I thought
begins with background information about my father, who hated guns and had never
a selfish prince who was turned into a beast been to any wars, was the bravest man
by a fairy. He must have someone fall in who ever lived.” - To Kill a Mockingbird by
love with him before his 21st birthday. Harper Lee
Then, we meet Belle, a young girl who lives “I could not un-love him now, merely
in a nearby village-who longs for adventure. because I found that he had ceased to
When Belle's father is lost in the woods and notice me.” - Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë
Belle searches for him, the action begins to “I cannot but conclude that the Bulk of your
rise. Natives, to be the most pernicious Race of
In Star Wars, the film begins with scrolling little odious Vermin that Nature ever
text that explains previous events. This suffered to crawl upon the Surface of the
helps us to understand the background Earth.” - Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan
before we meet Luke Skywalker, the main Swift
character. The exposition continues as we
learn that Luke lives with his uncle, his
father is dead, and he doesn't enjoy life on
a farm. When he purchases two droids and
views a message about a princess in
danger, the action begins to rise.
Flashback: - Flat Character: -
A procedure of plot sequencing where the We know next to know about the flat
writer takes the peruser back to occasions character; flat characters are not intended
that happened before the present time in to fill in as principle characters. They fill in
the story. as vital components in plot or as
components of the setting.
e.g. To Kill a Mocking Bird
Catcher in the Rye e.g. Gertrude from Hamlet (William
The Odyssey Shakespeare)
Holes Miss Maudie from To Kill a Mockingbird (Harper
Lee)
Benvolio from Romeo and Juliet (William
Shakespeare)

Foil: - Foot: -
A foil character is it is possible that one A two or three syllable unit of meter.
who is in many routes inverse to the (not the math meter or foot)
fundamental character or almost the same
as the principle character. The motivation
behind the thwart character is to stress the e.g. (U/) is one iambic foot.
attributes of the fundamental character by
examination or complexity.

e.g. In Harry Potter, Draco Malfoy is

portrayed as both the foil and the
antagonist.
In Homer’s epic, the Odyssey, goddess Circe
is a foil character for Odysseus’ wife,
Penelope. Penelope’s faithfulness is
emphasized through Circe’s sinful nature.
Onomatopoeia: -
Words that sound like what they mean.
e.g. BOOM!
SPLASH!
CRACK!
Haiku: -
A Japanese type of verse, comprising of
three unrhymed lines of five, seven and five
syllables. Haiku are extremely short
portrayals of nature that pass on some
certain understanding or substance of a
minute. Generally, they contain either an
immediate or angled reference to a season.
e.g. Matsuo Basho
Yosa Buson
Kobayashi Issa
Free Verse: -
Lines of poetry that do not have exact
patterns, either rhyme, meter or both.
e.g. After the Sea-Ship by Walt Whitman
Fog by Carl Sandburg
Free Verse by Robert Graves
Hyperbole: -
Embellishment. The inverse of exaggeration
is modest representation of the truth. By
utilizing contrast, a thought can be
underscored.
e.g. I’ve told you to clean your room like a
million times.
I am so hungry, I could eat a horse!
I had a ton of homework.
Iambic Pentameter: -
A five-foot line of iambic meter. This is the
most common meter in English.
e.g. But, soft! what light through yonder
window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. (William
Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)
Internal Rhyme: -
Words that rhyme can occur within a line.
“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered, weak and weary,
“While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly
there came a tapping,

Juxtaposition: - Meter: -
Placing close together or side by side, esp. The musicality made in verse by the
for comparison or contrast. redundancy of comparative units of sound
examples (focused and unstressed syllable
mixes): versifying (U/), trochaic (/U),
Beauty and Ugliness anapaestic (UU/), dactylic (/UU), spondaic
Belief and denial (//), and pyrrhic (UU).
Calm and chaos e.g. That time l of year l thou mayst l in me l
Poverty and wealth beholds.
Success and failure e.g. William Yeats is laid to rest: Let this
Irish vessel lie.
Mood: - Motif: -
Is the emotional attitude of the author? A motif is a repeating picture or thought.
The redundancy of the thought strengthens
the estimation of the picture or thought
e.g. Mysterious and generally gets the peruser to consider
e.g. Romantic topic.
e.g. Humorous
e.g. Macbeth focused on good and evil.
Romeo and Juliet focused on the light and
darkness.

