Chapter 11 DC Machines (Generators and Motors) - Basic Electrical Engineering

5/14/2018 Chapter 11 DC Machines (Generators and Motors) - Basic Electrical Engineering
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11
DC MACHINES (GENERATORS AND MOTORS)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Af ter the compl eti on of thi s chapter , the students or r eader s

w i l l be abl e to under stand the f ol l ow i ng:
What i s el ectr omechani cal ener gy conv er si on dev i ce?

When and how i t w or k s ei ther as a gener ator or as a
motor ?
What i s a DC gener ator and how i t conv er ts mechani cal

ener gy i nto el ectr i cal ener gy ?
What i s a DC motor and how i t conv er ts el ectr i cal

ener gy i nto mechani cal ener gy ?
What ar e the mai n constr ucti onal f eatur es of a DC

Find answers
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What i s the w or k i ng pr i nci pl e of a DC gener ator ?
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What ar e the f actor s on w hi ch emf i nduced i n the

ar matur e depends?
What ar e di f f er ent ty pes of DC gener ator s on the basi s

of f i el d ex ci tati on?
How v ol tage i s bui l t-up i n DC shunt gener ator and

w hat i s cr i ti cal r esi stance?
What i s a DC motor and how i t conv er ts el ectr i cal

ener gy i nto mechani cal ener gy ?
What i s back emf and i ts si gni f i cance?
What ar e the f actor s on w hi ch tor que dev el oped i n a

DC motor depends?
How DC motor s ar e cl assi f i ed on the basi s of thei r f i el d

ex ci tati on?
What ar e the per f or mance char acter i sti cs of DC

motor s and how they ar e sel ected f or di f f er ent
appl i cati ons?
What i s the need of a star ter and how star ter s l i mi t the
i n-r ush f l ow of star ti ng cur r ent and pr otects the
motor ?
What ar e the v ar i ous l osses of a DC machi ne, and how

these ar e categor i sed?
11.1 INTRODUCTION
A DC machi ne i s an el ectr omechani cal ener gy conv er si on dev i ce. It

can conv er t mechani cal pow er (ω T) i nto DC el ectr i cal pow er (EI )
and i s k now n as a DC gener ator . On the other hand, w hen i t conv er ts
DC el ectr i cal pow er i nto mechani cal pow er , i t i s k now n as a DC
motor .
Al though batter y i s an i mpor tant sour ce of DC el ectr i c pow er , i t

can suppl y a l i mi ted pow er . Ther e ar e some appl i cati ons w her e
l ar ge quanti ty of DC pow er i s r equi r ed (e.g., el ectr opl ati ng
el ectr ol y si s) and, at such pl aces, DC gener ator s ar e used to del i v er
pow er .
It has been seen that AC motor s ar e i nv ar i abl y appl i ed i n the

i ndustr y f or the conv er si on of el ectr i cal pow er i nto mechani cal
pow er ; how ev er , at the pl aces w her e w i de r ange of speeds and good
speed r egul ati on ar e r equi r ed (such as el ectr i c tr acti on), DC motor s
hav e to be appl i ed.
In shor t, w e can say that DC machi nes hav e thei r ow n r ol e i n the

f i el d of engi neer i ng. In thi s chapter , w e shal l study the common
topi cs of DC machi nes.
11.2 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES (MOTORS AND

GENERATORS)
A dev i ce (machi ne) that mak es possi bl e the conv er si on of ener gy

f r om el ectr i cal to mechani cal f or m or f r om mechani cal to
el ectr i cal f or m i s cal l ed an el ectr o-mechani cal ener gy conv er si on
dev i ce or el ectr o-mechani cal tr ansducer , as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 .
Fig. 11.1 El ectr o-mechani cal ener gy conv er si on
Dependi ng upon the conv er si on of ener gy f r om one to the other , the

el ectr omechani cal dev i ce can be named as gener ator or motor .
11.3 ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND MOTOR
Dependi ng upon the ener gy conv er si on, a DC machi ne may w or k as

a gener ator or motor .
11.3.1 Generator
An el ectr omechani cal dev i ce (el ectr i cal machi ne) that conv er ts
mechani cal ener gy or pow er (ω T) i nto el ectr i cal ener gy or pow er
(EI ) i s cal l ed gener ator .
Fig. 11.2 Gener ator
Gener ator s ar e used i n hy dr oel ectr i c pow er pl ants, steam pow er

pl ants, di esel pow er pl ants, nucl ear pow er pl ants, and automobi l es.
In these pow er pl ants, v ar i ous natur al sour ces of ener gy ar e f i r st
conv er ted i nto mechani cal ener gy , and then, i t i s conv er ted i nto
el ectr i cal ener gy w i th the hel p of gener ator s. The bl ock di agr am of
ener gy conv er si on, w hen the el ectr omechani cal dev i ce w or k s as a

gener ator , i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .2.
11.3.2 Motor
An el ectr omechani cal dev i ce (el ectr i cal machi ne) that conv er ts
el ectr i cal ener gy or pow er (EI ) i nto mechani cal ener gy or pow er
(ω T) i s cal l ed a motor .
El ectr i c motor s ar e used f or dr i v i ng i ndustr i al machi nes, f or

ex ampl e, hammer pr esses, dr i l l i ng machi nes, l athes, shaper s,
bl ow er s f or f ur naces, etc., and domesti c appl i ances, f or ex ampl e,
r ef r i ger ator s, f ans, w ater pumps, toy s, mi x er s, etc. The bl ock
di agr am of ener gy conv er si on, w hen the el ectr omechani cal dev i ce
w or k s as a motor , i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .3.
Fig. 11.3 Motor
Note: The same el ectr omechani cal dev i ce i s capabl e of oper ati ng
ei ther as a motor or gener ator dependi ng upon w hether the i nput
pow er i s el ectr i cal or mechani cal . Thus, the motor and gener ator
acti ons ar e r ev er si bl e.
The conv er si on of ener gy ei ther f r om el ectr i cal to mechani cal or

f r om mechani cal to el ectr i cal tak es pl ace thr ough magneti c f i el d.
Dur i ng the conv er si on, w hol e of the ener gy i n one f or m i s not
conv er ted i n the other usef ul f or m. In f act, the i nput pow er i s
di v i ded i nto the f ol l ow i ng thr ee par ts:
1 . Most of the i nput pow er i s conv er ted i nto usef ul output

pow er .
2
2. Some of the i nput pow er i s conv er ted i nto heat l osses (I R)
that ar e due to the f l ow of cur r ent.
11.4 MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
The compl ete assembl y of v ar i ous par ts i n a scatter ed f or m of a DC

machi ne i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .4. The essenti al par ts of a DC
machi ne ar e descr i bed as f ol l ow s:
Fig. 11.4 Mai n par ts of DC machi ne
1 . Magnetic frame or yoke: The outer cy l i ndr i cal f r ame to

w hi ch mai n pol es and i nter -pol es ar e f i x ed and by means of
w hi ch the machi ne i s f i x ed to the f oundati on i s cal l ed the
y ok e. It ser v es the f ol l ow i ng tw o pur poses:
1 . It pr ov i des mechani cal pr otecti on to the i nner
par ts of the machi ne.
2. It pr ov i des a l ow r el uctance path f or the magneti c
f l ux .
The y ok e i s made of cast i r on f or smal l er machi nes, and f or

l ar ger machi nes, i t i s made of cast steel or f abr i cated r ol l ed
steel si nce these mater i al s hav e better magneti c pr oper ti es
as compar ed to cast i r on.
2. Pole core and pole shoes: The pol e cor e and pol e shoes ar e
f i x ed to the magneti c f r ame or y ok e by bol ts. They ser v e the
f ol l ow i ng pur poses:
1 . They suppor t the f i el d or ex ci ti ng coi l s.

2. They spr ead out the magneti c f l ux ov er the
ar matur e per i pher y mor e uni f or ml y .
3. Si nce pol e shoes hav e l ar ge X-secti on, the
r el uctance of magneti c path i s r educed. U sual l y , the
pol e cor e and pol e shoes ar e made of thi n cast steel
or w r ought i r on l ami nati ons that ar e r i v eted
together under hy dr aul i c pr essur e as show n i n
Fi gur e 1 1 .5.
Fig. 11.5 Pol e cor e and pol e shoe
3. Field or exciting coils: Enamel l ed copper w i r e i s used f or

the constr ucti on of f i el d or ex ci ti ng coi l s. The coi l s ar e
w ound on the f or mer (see Fi g. 1 1 .6) and then pl aced ar ound
the pol e cor e as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .5. When DC i s passed
thr ough the f i el d w i ndi ng, i t magneti ses the pol es that
pr oduce the r equi r ed f l ux . The f i el d coi l s of al l the pol es
ar e connected i n ser i es i n such a w ay that w hen cur r ent
f l ow s thr ough them, the adjacent pol es attai n opposi te
pol ar i ty as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .7 .
Fig. 11.6 Fi el d w i ndi ng
Fig. 11.7 Connecti ons of f i el d w i ndi ng
4. Armature core: It i s cy l i ndr i cal i n shape and k ey ed to the

r otati ng shaf t. At the outer per i pher y , sl ots ar e cut, as
show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .8, and they accommodate the ar matur e
w i ndi ng. The ar matur e cor e show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .8 ser v es the

f ol l ow i ng pur poses:
1 . It houses the conductor s i n the sl ots.
2. It pr ov i des an easy path f or magneti c f l ux .
Si nce ar matur e i s a r otati ng par t of the machi ne, r ev er sal

of f l ux tak es pl ace i n the cor e. Hence, hy ster esi s l osses ar e
pr oduced. To mi ni mi se these l osses, si l i con steel mater i al i s
used f or i ts constr ucti on. The r otati ng ar matur e cuts acr oss
the magneti c f i el d that i nduces an emf i n i t. Thi s emf
ci r cul ates eddy cur r ents that r esul t i n eddy cur r ent l oss i n
i t. To r educe these l osses, ar matur e cor e i s l ami nated. In
other w or ds, w e can say that about 0.3 to 0.5 mm thi ck
stampi ngs ar e used f or i ts constr ucti on. Each l ami nati on or
stampi ng i s i nsul ated f r om the other by v ar ni sh l ay er (see
Fi g. 1 1 .8).
Fig. 11.8 Ar matur e cor e
5. Armature winding: The i nsul ated conductor s housed i n the

ar matur e sl ots ar e sui tabl y connected. Thi s i s k now n as
ar matur e w i ndi ng. The ar matur e w i ndi ng i s the hear t of a
DC machi ne. It i s a pl ace w her e conv er si on of pow er tak es
pl ace, that i s, i n the case of gener ator , mechani cal pow er i s
conv er ted i nto el ectr i cal pow er ; w hi l e i n the case of motor ,
el ectr i cal pow er i s conv er ted i nto mechani cal pow er . On
the basi s of connecti ons, ther e ar e tw o ty pes of ar matur e
w i ndi ngs, namel y l ap w i ndi ng and w av e w i ndi ng.
1 . Lap winding: In l ap w i ndi ng, the conductor s ar e
connected i n such a w ay that the number of par al l el
paths ar e equal to the number of pol es. Thus, i f

machi ne has P pol es and Z ar matur e conductor s, then
ther e w i l l be P par al l el paths and each path w i l l
hav e Z/P conductor s i n ser i es. In thi s case, the
number of br ushes i s equal to the number of
par al l el paths. Out of w hi ch, hal f the br ushes ar e
posi ti v e and the r emai ni ng (hal f ) ar e negati v e.
2. Wave winding: In w av e w i ndi ng, the conductor s
ar e so connected that they ar e di v i ded i nto tw o
par al l el paths, i r r especti v e of the number of pol es
of the machi ne. Thus, i f machi ne has Z ar matur e
conductor s, ther e w i l l be onl y tw o par al l el paths
each hav i ng Z/2 conductor s i n ser i es. In thi s case,
the number of br ushes i s equal to tw o, that i s,
number of par al l el paths.
6. Commutator: It i s the most i mpor tant par t of a DC machi ne
and ser v es the f ol l ow i ng pur poses:
1 . It connects the r otati ng ar matur e conductor s to the
stati onar y ex ter nal ci r cui t thr ough br ushes.
2. It conv er ts the AC i nduced i n the ar matur e
conductor s i nto uni di r ecti onal cur r ent i n the
ex ter nal l oad ci r cui t dur i ng the gener ator acti on,
w her eas i t conv er ts the al ter nati ng tor que i nto
uni di r ecti onal (conti nuous) tor que pr oduced i n the
ar matur e dur i ng the motor acti on.
The commutator i s of cy l i ndr i cal shape and i s made up of

w edge-shaped har d-dr aw n copper segments. The segments
ar e i nsul ated f r om each other by a thi n sheet of mi ca. The
segments ar e hel d together by means of tw o V-shaped r i ngs
that f i t i nto the V-gr oov es cut i nto the segments. Each
ar matur e coi l i s connected to the commutator segment
thr ough r i ser . The secti onal v i ew of the commutator
assembl y i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .9.
Fig. 11.9 Commutator
7 . Brushes: The br ushes ar e pr essed upon the commutator and

