PRE CALCULUS

I. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Introduction to Conic Sections and Circles

Conic Section (or simply conic) is the locus of point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point (focus) is in
constant ratio, e (eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed straight line (directrix).

Circle is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the base of the cone.
Ellipse is produced when the cutting plane is not parallel (or inclined) to the base of the cone.
Parabola is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the element (or generatrix) of the cone.
Hyperbola is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the axis of the cone.

CIRCLE

A circle is a locus of point that which moves so that it is equidistant from a fixed point called center.

1. General Equation
X2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
If D and E = 0, cener is at the origin (0,0)
If either D or E, or both D and E = 0, the center is at (h,k)
2. Standard Equations
C(0,0)

When the equation given is in general equation rather than

standard equation, the center (h,k) of the circle and its radius ®
can be determined by converting the general equation to
standard using the process known as completing the square. Or
using the following formulas:

General Equation:

AX2 +C y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
C(h,k) Center (h,k)
−𝐷 −𝐸 𝐷 2 + 𝐸 2 −4𝐴𝐹
ℎ= 2𝐴
𝑘= 2𝐴
𝑟= √ 4𝐴2
PARABOLA

A parabola is a locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called focus and it a fixed
straight line called directrix.

Where:

a = distance from vertex V to focus F

d = distance from point to directix

f = focal distance

1. General Equations
ELLIPSE

An ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distance to the fixed points (foci) is a constant and
is equal to the length of the major axis (2a)