Narrative Poetry: - Objective Point of View: -

The narration of an event or story, stressing The storyteller does not pass judgment or
details of plot, incident and action. decipher at all; he/she essentially displays
the story as though recording it on film as it
occurs.
“Paul Revere’s Ride”
e.g. First Person
“Casey at the Bat” by Ernest Lawrence Second person
Thayer Third person
Parody: -
A satiric impersonation of a work or of a
creator with scorning the creator, his
thoughts, or work.
e.g. TV Shows of Parody and Satire
Mimicking Moves
Pseudonym: -
A "false name" or pseudonym utilized by an
author wanting not to utilize his or her
genuine name. Now and then called an
alias or "nom de plume," pen names been
famous for a few reasons.
e.g. Agatha Christie: Mary Westmacott
Benjamin Franklin: Mrs. Silence Dogood
J.K Rowling: Robert Gailbrath
Rhyme: -
The similitude between syllable sounds
toward the finish of at least two lines. A
few sorts of rhyme (additionally spelled
rime).
e.g. Assonant rhyme
Consonant rhyme
Feminine rhyme
Ridicule: -
The objective is to censure or condemn by
making the thing, thought, or individual
appear to be funny and absurd.
e.g. Evolution? Yes, I believe that my
grandparents were monkeys-of course that
makes sense.
Donald Trump wants to build a wall
between here and Mexico. Maybe we
should call it the Great Wall of Hatred.
Sure, free college tuition for everyone
sounds great. I am sure it will work out as
well as free K-12 public school has for
everyone.
Setting: -
Setting incorporates era, (for example, the
1890's), the place, (for example, downtown
Warsaw), the recorded milieu, (for
example, amid the Crimean War), and in
addition the social, political, and maybe
even otherworldly substances.
e.g. Hogwarts
Charles Dickens London
Tolkien’s Middle Earth
Stanza: -
Is a unified group of lines in poetry
e.g. Closed Couplet: A stanza of 2 lines,
usually rhyming
Tercet: A stanza of 3 lines. When a poem
has tercets that have a rhyme scheme of
ABA, then BCB, then CDC and so forth, this
is known as terza rima. One famous
example is Dante’s Divine Comedy.
Quatrain: A stanza of 4 lines, usually with
rhyme schemes of AAAA, AABB, ABBA, or
ABAB
Sonnet: -
A fourteen-line lyric, generally in poetic
pattern, with a changed rhyme plot.
e.g. Turn back the heart you've turned away
Give back your kissing breath
Leave not my love as you have left
The broken hearts of yesterday
But wait, be still, don't lose this way
Affection now, for what you guess
May be something more, could be less
Accept my love, live for today.
Your roses wilted, as love spurned
Yet trust in me, my love and truth
Dwell in my heart, from which you've turned
My strength as great as yours aloof.
It is in fear you turn away
And miss the chance of love today!
Style: -
The way of articulation of a specific
essayist, delivered by selection of words,
syntactic structures, utilization of scholarly
gadgets, and all the conceivable parts of
dialect utilize. Some broad styles may
incorporate logical, luxurious, plain,
emotive. Most essayists have their own
specific styles.
e.g. Expository
Descriptive
Narrative
Persuasive
Symbolism: -
Something that at first glance is its strict self however which likewise has another
importance or even a few implications.
e.g.
Time is money
Life is rollercoaster
Love is a jewel

Tone: -
The author's demeanour toward his peruses and his subject; his temperament or good view.
An author can be formal, casual, energetic, unexpected, and particularly, idealistic or
sceptical.
e.g.
1. Scared
2. Excited
3. Depressing
4. Worried

5. Foolish
 VISUAL LITERACY
Salience:
Salience refers to the feature in a composition that
most grabs your attention.
An image can be made salient through:
Placement: usually an image becomes ‘’heavier’’ if
placed towards the top or left.
 Color
 Size
 Focus
 Distance
 A combination of these

Reading Paths:
A reading path is the path you take through visual
text. The path moves from the most salient to the
least salient elements.

Vectors:
 A vector is a line that leads your eye from one
element to another.
 A vector may be a visible line or an invisible
line
 It can be created by such things as a gaze,
pointing fingers or extended arms.

The centre:
 Images here are the nucleus information
 The margin images are subservient

Framing:
Elements in a layout can be disconnected and marked
off from each-other or connected. If elements are cut
off from one another they are strongly framed.

 Framing can be achieved by borders,

discontinuities of color and shape, or by white
space.
  Connectedness can be achieved by vectors and
devices such as overlapping or superimposition of
images.
Superimposition:
To impose, place, set over or above on something
else.

Demand & Offer:

Demand: Subject looks out of the image at the
responder.

This establishes a connection between subject and

viewer.

Offer:
The figure looks away
The viewer is a detached onlooker.
Key word: Contemplative

Subjective and objective viewpoints:

 The viewpoints come from the vertical and
horizontal angles.
 Subjective viewpoints encourage a viewer to adopt
a certain stance (attitude).
 A high angle gives the viewer a sense of power.
 Subjective images continued; A low angle makes
the viewer feels powerless.
 Subjective images: A straight on eye level view
creates no power difference
 Objective images: The viewer is not drawn into
involvement with the image. Meaning comes from
the symbolic connection made by the reader.

Objective:
(of a person or their judgement) not influenced by
personal feelings or opinions in considering and
representing facts.

Subjective:
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes,
or opinions.
Social Distance:
  A close up is intimate
 A medium shot is close
 A whole figure framed is close
 A long shot is far social distance
Lighting and color:
 Lighting creates mood
 Shadows may suggest concealment or fear and
despair
 Light, hope and inspiration
 Soft light, romance
 Color can be symbolic

Modality/credibility:
 Lowest modality graphics are the least real
 Highest modality is most real

Melancholic:
Feeling or expressing pensive sadness.

Extreme Close up (ECU) shows detail

Close Up (CU) shows emotion
Medium Close Up (MCU) reactions
Medium Shot (MS) relationships
Medium Long shot (MLS) body language
Extreme Long Shot (ELS)

Birds eye view:

Makes the objects look very small, vulnerable or
mechanical. Makes streets look like a maze.

High Angle:
Make the objects look small and insignificant.
Suggests vulnerability.

Mid Angle:
The most normal angle. Suggests ‘’real life’’. The
camera is your eyes.

Low Angles:
Makes objects look larger and powerful. Suggests
dominance.