f or m the connecti ng l i nk betw een the ar matur e w i ndi ng
and the ex ter nal ci r cui t. They ar e usual l y made of hi gh
gr ade car bon because car bon i s a conducti ng mater i al , and
at the same ti me, i n pow der ed f or m, i t pr ov i des i mbr i cati ng
ef f ect on the commutator sur f ace. The br ushes ar e hel d i n
par ti cul ar posi ti on ar ound the commutator by br ush
hol der s and r ock er .
8. Brush rocker: It hol ds the spi ndl es of the br ush hol der s. It
i s f i tted on to the stati onar y f r ame of the machi ne w i th nut
and bol ts. By adjusti ng i ts posi ti on, the posi ti on of the
br ushes ov er the commutator can be adjusted to mi ni mi se
the spar k i ng at the br ushes.
9. End housings: End housi ngs ar e attached to the ends of the
mai n f r ame and suppor t bear i ngs. The f r ont housi ng
suppor ts the bear i ng and the br ush assembl i es, w her eas the
r ear housi ng usual l y suppor ts the bear i ng onl y .
1 0. Bearings: The bal l or r ol l er bear i ngs ar e f i tted i n the end
housi ngs. The f uncti on of the bear i ngs i s to r educe f r i cti on
betw een the r otati ng and the stati onar y par ts of the
machi ne. Mostl y , hi gh car bon steel i s used f or the
constr ucti on of bear i ngs as i t i s v er y har d mater i al .
1 1 . Shaft: The shaf t i s made of mi l d steel w i th a max i mum
br eak i ng str ength. The shaf t i s used to tr ansf er mechani cal
pow er f r om or to the machi ne. The r otati ng par ts such as
ar matur e cor e, commutator , and cool i ng f an ar e k ey ed to the
shaf t.
11.5 ARMATURE RESISTANCE
The r esi stance betw een the ar matur e ter mi nal s i s cal l ed ar matur e
r esi stance. It i s gener al l y r epr esented by R . The v al ue of
a
ar matur e r esi stance i s usual l y qui te smal l (l ess than 1 Ω). Ar matur e
r esi stance depends upon the f ol l ow i ng f actor s:
1 . Length, ar ea of cr oss-secti on, and mater i al of ar matur e

w i ndi ng.
2. Ty pe of ar matur e w i ndi ng, that i s, l ap or w av e w i ndi ng.
Thi s w i l l show the manner i n w hi ch the conductor s (i .e.,
thei r ser i es-par al l el combi nati on) ar e connected.
11.6 SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR AND FUNCTION OF COMMUTATOR
For si mpl i ci ty , consi der onl y one coi l AB pl aced i n the str ong
magneti c f i el d. The tw o ends of the coi l ar e joi ned to sl i p r i ngs A′
and B′, r especti v el y . Tw o br ushes r est on these sl i p r i ngs, as show n

i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 0.
Fig. 11.10 Di r ecti on of i nduced emf /cur r ent i n i nter nal and
ex ter nal ci r cui t of r otati ng coi l at di f f er ent i nstants usi ng tw o
sl i p-r i ngs
When thi s coi l i s r otated i n counter cl ock w i se di r ecti on at an

angul ar v el oci ty of ω r adi ans/s, the magneti c f l ux i s cut by the coi l
and an emf i s i nduced i n i t. The posi ti on of the coi l at v ar i ous
i nstants i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 0 and the cor r espondi ng v al ue of
the i nduced emf and i ts di r ecti on i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 1 . The
i nduced emf i s al ter nati ng and the cur r ent f l ow i ng thr ough the
ex ter nal r esi stance i s al so al ter nati ng, that i s, at the second
i nstant, cur r ent f l ow s i n ex ter nal r esi stance f r om M to L; w hi l e at
the f our th i nstant, i t f l ow s f r om L to M as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 1 .
Fig. 11.11 Gr aphi cal r epr esentati on of cur r ent i n ex ter nal ci r cui t
at v ar i ous i nstants
11.6.1 Commutator Action
Now , consi der that the tw o ends of the coi l ar e connected to onl y
one sl i p r i ng spl i t i nto tw o par ts (segment), that i s, A″ and B″. Each
par t i s i nsul ated f r om the other by a mi ca l ay er . Tw o br ushes r est
on these par ts of the r i ng as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 2.
Fig. 11.12 Di r ecti on of i nduced emf /cur r ent i n i nter nal and
ex ter nal ci r cui t of a r otati ng coi l at di f f er ent i nstants usi ng spl i t-
r i ng
In thi s case, w hen the coi l i s r otated i n counter cl ock w i se di r ecti on

at an angul ar v el oci ty of ω r adi ans/s, the magneti c f l ux i s cut by
the coi l and an emf i s i nduced i n i t. The magni tude of emf i nduced
i n the coi l at v ar i ous i nstants w i l l r emai n the same as show n i n
Fi gur e 1 1 .1 3.
How ev er , the f l ow of cur r ent i n the ex ter nal r esi stor or ci r cui t
w i l l become uni di r ecti onal , that i s, at the second i nstant, the f l ow
of cur r ent i n the ex ter nal r esi stor i s f r om M to L as w el l as the f l ow
of cur r ent i n the ex ter nal r esi stor i s f r om M to L i n the f our th
i nstant, as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 2. Its w av e shape i s show n i n Fi gur e
1 1 .1 3.
Fig. 11.13 Gr aphi cal r epr esentati on of cur r ent i n ex ter nal ci r cui t
at v ar i ous i nstants
Hence, an AC i s conv er ted i nto uni di r ecti onal cur r ent i n the
ex ter nal ci r cui t w i th the hel p of a spl i t r i ng (i .e., commutator ).
In an actual machi ne, ther e ar e number of coi l s connected to the

number of segments of the r i ng cal l ed commutator . The emf or
cur r ent del i v er ed by these coi l s to the ex ter nal l oad i s show n i n
Fi gur e 1 1 .1 4(a). The actual f l ow of cur r ent f l ow i ng i n the ex ter nal
l oad i s show n by the f i r m l i ne that f l uctuates sl i ghtl y . The number
of coi l s pl aced on the ar matur e ar e ev en much mor e than thi s and a
pur e DC i s obtai ned at the output as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 4(b).
Thus, i n actual machi ne w or k i ng as a gener ator , the f uncti on of

commutator i s to conv er t the AC pr oduced i n the ar matur e i nto DC
i n the ex ter nal ci r cui t.
Fig. 11.14 (a) Pul sati ng cur r ent i n ex ter nal ci r cui t usi ng number
of coi l s (b) Gr aphi cal r epr esentati on of actual cur r ent i n ex ter nal
ci r cui t of a DC gener ator
11.7 EMF EQUATION
Let P = number of pol es of the machi ne
ɸ = f l ux per pol e i n Wb
Z = total number of ar matur e conductor s
N = speed of ar matur e i n r pm
A = number of par al l el paths i n the ar matur e w i ndi ng
In one r ev ol uti on of the ar matur e, f l ux cut by one conductor =

PɸWb
Fig. 11.15 No. of conductor s under the i nf l uence of one pol e
Ti me tak en to compl ete one r ev ol uti on, t = 60/N s
Ther ef or e, av er age i nduced emf i n one conductor i s
The number of conductor s connected i n ser i es i n each par al l el path

= Z/A
Ther ef or e, av er age i nduced emf acr oss each par al l el path or acr oss
the ar matur e ter mi nal s
or
w her e n i s the speed i n r .p.s, that i s,
For a gi v en machi ne, the number of pol es and number of conductor s

per par al l el path (Z/A) ar e constant.
E = Kɸn w her e i s a constant or E ∝ ɸn
or
E = K1ɸN w her e i s another constant or E ∝ ɸN
or
E ∝ ɸω , w her e i s the angul ar v el oci ty i n
r adi an/s
Thus, w e concl ude that the i nduced emf i s di r ectl y pr opor ti onal to
f l ux per pol e and speed. Mor eov er , the pol ar i ty of the i nduced emf
depends upon the di r ecti on of magneti c f i el d and the di r ecti on of
r otati on. If ei ther of the tw o i s r ev er sed, the pol ar i ty of i nduced
emf , that i s, br ushes i s r ev er sed; how ev er , w hen both ar e r ev er sed,
the pol ar i ty does not change.
Thi s i nduced emf i s f undamental phenomenon to al l DC machi nes

w hether they ar e w or k i ng as a gener ator or motor . How ev er , w hen
the machi ne i s w or k i ng as a gener ator , thi s i nduced emf i s cal l ed
gener ated emf and i s r epr esented as E , i .e.,

g
Example 11.1
An 8-pol e l ap-w ound DC gener ator has 960 conductor s, a f l ux of 40

mWb per pol e and i s dr i v en at 400 r pm. Fi nd OC emf .
Solution:
Open-ci r cui t emf ,
−3
w her e ɸ = 40 mWb = 40×1 0 Wb; Z = 960; N = 400 r pm; P = 8
A = P = 8 (l ap w i ndi ng)
Example 11.2
Cal cul ate the v ol tage i nduced i n the ar matur e w i ndi ng of a 4-pol e,
w av e w ound DC machi ne hav i ng 500 conductor s and r unni ng at
1 ,000 r pm. The f l ux per pol e i s 30 mWb.
(P.T.U. May 2000)
Solution:
Her e,
P = 4; A = 2 (w av e w ound); Z = 7 28; N = 1 ,800 r pm

−3
ɸ = 35 mWb = 35 × 1 0 Wb
Gener ated v ol tage,
Example 11.3
A 4-pol e, l ap-w ound ar matur e has 1 44 sl ots w i th tw o coi l si des per

sl ot, w her e each coi l has tw o tur ns. If the f l ux per pol e i s 20 mWb
and the ar matur e r otates at 7 20 r pm, w hat i s the i nduced emf (i )
acr oss the ar matur e and (i i ) acr oss each par al l el path?
(PTU May 2001)
Solution:
−13
Her e, P = 4; A = P = 4 (l ap w ound); ɸ = 20 mWb = 20 × 1 0 Wb; N =
7 20 r pm
Number of sl ots = 1 44 w i th tw o coi l si des per sl ot and each coi l has

tw o tur ns
Ther ef or e, Z = 1 44 × 2 × 2 = 57 6
Induced emf acr oss ar matur e,
Vol tage acr oss each par al l el path = E = 1 38.24 V

g
Example 11.4
A 6-pol e machi ne has an ar matur e w i th 90 sl ots and 8 conductor s

per sl ot, the f l ux per pol e i s 0.05 Wb and r ms at 1 ,000 r pm.
Deter mi ne i nduced emf i f w i ndi ng i s (i ) l ap connected and (i i ) w av e
connected.
(U.P.T.U. May 2003)
Solution:
Her e, P = 6; ɸ = 0.05 Wb; N = 1 ,000 r pm
Number of sl ots = 90 w i th each sl ot hav i ng 8 conductor s
Ther ef or e,
Z = 90 × 8 = 7 20
1 . When l ap connected: A = P = 6
Induced emf ,
2. When w av e connected: A = 2
Induced emf ,
Example 11.5
An 8-pol e DC gener ator has 600 ar matur e conductor s and a usef ul

f l ux of 0.06 Wb. What w i l l be the emf gener ated i f i t i s l ap w ound
and r uns at 1 ,000 r pm? What must be the speed at w hi ch i t i s to be
dr i v en to i nduce the same v ol tage i f i t i s w av e w ound?
(U.P.T.U. May 2001, Type)
Solution:
Her e, P = 8; Z = 600; ɸ = 0.06 Wb; N = 1 ,000 r pm
A = P = 8 (w hen l ap w ound)
Induced emf ,
w hen w av e w ound, l et the speed be N′ r pm but E = 600 V

g
Now ,
Example 11.6
A w av e-w ound ar matur e of an 8-pol e gener ator has 51 sl ots. Each

sl ot contai ns 1 6 conductor s. The v ol tage r equi r ed to be gener ated i s
300 V. What w oul d be the speed of coupl ed pr i me mov er i f f l ux per
pol e i s 0.05 Wb?
If the ar matur e i s r ew ound as l ap-w ound machi ne and r un by same

pr i me mov er , w hat w i l l be the gener ated v ol tage?
(Univ. Question)
Solution:
Her e, P = 8; ɸ = 0.05 Wb; number of sl ots = 51 ; conductor s per sl ot =

16
Ther ef or e, Z = 51 × 1 6 = 81 6
When the machi ne i s w av e w ound, A = 2 and Eg = 300 V
Now ,
Ther ef or e, speed
When the machi ne i s r ew ound as l ap w i ndi ng, A = P = 8 and N = 1 1 0.3

r pm
Example 11.7
A 6-pol e, l ap-w ound ar matur e r otati ng at 350 r pm i s r equi r ed to

gener ate 260 V. The ef f ecti v e f l ux per pol e i s about 0.05 Wb. If the
ar matur e has 1 20 sl ots, deter mi ne the sui tabl e number of
conductor s per sl ot, and hence, deter mi ne the actual v al ue of f l ux
r equi r ed to gener ate the same v ol tage.
(A.M.I.E. Summer 2001)
Solution:
Her e, P = 6; A = P = 6; N = 350 r pm; Eg = 260 V; ɸ = 0.05 Wb
Now ,
or
For 8 conductor s or sl ot, Z = 1 20 × 8 = 960
Actual v al ue of f l ux r equi r ed,
Example 11.8
The emf gener ated by a 4-pol e DC gener ator i s 400 V, w hen the
ar matur e i s dr i v en at 1 ,200 r pm. Cal cul ate the f l ux per pol e i f the
w av e-w ound gener ator has 39 sl ots hav i ng 1 6 conductor s per sl ot.
Solution:
Induced emf ,
w her e P = 4; Eg = 400 V; N = 1 ,200 r pm; Z = 39 × 1 6 = 624; A = 2 (w av e

w i ndi ng)
Ther ef or e, f l ux per pol e,
Example 11.9
The ar matur e of a 4-pol e 250 V, l ap-w ound gener ator has 500
conductor s and r ms of 400 r pm. Deter mi ne the usef ul f l ux per pol e.
If the number of tur ns i n each f i el d coi l i s 1 ,000, w hat i s the
av er age i nduced emf i n each f i el d coi l on br eak i ng i ts connecti on
i f the magneti c f l ux set-up by i t di es aw ay compl etel y i n 0.1 s?
(A.P. Univ. May 2006)
Solution:
Her e, P = 4; Eg = 250 V; Z = 500; A = P = 4; N = 400 r pm
Number of tur ns of ex ci ti ng w i ndi ng, Nt = 1 ,000
Example 11.10
A 4-pol e gener ator w i th w av e-w ound ar matur e has 51 sl ots, each

hav i ng 24 conductor s. The f l ux per pol e i s 0.01 Wb. At w hat speed
must the ar matur e r otate to gi v e an i nduced emf of 220 V? What
w i l l be the emf dev el oped i f the w i ndi ng i s l ap connected and the

ar matur e r otates at the same speed?
Solution:
Induced emf ,
w her e ɸ = 0.01 Wb; Z = 51 × 24 = 1 ,224; E = 220 V; P = 4; A = 2 (w av e

w i ndi ng).
For l ap w i ndi ng, A = P = 4
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Short Answer Questions
1 . Why i s the ar matur e cor e of a DC machi ne

l ami nated?
2. In smal l DC machi ne, cast i r on y ok es ar e pr ef er r ed.
Why ?
3. What f or f i el d coi l s ar e pr ov i ded i n a DC machi ne?
4. What f or br ushes ar e empl oy ed i n DC gener ator ?
5. What i s the f uncti on of ar matur e i n a DC gener ator ?
6. For w hat ty pe of DC machi ne, w av e w i ndi ng i s
empl oy ed?
7 . What i s the f uncti on of commutator i n a DC machi ne
i n (i ) gener ator acti on and (i i ) motor acti on
8. Whi ch ar e the di f f er ent ty pes of ar matur e w i ndi ngs
commonl y used i n DC machi nes?
9. Whi ch i s the best-sui ted mater i al f or commutator
segments?
1 0. For w hat ty pe of DC machi ne, l ap w i ndi ng i s

empl oy ed?
1 1 . Why ar e the gr aphi te or car bon br ushes pr ef er r ed
ov er copper br ushes f or use i n DC machi nes?
1 2. Wr i te dow n the emf equati on of a DC gener ator .
(A.M.I.E. Winter 2002)
Test Questions
1 . Name major par ts of a DC machi ne. Dr aw the sk etch

and show the path of magneti c f l ux i n a 4-pol e DC
machi ne.
(P.T.U. May 2002)
2. Compar e l ap and w av e w i ndi ng. Wher e each ty pe of

w i ndi ng i s used and w hy ?
(P.T.U. Dec. 2010, May 2012)
3. What i s the pr i nci pl e of oper ati on of a DC gener ator ?

Why i s a commutator and br ush ar r angement
necessar y f or the oper ati on of a DC gener ator ?
4. Descr i be the pr i nci pl e of oper ati on and br i ef
constr ucti onal detai l s of a DC machi ne.
(M.P. Univ. May 2002)
5. Wi th the hel p of sk etches, descr i be the mai n par ts

and w or k i ng pr i nci pl e of a DC gener ator .
6. Enumer ate al l the par ts of a DC machi ne. State the
mater i al and the f uncti on of each par t.
(U.P.T.U. Dec. 2002)
7 . Ex pl ai n i n br i ef the constr ucti on of a DC machi ne.
(M.D. Univ. May 2003)
8. How can i nduced emf i n the ar matur e conductor s of a

DC gener ator be made uni di r ecti onal f or ex ter nal
l oad?
(M.P. Univ. 2001)
9. Der i v e the emf equati on of a DC machi ne.
(P.T.U. May 2011)
1 0. Der i v e the ex pr essi on f or i nduced v ol tages and

ar matur e MMF i n a DC machi ne.
(P.T.U. May 2010)
1 1 . Der i v e an equati on f or emf i n a DC machi ne.
(U.P.T.U. Dec. 2003)
Numericals
1 . Cal cul ate the v ol tage i nduced i n the ar matur e

w i ndi ng of a 4-pol e, l ap-w ound DC machi ne hav i ng
500 conductor s and r unni ng at 1 ,000 r pm. The f l ux
per pol e i s 30 mWb. What w i l l be i nduced emf i f the
ar matur e i s r ew ound f or w av e w i ndi ng?
(Ans. 250 V; 500 V) (U.P.T.U. Dec. 2004)
2. A 4-pol e, w av e-w ound ar matur e has 7 2 sl ots w i th tw o

coi l -si des per sl ot, each coi l has f our tur ns. If the
f l ux per pol e i s 20 mWb and the ar matur e r otates at
7 20 r pm, w hat i s the i nduced emf (i ) acr oss the
ar matur e and (i i ) acr oss each par al l el path?
(Ans. 27 6.48 V; 27 6.48 V) (P.T.U. Dec. 2003)
3. A 4-pol e machi ne has an ar matur e w i th 90 sl ots and 8

conductor s per sl ot, the f l ux per pol e i s 0.05 Wb and
r uns at 1 ,200 r pm. Deter mi ne i nduced emf i f w i ndi ng
i s (i ) l ap connected and (i i ) w av e connected.
(Ans. 7 20 V, 1 440 V) (U.P.T.U. Dec. 2005)
4. An 8-pol e DC gener ator has 400 ar matur e conductor s

and a usef ul f l ux of 0.05 Wb. What w i l l be the emf
gener ated i f i t i s l ap w ound and r uns at 1 ,500 r pm?
What must be the speed at w hi ch i t i s to be dr i v en to
i nduce the same v ol tage i f i t i s w av e w ound?
(Ans. 500 V; 37 5 r pm) (U.P.T.U. Dec. 2005)
5. A w av e-w ound ar matur e of a 6-pol e gener ator has 51

sl ots. Each sl ot contai ns 20 conductor s. The v ol tage
r equi r ed to be gener ated i s 250 V. What w oul d be the
speed of coupl ed pr i me mov er i f f l ux per pol e i s 0.07
Wb. If the ar matur e i s r ew ound as l ap-w ound
machi ne and r un by same pr i me mov er , w hat w i l l be
the gener ated v ol tage?
(Ans. 7 0 r pm; 83.3 V) (A.M.I.E. Winter 2003)
6. A 4-pol e w av e-w ound ar matur e r otati ng at 400 r pm

i s r equi r ed to gener ate 300 V. The ef f ecti v e f l ux per
pol e i s about 0.05 Wb. If the ar matur e has 1 20 sl ots,
deter mi ne the sui tabl e number of conductor s per
sl ot and hence deter mi ne the actual v al ue of f l ux
r equi r ed to gener ate the same v ol tage.
(Ans. 4; 46.87 5 mWb) (U.P.T.U. May 2008)
7 . A 4-pol e DC gener ator has r ated ar matur e cur r ent of

1 80 A. If the ar matur e i s l ap w ound, deter mi ne the
cur r ent f l ow i ng thr ough each par al l el path of the
ar matur e. What w i l l be i ts v al ue i f the ar matur e i s
w av e w ound?
(Ans. 45 A; 90 A)
8. A 4-pol e l ap-connected DC machi ne has an ar matur e

r esi stance of 0.1 8 Ω. Fi nd the ar matur e r esi stance of
the machi ne w hen r ew ound f or w av e connecti ons.
(Ans. 0.7 2 Ω) (U.P.T.U. Dec. 2005)
11.8 TYPES OF DC GENERATORS
DC gener ator s ar e gener al l y cl assi f i ed accor di ng to the methods of

thei r f i el d ex ci tati on. On the basi s of thi s cr i ter i a, they can be
cl assi f i ed as f ol l ow s:
1 . Separ atel y ex ci ted DC gener ator s

2. Sel f -ex ci ted DC gener ator s—these ar e f ur ther cl assi f i ed as
f ol l ow s:
1 . Shunt-w ound DC gener ator s
2. Ser i es-w ound DC gener ator s
3. Compound-w ound DC gener ator s.
Fur ther mor e, compound-w ound gener ator s can be cl assi f i es as l ong
shunt and shor t shunt. Ex cept these gener ator s, ther e ar e al so
per manent magnet ty pe DC gener ator s. In these gener ator s, no f i el d
w i ndi ng i s pl aced ar ound the pol es. The f i el d pr oduced by the pol es
of these machi nes f ai r l y r emai ns constant. Al though these
machi nes ar e v er y compact but ar e used onl y i n smal l si zes l i k e
dy namos i n automobi l es. The mai n di sadv antage of these machi nes
i s that the f l ux pr oduced by the magnets deter i or ates w i th the
passage of ti me that changes the char acter i sti cs of the machi ne.
11.9 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATORS
A DC gener ator i n w hi ch cur r ent i s suppl i ed to the f i el d w i ndi ng

f r om an ex ter nal DC sour ce i s cal l ed a separ atel y ex ci ted DC
gener ator . The f l ux pr oduced by the pol es depends upon the f i el d
cur r ent w i th i n the unsatur ated r egi on of magneti c mater i al of the
pol es (i .e., ɸ ∝ I ), but i n the satur ated r egi on, the f l ux r emai ns
f
constant. Its conv enti onal di agr am i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 6.
Fig. 11.16 Conv enti onal di agr am of a separ atel y ex ci ted DC

gener ator
I mportant relations
Her e, I a = I L, w her e I a i s ar matur e
Cur r ent and I

L i s the l i ne cur r ent
Ter mi nal v ol tage, V = Eg − I a Ra
If br ush contact dr op per br ush (v b ) i s k now n,
V = Eg − I a Ra − 2 v b
Pow er dev el oped = Eg I a
Pow er output = VI L = VI a
11.10 SELF-EXCITED DC GENERATORS
A DC gener ator w hose f i el d w i ndi ng i s ex ci ted by the cur r ent

suppl i ed by the gener ator i tsel f i s cal l ed a sel f -ex ci ted DC
gener ator . In a sel f -ex ci ted DC gener ator , the f i el d coi l s may be
connected i n par al l el w i th the ar matur e, i n ser i es w i th the
ar matur e or par tl y i n ser i es, and par tl y i n par al l el w i th the
ar matur e w i ndi ng. Accor di ngl y , the sel f -ex ci ted gener ator s may be
1 . Shunt-wound generators: In thi s gener ator , the f i el d

w i ndi ng i s connected acr oss the ar matur e w i ndi ng f or mi ng
a par al l el or shunt ci r cui t. Ther ef or e, f ul l ter mi nal v ol tage
i s appl i ed acr oss the f i el d w i ndi ng. A v er y smal l cur r ent
I
sh f l ow s thr ough i t, because thi s w i ndi ng has many tur ns
of f i ne w i r e hav i ng v er y hi gh r esi stance R (of the or der
sh
of 1 00 Ω). Its conv enti onal di agr am i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 7 .
Fig. 11.17 Conv enti onal di agr am of a shunt w ound DC

gener ator
Shunt f i el d cur r ent, I sh = V/Rsh
w her e Rsh i s the shunt f i el d w i ndi ng r esi stance. The f i el d

cur r ent I sh i s pr acti cal l y constant at al l l oads, and
ther ef or e, the DC shunt machi ne i s consi der ed to be
constant f l ux machi ne.
Ar matur e cur r ent, I =I +I ; ter mi nal v ol tage, V = E −

a L sh g
I R
a a
Incl udi ng br ush contact dr op, V = Eg − I a Ra − 2υ b
Pow er dev el oped = Eg I a ; pow er output = VI L
2. Series-wound generators: In thi s gener ator , the f i el d

w i ndi ng i s connected i n ser i es w i th the ar matur e w i ndi ng
f or mi ng a ser i es ci r cui t. Ther ef or e, f ul l l i ne cur r ent I
L or
ar matur e cur r ent I

a f l ow s thr ough i t. Si nce the ser i es f i el d
w i ndi ng car r i es f ul l -l oad cur r ent, i t has a f ew tur ns of
thi ck w i r e hav i ng l ow r esi stance (usual l y of the or der of
l ess than 1 Ω). Its conv enti onal di agr am i s show n i n Fi gur e
1 1 .1 8.
Fig. 11.18 Conv enti onal di agr am of a ser i es w ound DC

gener ator
Ser i es f i el d cur r ent, I se = I L = I a
Ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng r esi stance = Rse
Ter mi nal v ol tage, V = E − I R −I R =E −I (R +

g a a se se g a a
R )
se
Incl udi ng br ush contact dr op, V = Eg − I a (Ra + Rse) − 2v b
Pow er dev el oped = Eg I a ; pow er output = VI L = VI a
Note: The f l ux dev el oped by the ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng i s

di r ectl y pr opor ti onal to the cur r ent f l ow i ng thr ough i t
(i .e., ɸ ∝ I ). How ev er , i t i s onl y tr ue bef or e magneti c
se
satur ati on. Af ter satur ati on, f l ux becomes constant ev en i f
the cur r ent f l ow i ng thr ough i t i s i ncr eased.
3. Compound-wound generators: In a compound-w ound

gener ator , ther e ar e tw o sets of f i el d w i ndi ngs on each pol e.
One of them i s connected i n ser i es (hav i ng f ew tur ns of
thi ck w i r e) and the other i s connected i n par al l el (hav i ng
many tur ns of f i ne w i r e) w i th ar matur e. A compound-
w ound gener ator may be cl assi f i ed as f ol l ow s:
1 . Long shunt: In thi s gener ator , the shunt f i el d

w i ndi ng i s connected i n par al l el w i th the
combi nati on of both ar matur e and ser i es f i el d
w i ndi ng. The conv enti onal di agr am of l one shunt
compound gener ator i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .1 9.
Fig. 11.19 Conv enti onal di agr am of a l ong shunt

compound w ound DC gener ator
Shunt f i el d cur r ent,
Ser i es f i el d cur r ent, I =I =I +I

se a L sh
Ter mi nal v ol tage, V = Eg − I a Ra − I se Rse
=E −I (R + R )
g a a se
Incl udi ng br ush contact dr op, V = Eg − I a (Ra + Rse)

− 2v b
Pow er dev el oped = Eg I a ; pow er output = VI L
2. Short shunt: In thi s gener ator , the shunt f i el d

w i ndi ng i s connected i n par al l el w i th onl y
ar matur e w i ndi ng. The conv enti onal di agr am of

shor t-shunt compound gener ator i s show n i n Fi gur e
1 1 .20.
Fig. 11.20 Conv enti onal di agr am of a shor t shunt

compound w ound DC gener ator
Ser i es f i el d cur r ent, I se = I L
I a = I L + I sh
Ter mi nal v ol tage, V = Eg − I a Ra − I L Rse
Incl udi ng br ush contact dr op, V = Eg − I a Ra − I L

Rse − 2v b
Pow er dev el oped = E I ; pow er output = VI

g a L
11.10.1 Cumulative and Di erential Compound-wound Generators

In compound-w ound DC gener ator s, the f i el d i s pr oduced by the
shunt as w el l as ser i es w i ndi ng. Gener al l y , the shunt f i el d i s
str onger than the ser i es f i el d. When the ser i es f i el d assi st the shunt
f i el d, the gener ator i s cal l ed as cumul ati v e compound-w ound
gener ator (see Fi g. 1 1 .21 (a)). How ev er , w hen the ser i es f i el d opposes
the shunt f i el d, the gener ator i s k now n as di f f er enti al compound-

w ound gener ator (see Fi g. 1 1 .21 (b)).
Fig. 11.21 (a) Cumul ati v el y compound

(b) Di f f er enti al l y compound
Example 11.11
A 200 V, 8-pol e, l ap-connected DC shunt gener ator suppl i ed 60, 40

W, 200 V l amps. It has ar matur e and f i el d ci r cui t r esi stances of 0.2
Ω and 200 Ω, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate the gener ated emf , ar matur e
cur r ent, and cur r ent i n each ar matur e conductor .
(U.P.T.U. 2004-05)
Solution:
The conv enti onal ci r cui t i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .22.
Fig. 11.22 Conv enti onal di agr am as per data
Her e, V = 200 V; P = 8; A = P = 8 (l ap w i ndi ng);
R = 0.2 Ω; R = 200 Ω
a sh
Load = 60 × 40 = 2,400 W
Load cur r ent,
Ar matur e cur r ent, I a = I L + I sh
= 12 + 1 = 13 A
Gener ated emf , E = V + I R = 200 + 1 3 × 0.2

g a a
= 202.6 V
Cur r ent i n each ar matur e conductor ,
Example 11.12
A 20 k W, 200 V shunt gener ator has an ar matur e r esi stance of 0.05

Ω and a shunt f i el d r esi stance of 200 Ω. Cal cul ate the pow er
dev el oped i n the ar matur e w hen i t del i v er s r ated output.
(U.P.T.U. 2006-07)
Solution:
For shunt gener ator : I a = I L + I sh
Pow er del i v er ed to l oad, P = VI

L L
Pow er dev el oped i n ar matur e, Pg = Eg I a
Now ,
I a = 1 00 + 1 = 1 01 A
Eg = V + I a Ra = 200 + 1 01 × 0.05 = 205.05 V
P =E I = 205.05 × 1 01 = 20,7 1 0.05 W = 20.7 1 k W

g g a
Example 11.13
A 4-pol e DC gener ator w i th w av e-connected ar matur e has 41 sl ots,

and 1 2 conductor s/sl ot. Ar matur e r esi stance Ra = 0.5 Ω; shunt
r esi stance i s R = 200 Ω; f l ux per pol e = 1 25 mWb; and speed N =

sh
1 ,000 r pm. Cal cul ate v ol tage acr oss 1 0 Ω l oad r esi stance acr oss the
ar matur e ter mi nal .
(U.P.T.U. 2007-08)
Solution:

−3
Her e, P = 4; Ra = 0.5 Ω; Rsh = 200 Ω; ɸ = 1 25 mWb = 1 25 × 1 0 Wb; N
= 1 ,000 r pm; RL = 1 0 Ω
Number of sl ots = 41
Number of conductor s/sl ot = 1 2
Ar matur e conductor s, Z = 41 × 1 2 = 492
Number of par al l el paths, A = 2 (w av e w i ndi ng)
Gener ated emf ,
=2,050V
Load cur r ent,
Ar matur e cur r ent,
Now ,
E =V+I R
g a a
or
or
Example 11.14
A 4-pol e DC shunt gener ator w i th w av e-w ound ar matur e has 40

sl ots each hav i ng 1 2 conductor s. Ar matur e r esi stance i s 1 Ω and
shunt f i el d r esi stance i s 200 Ω. The f l ux per pol e i s 25 mWb. If a
l oad of 50 Ω i s connected acr oss the ar matur e ter mi nal s, cal cul ate
the v ol tage acr oss the l oad w hen the gener ator i s dr i v en at 1 ,000
r pm. What w i l l be the l oad v ol tage i f the gener ator i s l ap w ound?
(U.P.T.U. 2006-07)
Solution:

−3
Her e, P = 4, R = 1 Ω; R = 200 Ω; ɸ = 25 mWb = 25 × 1 0 Wb; N =
a sh
1 ,000 r pm
Number of sl ots = 40; number of conductor s/sl ot = 1 2
Total ar matur e conductor s,
Z = 40 × 1 2 = 480
Load r esi stance,
R = 50 Ω
L
Number of par al l el path, A = 2 (f or w av e w i ndi ng)
Gener ated emf ,
Load cur r ent,
Now ,
E =V+I R
g a a
or
If the gener ator i s l ap w ound, then A = P = 4
and
Eg = V + I a Ra
or
or
Example 11.15
A 4-pol e DC shunt gener ator w i th a w av e-w ound ar matur e hav i ng

390 conductor s has to suppl y a l oad of 500 l amps each of 1 00 W at
250 V. Al l ow i ng 1 0 V f or the v ol tage dr op i n the connecti ng l eads
betw een the gener ator and the l oad and br ush dr op of 2 V. Cal cul ate
the speed at w hi ch the gener ator shoul d be dr i v en. The f l ux per
pol e i s 30 mWb and the v al ue of R = 0.05 Ω and R = 65 Ω.
a sh
Solution:
The conv enti onal ci r cui t di agr am of the DC shunt gener ator i s
show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .26.
Total l oad = 500 × 1 00 W
Vol tage dr op i n l eads, VL = 1 0 V
Vol tage acr oss shunt f i el d w i ndi ng,
Vsh = V + VL = 250 + 1 0 = 260 V

I sh = Vsh /Rsh = 260/65 = 4 A
I a = I L + I sh = 200 + 4 = 204 A
Ar matur e dr op = I a Ra = 204 × 0.05 = 1 0.2 V
Total br ush dr op, 2v = 2 V

b
Gener ated emf , Eg = V + I a Ra + VL + 2
= 250 + 1 0.2 + 1 0 + 2 = 27 2.2 V
Now ,
or
Example 11.16
A 4-pol e DC shunt gener ator w i th a shunt f i el d r esi stance of 1 00 Ω

and an ar matur e r esi stance of 1 Ω has 37 8 w av e-connected
conductor s i n i ts ar matur e. The f l ux per pol e i s 0.02 Wb. If a l oad
r esi stance of 1 0 Ω i s connected acr oss the ar matur e ter mi nal s and
the gener ator i s dr i v en at 1 ,000 r pm, cal cul ate the pow er absor bed
by the l oad.
Solution:
The conv enti onal ci r cui t i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .27 .
Gener ated emf ,
Li ne cur r ent, (w her e V i s ter mi nal
v ol tage)
U si ng the r el ati on, Eg = V + I a Ra ; 252 = V + 0.1 1 V × 1 .0
Ter mi nal v ol tage, V = 227 V
Load cur r ent,
Pow er absor bed by the l oad, P = VI L = 227 × 22.7 = 5.1 53 k W
Example 11.17
A shor t-shunt cumul ati v e compound DC gener ator suppl i es 7 .5 k W

at 230 V. The shunt f i el d, ser i es f i el d, and ar matur e r esi stance ar e
1 00, 0.3 and 0.4 Ω, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate the i nduced emf and the
l oad r esi stance.
Solution:
Fr om Fi gur e 1 1 .29,
I a = I L + I sh = 32.61 + 2.39 = 35 A
Induced emf , Eg = V + I L Rse + I a Ra
= 230 + 32.61 × 0.3 + 35 × 0.4 = 253.7 8 V
Load r esi stance,
Example 11.18
A 20 k W compound gener ator w or k s on f ul l -l oad w i th a ter mi nal

v ol tage of 230 V. The ar matur e, ser i es, and shunt f i el d r esi stance
ar e 0.1 , 0.05, and 1 1 5 Ω, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate the gener ated emf
w hen the gener ator i s connected as shunt.
(Pb. Univ. Dec. 1994)
Solution:

3
Load = 20 k W = 20 × 1 0 W
V = 230 V; Ra = 0.1 Ω; Rse = 0.05 Ω
Rsh = 1 1 5 Ω
Li ne cur r ent,
Ar matur e cur r ent, I a = I L + I sh = 86.96 + 2 = 88.96 A
Gener ated emf , E = V + I R +I R

g a a a se
= 230 + 88.96 × 0.1 + 88.96 × 0.05

= 243.3 V
11.11 VOLTAGE BUILD-UP IN SHUNT GENERATORS
The shunt gener ator i s a sel f -ex ci ted DC gener ator w hose f i el d
w i ndi ng i s suppl i ed w i th the cur r ent f r om the output of the
gener ator i tsel f . How ev er , questi on ar i ses how i t can suppl y
cur r ent to the f i el d w i ndi ng bef or e the v ol tage bei ng gener ated?
And i f the f i el d cur r ent i s not suppl i ed, how can the v ol tage be
gener ated? Let us f i nd out i ts answ er f r om the f ol l ow i ng
ex pl anati on.
The open-ci r cui t char acter i sti cs of a DC shunt gener ator ar e show n
i n Fi gur e 1 1 .30(b). The shunt f i el d r esi stance i s r epr esented by a
str ai ght l i ne OX. When ar matur e i s r otated at a constant speed of ω
r adi ans/s, the smal l r esi dual f l ux of the pol es i s cut by the
ar matur e conductor s, and v er y smal l emf (oa) i s i nduced i n the
ar matur e. Now , i f k ey (K) connected i n the shunt f i el d w i ndi ng, as
show n i n the Fi gur e 1 1 .30(a) i s cl osed, cur r ent ob f l ow s i n the f i el d
w i ndi ng. Thi s cur r ent i ncr eases the f l ux pr oduced by the pol es and
v ol tage gener ated i n the ar matur e i s i ncr eased to oc that f ur ther
i ncr eases the f i el d cur r ent to od; f ur ther , thi s bui l ds up the
v ol tage. Thi s bui l di ng up acti on comes to an end at poi nt f w her e
the O.C.C. i nter sects the shunt f i el d r esi stance l i ne OX. It i s because
bey ond thi s poi nt, the i nduced v ol tage i s l ess than that r equi r ed to
mai ntai n the cor r espondi ng f i el d cur r ent. Thus, the f i nal cur r ent
i n the f i el d w i ndi ng i s ef and the f i nal v ol tage bui l d-up by the
gener ator f or a gi v en O.C.C. i s oe as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .30(b).
Fig. 11.30 (a) Conv enti onal di agr am of a shunt gener ator w her e
f i el d w i ndi ng i s open ci r cui ted (b) Open ci r cui t char acter i sti cs of
a DC shunt gener ator
11.12 CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE OF A DC SHUNT GENERATOR
The open-ci r cui t char acter i sti c of a DC shunt gener ator ar e show n
i n Fi gur e 1 1 .31 . The l i ne OX i s dr aw n i n such a w ay that i ts sl ope
gi v es the f i el d w i ndi ng r esi stance,
i .e.,
Fig. 11.31 Repr esentati on of cr i ti cal r esi stance
In thi s case, the gener ator can bui l d up a max i mum v ol tage OB w i th
a shunt f i el d r esi stance Rsh . A l i ne OY r epr esents a smal l
r esi stance. Wi th thi s r esi stance, the gener ator can bui l d up a
max i mum v ol tage OF that i s sl i ghtl y mor e than OB. If the f i el d
r esi stance i s i ncr eased, the sl ope of the r esi stance l i ne i ncr eases.
Consequentl y , the max i mum v ol tage that the gener ator can bui l d
up, at a speci f i ed speed, decr eases. If the v al ue of Rsh i s i ncr eased to
such an ex tent that the r esi stance l i ne does not cut the no-l oad
char acter i sti cs at al l (OZ), then i t i s appar ent that the v ol tage w i l l
not be bui l t-up (i .e., the gener ator f ai l s to ex ci te).
If the r esi stance l i ne (OP) just coi nci de w i th the sl ope of the cur v e,
at thi s v al ue of f i el d r esi stance, the gener ator w i l l just ex ci te. Thi s
r esi stance gi v en by the tangent to O.C.C. i s cal l ed the cr i ti cal
r esi stance at a speci f i ed speed. Thus, the sl ope of the tangent dr aw n
on O.C.C. i s cal l ed cr i ti cal r esi stance.
1 . Critical resistance of a field winding: It i s that max i mum

v al ue r esi stance of a f i el d w i ndi ng that i s r equi r ed to bui l d-
up v ol tage i n a gener ator . If the v al ue of f i el d r esi stance i s
mor e than thi s v al ue, the gener ator w oul d not bui l d-up the
v ol tage.
2. Critical load resistance: The mi ni mum v al ue of l oad
r esi stance on a DC shunt gener ator w i th w hi ch i t can be i n
posi ti on to bui l d up i s cal l ed i ts cr i ti cal l oad r esi stance.
3. Critical speed of a DC shunt generator: It i s the speed of a
DC shunt gener ator at w hi ch shunt f i el d r esi stance w i l l
r epr esent the cr i ti cal f i el d r esi stance.
11.13 CAUSES OF FAILURE TO BUILD-UP VOLTAGE IN A GENERATOR
Ther e may be one or mor e of the f ol l ow i ng r easons due to w hi ch a

gener ator f ai l s to bui l d-up v ol tage:
1 . When the r esi dual magneti sm i n the f i el d sy stem i s

destr oy ed.
2. When the connecti ons of the f i el d w i ndi ng ar e r ev er sed.
Thi s, i n f act, destr oy s the r esi dual magneti sm due to w hi ch
gener ator f ai l s to bui l d-up v ol tage.
3. In the case of shunt-w ound gener ator s, the other causes may
be
1 . the r esi stance of shunt f i el d ci r cui t may be mor e
than the cr i ti cal r esi stance.
2. the r esi stance of l oad ci r cui t may be l ess than
cr i ti cal r esi stance.
3. the speed of r otati on may be bel ow the r ated speed.
4. In the case of ser i es-w ound gener ator s, the other causes may
be
1 . the l oad ci r cui t may be open - i t may be due to
f aul ty contact betw een br ushes and commutator or
commutator sur f ace may be gr easy or di r ty and
mak i ng no contact w i th the br ushes.
2. the l oad ci r cui t may hav e hi gh r esi stance.
11.13.1 Rectification
If the gener ator i s not bui l di ng up because of the absence of
r esi dual magneti sm due to any r eason, the f i el d coi l s shoul d be
connected to a DC sour ce f or a smal l per i od i n or der to magneti se
the pol es.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1 . What ar e the r equi r ements of sel f -ex ci ted DC

machi ne?
(P.T.U. May. 2010)
Or
What ar e the condi ti ons to be f ul f i l l ed f or a DC shunt

gener ator to bui l d-up emf ?
(P.T.U. May. 2009)
2. U nder w hat ci r cumstances, does a DC shunt

gener ator f ai l to bui l d up?
(P.T.U. Dec. 2009)
3. Def i ne cr i ti cal r esi stance of DC shunt gener ator .
(P.T.U. Dec. 2012)
4. The per manent magnet gener ator s ar e r ar el y used i n

i ndustr y . Why ?
5. Why f i el d coi l s of a DC shunt gener ator ar e w ound
w i th a l ar ge number of tur ns of f i ne w i r e?
6. Why i s the ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng w ound w i th f ew
tur ns of thi ck w i r e?
7 . What i s the cr i ti cal r esi stance of f i el d ci r cui t?
(U.P.T.U. Dec. 2003)
Test Questions
1 . Descr i be w i th sui tabl e di agr am v ar i ous ty pes of DC

machi nes.
(P.T.U. May 2010)
2. Name and ex pl ai n v ar i ous methods of ex ci tati on of

DC machi nes.
(P.U. Dec. 1992)
3. Ex pl ai n the pr ocess of v ol tage bui l d-up i n a DC shunt

gener ator . What i s the f i el d ci r cui t cr i ti cal
r esi stance?
(U.P.T.U. 2002-03)
4. What coul d be the causes f or the f ai l ur e of v ol tage

bui l d-up of DC sel f -ex ci ted gener ator ? How can the
pr obl em be r emedi ed?
5. Ex pl ai n the pr ocess of ‘bui l di ng up’ of v ol tage i n a

shunt gener ator . U nder w hat condi ti ons may i t f ai l
to bui l d-up the v ol tage?
(U.P.T.U. 2002-03)
6. Def i ne cr i ti cal f i el d r esi stance r el ati ng to DC shunt

gener ator . Fur ther , ex pl ai n the v ol tage bui l d-up
pr ocess w hen the gener ator i s dr i v en at constant
speed.
Numericals
1 . A 4-pol e machi ne r unni ng at 1 ,000 r pm has an

ar matur e w i th 90 sl ots hav i ng 6 conductor s per sl ot.
−2
The f l ux per pol e i s 6 × 1 0 Wb. Deter mi ne the
i nduced emf as a DC gener ator , i f the coi l s ar e l ap
connected. If the cur r ent per conductor i s 1 00 A,
deter mi ne the el ectr i cal pow er output of the
machi ne.
(Ans. 540 V; 21 6 k W)
2. A 1 1 0 V DC shunt gener ator del i v er s a l oad cur r ent of

50 A. The ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.2 Ω and the f i el d
ci r cui t r esi stance i s 55 Ω. The gener ator , r otati ng at a
speed of 1 ,800 r pm., has 6-pol e l ap-w ound ar matur e
hav i ng 360 conductor s. Cal cul ate (i ) the no-l oad
v ol tage i n the ar matur e and (i i ) the f l ux per pol e.
(B.U. Feb. 1983) (Ans. 1 20.4 V; 0.01 1 Wb)
3. A 1 0 k W, 6-pol e DC gener ator dev el ops an emf of 200

V at 1 ,500 r pm. The ar matur e has a l ap-connected
w i ndi ng. The av er age f l ux densi ty ov er a pol e pi tch
i s 0.9 T. The l ength and di ameter of the ar matur e ar e
0.25 m and 0.2 m, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate (i ) the f l ux
per pol e, (i i ) the total number of acti v e conductor s i n
the ar matur e, and (i i i ) the tor que dev el oped by the
machi ne w hen the ar matur e suppl i es a cur r ent of 60
A
(GATE 1997) (Ans. 23.6 mWb, 340, 7 6.4 Nm)
4. A 30 k W, 300 V, DC shunt gener ator has ar matur e and

f i el d r esi stance of 0.05 Ω and 1 00 Ω, r especti v el y .
Cal cul ate the total pow er dev el oped i n the ar matur e
w hen i t del i v er s f ul l -l oad.
(A.M.I.E. Summer 1975) (Ans. 31 .43 k W)
5. A 4-pol e shunt gener ator w i th l ap-connected

ar matur e hav i ng f i el d and ar matur e r esi stances of 50
Ω and 0.1 Ω, r especti v el y , suppl i es a 2,400 W l oad at a
ter mi nal v ol tage of 1 00 V. Cal cul ate the total
ar matur e cur r ent, the cur r ent per ar matur e path,
and the gener ated emf .
(P.T.U. Dec. 2001) (Ans. 26 A; 6.5 A; 1 02.6 V)
6. A shunt gener ator has an i nduced emf of 1 27 V on

open ci r cui t. When the machi ne i s on l oad, the
ter mi nal v ol tage i s 1 20 V. Fi nd the l oad cur r ent, i f
the f i el d r esi stance i s 1 5 Ω and the ar matur e
r esi stance 0.02 Ω.
(B.U. May 1986) (Ans. 342 A)
7 . A 4-pol e DC shunt gener ator w i th l ap-connected

ar matur e suppl i es a l oad of 1 00 A at 200 V. The
ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.1 Ω and the shunt f i el d
r esi stance i s 80 Ω. Fi nd (i ) total ar matur e cur r ent, (i i )
cur r ent per conductor , and (i i i ) emf gener ated.
(Ans. 1 02.5 A, 25.6 A, 21 0.25 V)
8. A 4-pol e shunt gener ator w i th l ap-connected

ar matur e has ar matur e and f i el d r esi stances of 0.2
and 50 Ω, r especti v el y , and suppl i es to 1 00 l amps of
60 W, 200 V each. Cal cul ate the total ar matur e
cur r ent, cur r ent per path, and the gener ated emf .
Al l ow a br ush dr op of 1 V at each br ush.
(Ans. 34 A, 8.5 A, 208.8 V)
11.14 DC MOTOR
An el ectr omechani cal ener gy conv er si on dev i ce (el ectr i cal

machi ne) that conv er ts DC el ectr i cal ener gy or pow er (EI ) i nto
mechani cal ener gy or pow er (ω T) i s cal l ed a DC motor .
El ectr i c motor s ar e used f or dr i v i ng i ndustr i al machi nes such as

hammer s, pr esses, dr i l l i ng machi nes, l athes, r ol l er s i n paper and
steel i ndustr y , and bl ow er s f or f ur naces and domesti c appl i ances

such as r ef r i ger ator s, f ans, w ater pumps, toy s, and mi x er s. The
bl ock di agr am of ener gy conv er si on, w hen the el ectr omechani cal
dev i ce w or k s as a motor , i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .32.
Fig. 11.32 Motor
11.15 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTORS
The oper ati on of a DC motor i s based on the pr i nci pl e that w hen a

cur r ent car r y i ng conductor i s pl aced i n a magneti c f i el d, a
mechani cal f or ce i s ex per i enced by i t. The di r ecti on of thi s f or ce i s
deter mi ned by Fl emi ng’s l ef t-hand r ul e and i ts magni tude i s gi v en
by the r el ati on:
F = Bil New ton
For si mpl i ci ty , consi der onl y one coi l of the ar matur e pl aced i n the
magneti c f i el d pr oduced by a bi pol ar machi ne (see Fi g. 1 1 .33(a)).
When DC suppl y i s connected to the coi l , cur r ent f l ow s thr ough i t
that sets up i ts ow n f i el d, as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .33(b). By the
i nter acti on of the tw o f i el ds (i .e., f i el d pr oduced by the mai n pol es
and the coi l ), a r esul tant f i el d i s set up, as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .33(c).
The tendency of thi s i s to come to i ts or i gi nal posi ti on, that i s, i n
str ai ght l i ne due to w hi ch f or ce i s ex er ted on the tw o coi l si des and
tor que i s pr oduced; thi s tor que r otates the coi l .
Fig. 11.33 (a) Fi el d pr oduced by mai n pol es (b) Fi el d pr oduced by

cur r ent car r y i ng coi l (c) Resul tant f i el d and di r ecti on of f or ce
ex er ted on conductor s
Al ter natel y , i t can be sai d that the mai n pol es pr oduce a f i el d F .

m
Its di r ecti on i s mar k ed i n Fi gur e 1 1 .34. When cur r ent i s suppl i ed to
the coi l (ar matur e conductor s), i t pr oduces i ts ow n f i el d mar k ed as
F . Thi s f i el d tr i es to come i n l i ne w i th the mai n f i el d and an
r
el ectr omagneti c tor que i s dev el oped i n the cl ock w i se di r ecti on, as
show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .35.
Fig. 11.34 Posi ti on of mai n f i el d and r otor f i el d, tor que

dev el opment by the al i gnment of tw o f i el ds
Fig. 11.35 Tor que dev el opment i n actual motor
In actual machi ne, a l ar ge number of conductor s ar e pl aced on the

ar matur e. Al l the conductor s pl aced under the i nf l uence of one
pol e (say Nor th pol e) car r y the cur r ent i n one di r ecti on (outw ar d).
Whi l e the other conductor s pl aced under the i nf l uence of other
pol e, that i s South pol e, car r y the cur r ent i n opposi te di r ecti on, as
show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .35. A r esul tant r otor f i el d i s pr oduced. Its

di r ecti on i s mar k ed by the ar r ow ar r ow head F . Thi s r otor f i el d F
r r
tr i es to come i n l i ne w i th the mai n f i el d F and tor que (T ) i s
m e
dev el oped. Thus, r otor r otates. It can be seen that to obtai n a
conti nuous tor que, the di r ecti on of f l ow of cur r ent i n each
conductor or coi l si de must be r ev er sed w hen i t passes thr ough the
magneti c neutr al ax i s (MNA). Thi s i s achi ev ed w i th the hel p of a
commutator .
11.15.1 Function of a Commutator
The f uncti on of a commutator i n DC motor s i s to r ev er se the
di r ecti on of f l ow of cur r ent i n each ar matur e conductor w hen i t
passes thr ough the MNA to obtai n conti nuous tor que.
11.16 BACK EMF
It has been seen that w hen cur r ent i s suppl i ed to the ar matur e
conductor s, as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .36(a), pl aced i n the mai n
magneti c f i el d, tor que i s dev el oped; thus, the ar matur e r otates.
Si mul taneousl y , the ar matur e conductor s cut acr oss the magneti c
f i el d and an emf i s i nduced i n these conductor s. The di r ecti on of
thi s i nduced emf i n the ar matur e conductor s i s deter mi ned by
Fl emi ng’s r i ght-hand r ul e and i s mar k ed i n Fi gur e 1 1 .36(b).
Fig. 11.36 (a) Fl ow of r otor cur r ent due to appl i ed v ol tage (b)
Di r ecti on of i nduced emf i n r otor conductor s
It can be seen that the di r ecti on of thi s i nduced emf i s opposi te to

the appl i ed v ol tage. That i s w hy thi s i nduced emf i s cal l ed back emf
(Eb ). The magni tude of thi s i nduced emf i s gi v en by the r el ati on:
Fur ther , show s that speed of motor i s i nv er sel y
pr opor ti onal to magneti c f i el d or f l ux .
Fig. 11.37 Conv enti onal ci r cui t di agr am of a DC motor
A si mpl e conv enti onal ci r cui t di agr am of the machi ne w or k i ng as

motor i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .37 . In thi s case, the suppl y v ol tage i s
al w ay s gr eater than the i nduced or back emf (i .e., V > Eb ).
Ther ef or e, cur r ent i s al w ay s suppl i ed to the motor f r om the mai ns
and the r el ati on among the v ar i ous quanti ti es w i l l be Eb = V − I a
Ra .
11.16.1 Significance of Back EMF

The cur r ent f l ow i ng thr ough the ar matur e i s gi v en by the r el ati on:
When mechani cal l oad appl i ed on the
motor i ncr eases, i ts speed decr eases that r educes the v al ue of E . As

b
a r esul t, the v al ue (V − E ) i ncr eases that consequentl y i ncr eases
b
I . Hence, motor dr aw s ex tr a cur r ent f r om the mai ns. Thus, the
a
back emf r egul ates the i nput pow er as per the ex tr a l oad.
11.17 TORQUE EQUATION
We k now that w hen a cur r ent car r y i ng conductor i s pl aced i n the

magneti c f i el d, a f or ce i s ex er ted on i t that ex er ts tur ni ng moment
or tor que (F × r) (see Fi g. 1 1 .38). Thi s tor que i s pr oduced due to
el ectr omagneti c ef f ect, and hence i t i s cal l ed el ectr omagneti c
tor que.
Fig. 11.38 For ce ex er ted on a si ngl e conductor
Let P = number of pol es
ɸ = f l ux per pol e i n Wb
r = av er age r adi us of ar matur e i n metr e
l = ef f ecti v e l ength of each conductor i n metr e
Z = total ar matur e conductor s
I = total ar matur e cur r ent

a
A = number of par al l el paths
Av er age f or ce on each conductor , F = Bil New ton
Tor que due to one conductor = F × r New ton metr e
Total tor que dev el oped i n the ar matur e, T = ZFr New ton metr e
or
T = ZBilr (1 1 .1 )
Now , cur r ent i n each conductor , i = I a /A
Av er age f l ux densi ty , B = ɸ/a
w her e ‘a’ i s the X-secti onal ar ea of f l ux path at r adi us r.
Obv i ousl y ,
Substi tuti ng these v al ues i n Equati on (1 1 .1 ), w e get
Al ter natel y , the pow er dev el oped i n the ar matur e i s gi v en as
EI = ωT
a
or
or
or
For a par ti cul ar machi ne, the number of pol es (P) and number of
conductor s per par al l el path (Z/A) ar e constant.
Ther ef or e,
The constant K f or a gi v en machi ne i s the same f or the emf equati on

as w el l as f or the tor que equati on.
Fur ther , T = K ɸI , w her e i s another

2 a
constant. Thus, T ∝ ɸ I
a
Thus, w e concl ude that tor que pr oduced i n the ar matur e i s di r ectl y
pr opor ti onal to f l ux per pol e and ar matur e cur r ent. Mor eov er , the
di r ecti on of el ectr omagneti c tor que dev el oped i n the ar matur e
depends upon the di r ecti on of f l ux or magneti c f i el d and the
di r ecti on of f l ow of cur r ent i n ar matur e conductor s. If ei ther of
the tw o i s r ev er sed, the di r ecti on of tor que pr oduced i s r ev er sed,
and hence, the di r ecti on of r otati on. How ev er , w hen both ar e
r ev er sed, the di r ecti on of tor que does not change.
11.18 SHAFT TORQUE
In DC motor s, w hol e of the el ectr omagneti c tor que (T ) dev el oped

e
i n the ar matur e i s not av ai l abl e at the shaf t. A par t of i t i s l ost to
ov er come the i r on and mechani cal (f r i cti on and w i ndage) l osses.
Ther ef or e, shaf t tor que (T ) i s somew hat l ess than the tor que
sh
dev el oped i n the ar matur e. Thus, i n the case of DC motor s, the
actual tor que av ai l abl e at the shaf t f or doi ng usef ul mechani cal
w or k i s k now n as shaf t tor que.
11.18.1 Brake Horse Power

In the case of motor s, the mechani cal pow er (H.P.) av ai l abl e at the
shaf t i s k now n as br ak e hor se pow er (BHP). If T i s the shaf t
sh
tor que i n Nm and N i s speed i n r pm, then
usef ul output pow er = ω Tsh = 2π NTsh /60 W
11.19 COMPARISON OF GENERATOR AND MOTOR ACTION
It has been seen that the same machi ne can be used as a DC

gener ator or as a DC motor . When i t conv er ts mechani cal ener gy
(or pow er ) i nto el ectr i cal ener gy (or pow er ), i t i s cal l ed a DC
gener ator and w hen i t i s used f or r ev er sed oper ati on, i t i s cal l ed a
DC motor . Tabl e 1 1 .1 gi v es the compar i son betw een the gener ator
and the motor acti on.
Table 11.1 Comparison between the Generator and the Motor

Action
Generator Action Motor Action
Fig. 11.39 (b) Motor

Fig. 11.39 (a) Gener ator
1 . In gener ator acti on, the 1 . In motor acti on, the

r otati on i s due to r otati on i s due to
mechani cal tor que, and el ectr omagneti c tor que,
ther ef or e, T and ω ar e i n and ther ef or e, T and ω
m e
the same di r ecti on. ar e i n the same di r ecti on.
2. The f r i cti onal tor que T 2. The f r i cti onal tor que
f
acts i n opposi te di r ecti on to T acts i n opposi te
f
r otati on ω . di r ecti on to r otati on ω .
3. Mechani cal tor que T

m
3. El ectr omagneti c tor que acts i n opposi te
T acts i n opposi te di r ecti on di r ecti on to
e
to mechani cal tor que T so el ectr omagneti c tor que
m
that ω T = ωT + ωT . T so that ω T = ω T +
m e f e e m
ωT .
f
4. In gener ator acti on, an

4. In motor acti on,
emf i s i nduced i n the
cur r ent i s i mpr essed to
ar matur e conductor s that
the ar matur e agai nst the
ci r cul ate cur r ent i n the
i nduced emf (e), and
ar matur e w hen l oad i s
ther ef or e, cur r ent f l ow s
connected to i t. Hence, both
i n the opposi te di r ecti on
e and i ar e i n the same
to that of i nduced emf .
di r ecti on.
5. In gener ator acti on, E > V 5. In motor acti on, E < V
Generator Action Motor Action
6. In gener ator acti on, the 6. In motor acti on, the

tor que angl e θ i s l eadi ng. tor que angl e θ i s l aggi ng.
7 . In gener ator acti on, 7 . In motor acti on,

mechani cal ener gy i s el ectr i cal ener gy i s
conv er ted i nto el ectr i cal conv er ted i nto
ener gy mechani cal ener gy .
Example 11.19
A 50 H.P., 400 V, 4-pol e, 1 ,000 r pm, DC motor has f l ux per pol e equal
to 0.027 Wb. The ar matur e hav i ng 1 ,600 conductor s i s w av e
connected. Cal cul ate the gr oss tor que w hen the motor tak es 7 0 A.
Solution:
Tor que dev el oped,
w her e P = 4; ɸ = 0.027 Wb; Z = 1 ,600; I a = 7 0 A; A = 2 (w av e

connected)
Example 11.20
The i nduced emf i n a DC machi ne i s 200 V at a speed of 1 ,200 r pm.

Cal cul ate the el ectr omagneti c tor que dev el oped at an ar matur e
cur r ent of 1 5 A.
Solution:
Her e, Eb = 200 V; N = 1 ,200 r pm; I a = 1 5 A
Now , pow er dev el oped i n the ar matur e,
Example 11.21
A 4-pol e DC motor has a w av e-w ound ar matur e w i th 594 conductor s.

The ar matur e cur r ent i s 40 A and f l ux per pol e i s 7 .5 mWb.
Cal cul ate H.P. of the motor w hen r unni ng at 1 ,440 r pm.
Solution:
Pow er dev el oped = ω T w att, w her e
or
Example 11.22
A 6-pol e, l ap-w ound DC motor tak es 340 A w hen the speed i s 400
r pm. The f l ux per pol e i s 0.05 Wb and the ar matur e has 864 tur ns.
Negl ecti ng mechani cal l osses, cal cul ate the BHP of the motor .
(P.T.U. May 2010)
Solution:
Her e, P = 6; A = P = 6 (l ap w ound); I = 340 A; N = 400 r pm,

L
ɸ = 0.05 Wb; number of tur ns = 864
Z = 864 × 2 = 1 ,7 28
Back emf ,
Ar matur e cur r ent, I a = I L = 340 A
Pow er dev el oped = E × I = 57 6 × 340 = 1 95,840 W

b a
Negl ecti ng l osses,
11.20 TYPES OF DC MOTORS
On the basi s of the connecti ons of ar matur e and thei r f i el d

w i ndi ng, DC motor s can be cl assi f i ed as f ol l ow s.
11.20.1 Separately Excited DC Motors

The conv enti onal di agr am of a separ atel y ex ci ted DC motor i s
show n Fi gur e 1 1 .40. Its v ol tage equati on w i l l be
Fig. 11.40 Conv enti onal di agr am of a separ atel y ex ci ted DC motor
E =V−I R − 2v (w her e v i s v ol tage dr op per br ush)

b a a b b
11.20.2 Self-excited DC Motors
These motor s can be f ur ther cl assi f i ed as f ol l ow s:
1 . Shunt motors: Thei r conv enti onal di agr am i s show n i n

Fi gur e 1 1 .41 .
Fig. 11.41 Conv enti onal di agr am of a shunt w ound DC

motor
I mportant relations : I sh = V/Rsh ; I a = I L − I sh
E =V−I R − 2v (w her e v i s v ol tage dr op per br ush)

b a a b b
2. Series motor: Its conv enti onal di agr am i s show n i n Fi gur e

1 1 .42.
Fig. 11.42 Conv enti onal di agr am of a ser i es w ound DC

motor
I mportant relations : I =I =I ;E = V − I (R + R )−
L a se b a a se
2v
b
3. Compound motor: Its conv enti onal di agr am (f or l ong

shunt) i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .43.
Fig. 11.43 Conv enti onal di agr am of a compound w ound DC

motor
In al l the abov e menti oned v ol tage equati ons, the br ush

v ol tage dr op v i s someti mes negl ected si nce i ts v al ue i s
b
v er y smal l .
The compound motor can be f ur ther subdi v i ded as f ol l ow s:
1 . Cumulative compound motors: In these motor s, the

f l ux pr oduced by both the w i ndi ngs i s i n the same
di r ecti on, that i s,
ɸ =ɸ +ɸ
r sh se
2. Differential compound motors: In these motor s,

the f l ux pr oduced by the ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng i s
opposi te to the f l ux pr oduced by the shunt f i el d
w i ndi ng, that i s,
ɸr = ɸsh − ɸse
Example 11.23
A 4-pol e DC motor has a w av e-w ound ar matur e w i th 594 conductor s.

The ar matur e cur r ent i s 40 A and f l ux per pol e i s 7 .5 mWb.
Cal cul ate H.P. of the motor w hen r unni ng at 1 ,440 r pm
Solution:
Pow er dev el oped = ω T w atts, w her e
Example 11.24
A 6-pol e l ap-w ound shunt motor has 500 conductor s i n the

ar matur e. The r esi stance of ar matur e path i s 0.05 Ω. The r esi stance
of shunt f i el d i s 25 Ω. Fi nd the speed of the motor w hen i t tak es 1 20
−2
A f r om a DC mai ns of 1 00 V suppl y . Fl ux per pol e i s 2 × 1 0 Wb.
Solution:
The conv enti onal di agr am of the motor i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .44
I a = I L − I sh = 1 20 − 4 = 1 1 6 − A
Eb = V − I a Ra
= 1 00 − 1 1 6 × 0.05 = 94.2 V
Now ,
or
N = 565.2 r pm
Example 11.25
A 6-pol e, 440 V DC motor has 936 w av e-w ound ar matur e conductor s.

The usef ul f l ux per pol e i s 25 mWb. The tor que dev el oped i s 45.5
k gm. If ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.5 Ω, then cal cul ate (i ) ar matur e
cur r ent and (i i ) speed.
(P.T.U.)
Solution:
Number of pol es, P = 6
Number of ar matur e conductor s, Z = 936

−3
Fl ux per pol e, ɸ = 25 mWb = 25 × 1 0 Wb
Number of par al l el path, A = 2 (w av e-w ound ar matur e)
Ar matur e r esi stance, Ra = 0.5 Ω
Tor que dev el oped, T = 45.5 k gm = 45.5 × 9.81 = 446.35 Nm
1 . U si ng the r el ati on,
2. Induced emf , E = V − I a Ra (motor acti on)
= 440 − 39.95 × 0.5 = 420 V
U si ng the r el ati on, ω T = EI or

a
Speed
Example 11.26
A 400 V DC motor tak es an ar matur e cur r ent of 1 00 A w hen i ts

speed i s 1 ,000 r pm. If the ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.25 Ω, then
cal cul ate the tor que pr oduced i n Nm.
(P.T.U.)
Solution:
Ar matur e cur r ent, I = 1 00 A

a
Ar matur e r esi stance, Ra = 0.25 Ω
Speed, N = 1 ,000 r pm
Induced emf , E = V − I R (motor acti on)

a a
= 400 − 1 00 × 0.25 = 37 5 V
U si ng the r el ati on, ω T = EI or

a
Ther ef or e, tor que pr oduced,
Example 11.27
The el ectr omagneti c tor que dev el oped i n a DC machi ne i s 80 Nm

f or an ar matur e cur r ent of 30 A. What w i l l be the tor que f or a
cur r ent of 1 5 A? Assume constant f l ux . What i s the i nduced emf at a
speed of 900 r pm and an ar matur e cur r ent of 1 5 A?
Solution:
Tor que dev el oped, T1 = 80 Nm
Ar matur e cur r ent, I = 30 A

a1
Ar matur e cur r ent, I = 15 A

a2
Let the tor que dev el oped i s T2 Nm w hen the ar matur e cur r ent i s 1 5
A.
Now ,
T ∝ fI a
When f l ux f i s constant, T ∝ I a
Let the tor que dev el oped i s T Nm w hen the ar matur e cur r ent i s 1 5
2
A.
Now ,
T α ɸI
a
When f l ux ɸ i s constant, T ∝ I
a
Ther ef or e,
or
Pow er dev el oped i n the ar matur e = E2 I a2 = ω 2 T2
w her e
11.21 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
The per f or mance of a DC motor can be easi l y judged f r om i ts

char acter i sti c cur v es k now n as motor char acter i sti cs. The
char acter i sti cs of a motor ar e those cur v es that show r el ati on
betw een the tw o quanti ti es. On the basi s of these quanti ti es, the
f ol l ow i ng char acter i sti cs can be obtai ned:
1 . Speed and armature current, that is, N − Ia

characteristics: It i s the cur v e dr aw n betw een speed N and
ar matur e cur r ent I a . It i s al so k now n as speed
char acter i sti cs.
2. Torque and armature current, that is, T − Ia
characteristics: It i s the cur v e dr aw n betw een tor que
dev el oped i n the ar matur e T and ar matur e cur r ent I a . It i s
al so k now n as el ectr i cal char acter i sti c.
3. Speed and torque, that is, N − T characteristics: It i s the

cur v e dr aw n betw een speed N and tor que dev el oped i n the
ar matur e T. It i s al so k now n as mechani cal char acter i sti cs.
The f ol l ow i ng i mpor tant r el ati ons must be k ept i n mi nd w hi l e

di scussi ng the motor char acter i sti cs:
11.22 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTORS
The conv enti onal di agr am of thi s motor i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .45. In
these motor s, the shunt f i el d cur r ent I = V/R r emai ns constant
sh sh
si nce the suppl y v ol tage V i s constant. Hence, the f l ux i n DC shunt
motor s i s pr acti cal l y constant (al though at heav y l oads, somew hat
f l ux decr eases due to ar matur e r eacti on).
Fig. 11.45 Conv enti onal di agr am of a DC shunt motor
1 . N − I characteristics: We k now that,

a
Si nce f l ux i s constant, N ∝ E or N ∝ V − I R . If the

b a a
ar matur e dr op (I R ) i s negl i gi bl e, the speed of the motor
a a
w i l l r emai n constant f or al l v al ues of l oad as show n by the
dotted l i ne AB i n Fi gur e 1 1 .46. How ev er , str i ctl y speak i ng,
as the ar matur e cur r ent i ncr eases due to the i ncr ease of
l oad, ar matur e dr op I R i ncr eases and speed of the motor
a a
decr eases sl i ghtl y as show n by the str ai ght l i ne AC i n
Fi gur e 1 1 .46 (negl ecti ng ar matur e r eacti on). Mor eov er , the
char acter i sti c cur v e does not star t f r om a poi nt of zer o
ar matur e cur r ent because a smal l cur r ent, no-l oad
ar matur e cur r ent I , i s necessar y to mai ntai n r otati on of
a0
the motor at no-l oad.
Fig. 11.46 N-I a char acter i sti cs of DC shunt motor
Si nce ther e i s no appr eci abl e change i n the speed of a DC

shunt motor f r om no-l oad to f ul l -l oad, i t i s consi der ed to be a
constant speed motor . Thi s motor i s best sui ted w her e
al most constant speed i s r equi r ed and the l oad may be
thr ow n of f total l y and suddenl y .
2. T − l a characteristics: We k now that, T ∝ ɸ l a . Si nce f l ux i s

constant, T ∝ l a . Hence, the el ectr i cal char acter i sti c (i .e., T
− I a ) i s a str ai ght l i ne passi ng thr ough the or i gi n as show n
i n Fi gur e 1 1 .47 . It i s cl ear f r om the char acter i sti c cur v e
that a l ar ge ar matur e cur r ent i s r equi r ed at the star t, i f
machi ne i s on heav y l oad. Thus, shunt motor shoul d nev er
be star ted on l oad.
Fig. 11.47 T-I a char acter i sti cs of DC shunt motor
3. N − T characteristics: The N − T char acter i sti c i s der i v ed

f r om the f i r st tw o char acter i sti cs. When l oad tor que
i ncr eases, ar matur e cur r ent I i ncr eases, but speed
a
decr eases sl i ghtl y . Thus, w i th the i ncr ease i n l oad or tor que,
the speed decr eases sl i ghtl y as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .48.
Fig. 11.48 N-T char acter i sti cs of DC shunt motor
11.23 CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES MOTORS
The conv enti onal di agr am a ser i es motor i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .49.
In these motor s, the ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng car r i es the ar matur e
cur r ent. Ther ef or e, the f l ux pr oduced by the ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng i s
pr opor ti onal to the ar matur e cur r ent bef or e magneti c satur ati on,
but af ter magneti c satur ati on f l ux becomes constant.
Fig. 11.49 Conv enti onal di agr am of a DC ser i es motor
1 . N − Ia Characteristics: We k now that
w her e, Eb = V − I a (Ra + Rse). When ar matur e cur r ent

i ncr eases, the i nduced emf (back emf ) Eb decr eases, due to I a
(Ra + Res ) dr op. Whi l e f l ux ɸ i ncr eases as ɸ ∝ I a bef or e
magneti c satur ati on. How ev er , under nor mal condi ti ons, I a
(Ra + Rse) dr op i s qui te smal l and may be negl ected.
Consi der i ng Eb to be constant,
Thus, bef or e magneti c satur ati on, the N − I cur v e f ol l ow s

a
the hy per bol i c path as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .50. In thi s
r egi on, the speed decr eases abr uptl y w i th the i ncr ease i n
l oad or ar matur e cur r ent.
Af ter magneti c satur ati on, f l ux becomes constant, then,
N ∝ Eb ∝ V − I a (Ra + Rse)
Thus, af ter magneti c satur ati on, the N − I a cur v e f ol l ow s a

str ai ght l i ne path and speed decr eases sl i ghtl y , as show n i n
Fi gur e 1 1 .50. Fr om thi s char acter i sti c, i t i s concl uded that
the ser i es motor i s a v ar i abl e speed motor , that i s, i ts speed
changes w hen the ar matur e cur r ent (or l oad) changes. As
the l oad on thi s motor decr eases, speed i ncr eases. If thi s
motor i s connected to the suppl y w i thout l oad, ar matur e
cur r ent w i l l be v er y smal l and hence speed w i l l be
danger ousl y hi gh that may damage the motor due to heav y
centr i f ugal f or ces.
Fig. 11.50 N-I a char acter i sti cs of a DC ser i es motor
Ther ef or e, a ser i es motor i s nev er star ted on no-l oad.

How ev er , to star t a ser i es motor , mechani cal l oad (not bel t
dr i v en l oad because bel t sl i ps ov er the pul l ey ) i s put on i t
f i r st and then star ted.
Fig. 11.51 T-I a char acter i sti cs of a DC ser i es motor
2. T − I characteristics: We k now that, T ∝ ɸ I . In ser i es

a a
motor s, bef or e magneti c satur ati on ɸ ∝ I . Hence, bef or e
a
magneti c satur ati on, the el ectr omagneti c tor que pr oduced
i n the ar matur e i s pr opor ti onal to the squar e of the
ar matur e cur r ent. Ther ef or e, thi s por ti on of the cur v e (OA)
i s a par abol a passi ng thr ough the or i gi n, as show n i n Fi gur e
1 1 .51 . How ev er , af ter magneti c satur ati on, the f l ux ɸ
becomes constant.
Ther ef or e,
T ∝Ia
Hence, af ter magneti c satur ati on, the cur v e (AB) becomes a
str ai ght l i ne. It i s seen that bef or e magneti c satur ati on T ∝
. When l oad i s appl i ed to thi s motor at star t, i t tak es
l ar ge cur r ent and heav y tor que i s pr oduced that i s

pr opor ti onal to squar e of thi s cur r ent. Thus, thi s motor i s
capabl e to pi ck up heav y l oads at the star t and best sui ted
f or el ectr i c tr acti on.
3. N − T characteristics: Thi s char acter i sti c i s der i v ed f r om

the f i r st tw o char acter i sti cs. At l ow v al ue of l oad, I a and
tor que ar e smal l , but the speed i s v er y hi gh. As l oad
i ncr eases, I a and tor que i ncr eases, but the speed decr eases
r api dl y . Thus, f or i ncr easi ng tor que, speed decr eases
r api dl y as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .52.
Fig. 11.52 N-T char acter i sti cs of a DC ser i es motor
11.24 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUND MOTORS
Ther e ar e tw o ty pes of compound-w ound DC motor s, namel y

cumul ati v e compound motor s and di f f er enti al compound motor s.
Cumul ati v e compound motor s ar e most common. The
char acter i sti cs of these motor s l i e betw een the shunt and the ser i es
motor s. The N − I char acter i sti cs, T − I char acter i sti cs, and N − T
a a
char acter i sti cs ar e show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .53(a), (b), and (c),
r especti v el y .
Fig. 11.53 (a) N−I , (b) T−I and (c) N−T char acter i sti cs of shunt
a a
ser i es and cumul ati v el y compound w ound motor s
How ev er , the N − I a , T − I a , and N − T char acter i sti cs of a

di f f er enti al compound motor ar e show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .54(a), (b), and
(c), r especti v el y .
Fig. 11.54 (a) N−I , (b) T−I and (c) N−T char acter i sti cs of shunt,
a a
ser i es and di f f er enti al l y compound w ound motor s
11.25 APPLICATIONS AND SELECTION OF DC MOTORS
As per the char acter i sti cs of DC motor s, di f f er ent ty pes of DC

motor s ar e appl i ed f or di f f er ent jobs as f ol l ow s:
1 . Separately excited motors: Ver y accur ate speeds can be

obtai ned by these motor s. Mor eov er , these motor s ar e best
sui ted w her e speed v ar i ati on i s r equi r ed f r om v er y l ow
v al ue to hi gh v al ue. These motor s ar e used i n steel r ol l i ng
mi l l s, paper mi l l s, di esel -el ectr i c pr opul si on of shi ps, etc.
2. Shunt motors: Fr om the char acter i sti cs of a shunt motor ,
w e hav e seen that i t i s al most constant speed motor .
Ther ef or e, i t i s used under the f ol l ow i ng condi ti ons:
1 . Wher e the speed betw een no-l oad to f ul l -l oad has to
be mai ntai ned al most constant.
2. Wher e i t i s r equi r ed to dr i v e the l oad at v ar i ous
speeds (v ar i ous speeds ar e obtai ned by speed contr ol
methods) and any one of the speed i s r equi r ed to be
mai ntai ned al most constant f or a r el ati v el y l ong
per i od.
As such, the shunt motor s ar e most sui tabl e f or i ndustr i al

dr i v es such as l athes, dr i l l s, gr i nder s, shaper s, spi nni ng and
w eav i ng machi nes, and l i ne shaf ts i n the gr oup dr i v e.
3. Series motors: The char acter i sti cs of a ser i es motor r ev eal

that i t i s v ar i abl e speed motor , that i s, the speed i s l ow at
hi gh tor ques and v i ce v er sa. Mor eov er , at l i ght l oads or at
no-l oad, the motor attai ns danger ousl y hi gh speed.
Ther ef or e, i t i s empl oy ed under the f ol l ow i ng condi ti ons:
1 . Wher e hi gh tor que i s r equi r ed at the ti me of
star ti ng to accel er ate heav y l oads qui ck l y .
2. Wher e the l oad i s subjected to heav y f l uctuati ons
and speed i s r equi r ed to be adjusted automati cal l y .
As such the ser i es motor s ar e most sui tabl e f or el ectr i c

tr acti on, cr anes, el ev ator s, v acuum cl eaner s, hai r dr i er s,
sew i ng machi nes, f ans and ai r compr essor s, etc.
Note: The ser i es motor s ar e al w ay s di r ectl y coupl ed w i th

l oads or coupl ed thr ough gear s. Bel t l oads ar e nev er appl i ed
to ser i es motor because the bel t may sl i p ov er the pul l ey or
i t may br eak . Then, the motor w i l l oper ate at l i ght l oads or
at no-l oad and w i l l attai n danger ousl y hi gh speed that may
damage the motor .
4. Compound motors: The i mpor tant char acter i sti c of thi s

motor i s that the speed f al l s appr eci abl y on heav y l oads as
i n a ser i es motor ; how ev er , at l i ght l oads, the max i mum
speed i s l i mi ted to saf e v al ue. Ther ef or e, i t i s used under the
f ol l ow i ng condi ti ons:
1 . Wher e hi gh tor que i s r equi r ed at the ti me of
star ti ng and w her e the l oad may be thr ow n of f
suddenl y .
2. Wher e the l oad i s subjected to heav y f l uctuati ons.
As such the cumul ati v e compound motor s ar e best sui ted f or

punchi ng and shear i ng machi nes, r ol l i ng mi l l s, l i f ts and
mi ne hoi sts, etc.
11.26 NECESSITY OF STARTER FOR A DC MOTOR
U nder nor mal oper ati ng condi ti ons, the v ol tage equati on f or a
motor i s gi v en as
E =V−I R or I R = V − E
b a a a a b
The ar matur e cur r ent i s gi v en by the r el ati on;
When the motor i s at r est, the i nduced emf Eb i n the ar matur e i s

zer o (Eb ∝ N). Consequentl y , i f f ul l v ol tage i s appl i ed acr oss the
motor ter mi nal s, the ar matur e w i l l dr aw heav y cur r ent (I a = V/Ra )
because ar matur e r esi stance i s r el ati v el y smal l . Thi s heav y
star ti ng cur r ent has the f ol l ow i ng ef f ects:
1 . It w i l l bl ow out the f uses and pr i or to that i t may damage

the i nsul ati on of ar matur e w i ndi ng due to ex cessi v e
heati ng ef f ect i f star ti ng per i od i s mor e.
2. Ex cessi v e v ol tage dr op w i l l occur i n the l i nes to w hi ch the

motor i s connected. Thus, the oper ati on of the appl i ances
connected to the same l i ne may be i mpai r ed, and i n some
cases, they may r ef use to w or k .
To av oi d thi s heav y cur r ent at star t, a v ar i abl e r esi stance i s

connected i n ser i es w i th the ar matur e, as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .55,
cal l ed a star ti ng r esi stance or star ter . Thus, the ar matur e cur r ent
i s l i mi ted to saf e v al ue Once the
motor pi ck s up speed, emf i s bui l t up and cur r ent i s r educed
Af ter that, the star ti ng r esi stance
i s gr adual l y r educed. U l ti matel y , w hol e of the r esi stance i s tak en

out of ci r cui t w hen the motor attai ns nor mal speed.
Fig. 11.55 A r esi stor connected i n ser i es w i th the ar matur e that

l i mi ts the star ti ng cur r ent
Another i mpor tant f eatur e of a star ter i s that i t contai ns

pr otecti v e dev i ces such as ov er l oad pr otecti on coi l (or r el ay ) that
pr ov i des necessar y pr otecti on to the motor agai nst ov er l oadi ng and
no-v ol t r el ease coi l .
11.27 STARTERS FOR DC SHUNT AND COMPOUND-WOUND MOTORS
The basi c f uncti on of a star ter i s to l i mi t the cur r ent i n the

ar matur e ci r cui t dur i ng star ti ng or accel er ati ng per i od. Star ter s
ar e al w ay s r ated on the basi s of output pow er and v ol tage of the
motor w i th w hi ch they ar e to be empl oy ed (e.g., 1 0 H.P., 250 V shunt
motor star ter ). A si mpl est ty pe of star ter i s just a v ar i abl e
r esi stance (a r heostat) connected i n ser i es w i th the ar matur e al one
(not w i th the motor as a w hol e), as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .56(a) and (b).
Fig. 11.56 (a) Star ter f or DC shunt motor and (b) Star ter f or DC
compound motor
It may be noted that shunt f i el d i s k ept i ndependent of star ti ng

r esi stance. It i s because w hen suppl y i s connected, i t r ecei v es
nor mal r ated v ol tage and sets up max i mum (r ated) f l ux . A hi gh
v al ue of f l ux r esul ts i n a l ow oper ati ng speed and a hi gh motor
tor que f or a par ti cul ar v al ue of star ti ng cur r ent si nce speed i s
i nv er sel y pr opor ti onal to f l ux per pol e
w her eas motor tor que i s pr opor ti onal to pr oduct of f l ux per pol e
and ar matur e cur r ent (T ∝ ɸ I a ). Hence, f or a gi v en l oad tor que, the
motor w i l l accel er ate qui ck l y and r educes the star ti ng per i od.
Thus, the heati ng ef f ect to ar matur e w i ndi ng i s r educed.
For al l pr acti cal appl i cati on, thi s star ter i s f ur ther modi f i ed that
i ncl udes pr otecti v e dev i ces such as ov er l oad r el ease and no-v ol t
r el ease. The ov er l oad r el ease pr otects the motor agai nst
ov er l oadi ng, that i s, w hen the motor i s ov er l oaded (or shor t
ci r cui ted) thi s r el ay br i ngs the pl unger to i ts OFF posi ti on. On the
other hand, the no-v ol t r el ease br i ngs the pl unger to i ts OFF
posi ti on so that the motor may not star t agai n w i thout star ter . For
shunt and compound motor s, ther e ar e tw o standar d ty pes of
star ter s, namel y thr ee-poi nt star ter and f our -poi nt star ter .
11.28 THREE-POINT SHUNT MOTOR STARTER
The schemati c connecti on di agr am of a shunt motor star ter i s

show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .57 . It consi sts of star ti ng r esi stance R di v i ded
i nto sev er al secti ons. The tappi ng poi nts of star ti ng r esi stance ar e
connected to number of studs. The l ast stud of the star ti ng
r esi stance i s connected to ter mi nal A to w hi ch one ter mi nal of the
ar matur e i s connected. The posi ti v e suppl y l i ne i s connected to the
l i ne ter mi nal L thr ough mai n sw i tch. Fr om l i ne ter mi nal , suppl y i s
connected to the star ti ng l ev er SL thr ough ov er l oad r el ease coi l
OLRC. A spr i ng S i s pl aced ov er the l ev er to br i ng i t to the OFF
posi ti on, w hen the suppl y goes OFF. A sof t i r on pi ece SI i s attached
w i th the star ti ng l ev er that i s pul l ed by the no-v ol t r el ease coi l
under nor mal r unni ng condi ti on. The f ar end of the br ass str i p BS
i s connected to the ter mi nal Z thr ough a no-v ol t r el ease coi l NVRC.
One end of the shunt f i el d w i ndi ng i s connected to Z ter mi nal of the
star ter . An i r on pi ece i s l i f ted by OLRC under abnor mal condi ti on
to shor t ci r cui t the no-v ol t r el ease coi l . The negati v e suppl y l i ne i s
connected di r ectl y to the other ends of shunt f i el d w i ndi ng and
ar matur e of the DC shunt motor .
Fig. 11.57 Thr ee-poi nt star ter f or DC shunt motor s
11.28.1 Operation
Fi r st, the mai n sw i tch i s cl osed w i th star ti ng l ev er r esti ng i n OFF
posi ti on. The handl e i s then tur ned cl ock w i se to the f i r st stud and
br ass str i p. As soon as i t comes i n contact w i th the f i r st stud, w hol e
of the star ti ng r esi stance R i s i nser ted i n ser i es w i th the ar matur e
and the f i el d w i ndi ng i s di r ectl y connected acr oss the suppl y
thr ough br ass str i p. As the handl e i s tur ned f ur ther , the star ti ng
r esi stance i s cut out of the ar matur e ci r cui t i n steps, and f i nal l y ,
enti r e star ti ng r esi stance i s cut out of ar matur e |ci r cui t.
11.28.2 No-volt Release Coil and Its Function

A no-v ol t r el ease coi l i s a smal l el ectr omagnet hav i ng many tur ns
of f i ne w i r e. It i s connected i n ser i es w i th shunt f i el d w i ndi ng, and
ther ef or e, i t car r i es a smal l f i el d cur r ent. When the handl e i s
tur ned to on posi ti on, the no-v ol t r el ease coi l i s magneti sed by the
f i el d cur r ent and hol ds the star ti ng l ev er at on posi ti on. In the case
of f ai l ur e or di sconnecti on of the suppl y , thi s coi l i s demagneti sed

and the l ev er comes to the OFF posi ti on due to spr i ng tensi on.
Consequentl y , the motor i s di sconnected f r om the suppl y . If the
spr i ng w i th the no-v ol t r el ease coi l i s not used, the l ev er w oul d
r emai n i n ON posi ti on i n the case of suppl y f ai l ur e. And agai n,
w hen the suppl y comes, the motor w oul d be connected di r ectl y to
the l i nes w i thout star ter .
The other i mpor tant adv antage of connecti ng the no-v ol t r el ease
coi l i n ser i es w i th the shunt f i el d w i ndi ng i s that due to an
acci dent i f the ci r cui t of f i el d w i ndi ng becomes open, the NVRC
w i l l be demagneti sed and the star ti ng l ev er i s i mmedi atel y pul l ed
back to the OFF posi ti on by the spr i ng. Other w i se, the motor w oul d
hav e attai ned danger ousl y hi gh speed.
11.28.3 Overload Release Coil and Its Function

An ov er l oad r el ease coi l i s an el ectr omagnet hav i ng smal l number
of tur ns of thi ck w i r e. It i s connected i n ser i es w i th the motor and
car r i es the l i ne cur r ent. When the motor i s ov er l oaded (or shor t
ci r cui ted), a heav y cur r ent mor e than pr edeter mi ned v al ue w i l l
f l ow thr ough i t. Then, the i r on pi ece (ar matur e or pl unger ) i s l i f ted
and shor t ci r cui ts the no-v ol t r el ease coi l . Hence, the star ti ng
l ev er i s r el eased and pul l ed back to the OFF posi ti on due to spr i ng
tensi on. Thus, the motor i s di sconnected f r om the suppl y and i s
pr otected agai nst ov er l oadi ng.
11.29 LOSSES IN A DC MACHINE
A DC machi ne i s used to conv er t mechani cal ener gy i nto el ectr i cal

ener gy or v i ce v er sa. Whi l e doi ng so, the w hol e of i nput ener gy
does not appear at the output but a par t of i t i s l ost i n the f or m of
heat i n the sur r oundi ngs. Thi s w asted ener gy i s cal l ed l osses i n the
machi ne.
These l osses af f ect the ef f i ci ency of the machi ne. A r educti on i n

these l osses l eads to hi gh ef f i ci ency . Thus, the major objecti v e i n
the desi gn of a DC machi ne i s to r educe these l osses. The v ar i ous
l osses occur r i ng i n a DC machi ne can be sub-di v i ded as f ol l ow s:
11.29.1 Copper Losses
The v ar i ous w i ndi ngs of the DC machi ne, made of copper , hav e some
r esi stance. When cur r ent f l ow s thr ough them, ther e w i l l be pow er
l oss pr opor ti onal to the squar e of thei r r especti v e cur r ents. These
pow er l osses ar e cal l ed copper l osses. In gener al , the v ar i ous
copper l osses i n a DC machi ne ar e as f ol l ow s:
1 . Ar matur e copper l oss
2. Shunt f i el d copper l oss
3. Ser i es f i el d copper l oss
4. Inter pol e w i ndi ng copper l oss
5. Br ush contact l oss
6. Compensati ng w i ndi ng copper l oss
The l oss due to br ush contact i s gener al l y i ncl uded i n ar matur e

copper l oss.
11.29.2 Iron Losses
The l osses that occur i n the i r on par ts of a DC machi ne ar e cal l ed
i r on l osses or cor e l osses or magneti c l osses. These l osses can be
1 . Hysteresis loss: Whenev er a magneti c mater i al i s

subjected to r ev er sal of magneti c f l ux , thi s l oss occur s. It i s
due to r etenti v i ty (a pr oper ty ) of the magneti c mater i al . It
i s ex pr essed w i th r easonabl e accur acy by the f ol l ow i ng
ex pr essi on:
P = K Vf
h h
3
w her e K = hy ster esi s constant i n J/m
h
In other w or ds, ener gy l oss per uni t v ol ume of magneti c

mater i al dur i ng one magneti c r ev er sal and i ts v al ue
depends upon the natur e of mater i al .
3
V = v ol ume of magneti c mater i al i n m
f = f r equency of magneti c r ev er sal i n cy cl e per second
Bm = max i mum f l ux densi ty i n the magneti c mater i al i n

Tesl a
It occur s i n the r otati ng ar matur e. To mi ni mi se thi s l oss,

the ar matur e cor e i s made of si l i con steel that has l ow
hy ster esi s constant.
2. Eddy current loss: When f l ux l i nk i ng w i th the magneti c

mater i al changes (or f l ux i s cut by the magneti c mater i al ),
an emf i s i nduced i n i t, w hi ch ci r cul ates eddy cur r ents
thr ough i t. These eddy cur r ents pr oduce eddy cur r ent l oss
i n the f or m of heat. It i s ex pr essed w i th r easonabl e
accur acy by the ex pr essi on:
22
Pe = KeVf t
w her e Ke = constant cal l ed co-ef f i ci ent of eddy cur r ent and

i ts v al ue depends upon the natur e of magneti c mater i al .
t = thi ck ness of l ami nati on i n m
V, f, and Bm ar e the same as ear l i er
The major par t of thi s l oss occur s i n the ar matur e cor e. To

mi ni mi se thi s l oss, the ar matur e cor e i s l ami nated i nto thi n
sheets (0.3 to 0.5 mm), si nce thi s l oss i s di r ectl y
pr opor ti onal to the squar e of thi ck ness of the l ami nati ons.
11.29.3 Mechanical Losses
As the ar matur e of a DC machi ne i s a r otati ng par t, some pow er i s
r equi r ed to ov er come:
1 . Ai r f r i cti on of r otati ng ar matur e (w i ndage l oss)

2. Fr i cti on at the bear i ng and f r i cti on betw een br ushes and
commutator (f r i cti on l oss).
These l osses ar e k now n as mechani cal l osses. To r educe these l osses,

pr oper l ubr i cati on i s done at the bear i ngs.
11.30 CONSTANT AND VARIABLE LOSSES
The l osses i n a DC machi ne may al so be sub-di v i ded i nto tw o

categor i es:
1 . Constant losses: The l osses i n a DC machi ne that r emai n

the same at al l l oads ar e cal l ed constant l osses. The constant
l osses i n a DC machi ne ar e i r on l osses, mechani cal l osses,
and shunt f i el d copper l osses.
2. Variable losses: The l osses i n a DC machi ne that v ar y w i th
l oad ar e cal l ed v ar i abl e l osses. The v ar i abl e l osses i n a DC
machi ne ar e ar matur e copper l oss and ser i es f i el d copper
l oss, and i nter pol e w i ndi ng copper l oss.
11.31 STRAY LOSSES
The sum of the i r on l oss and mechani cal l oss i n a DC machi ne ar e

k now n as str ay l osses, that i s, str ay l osses = i r on l oss + mechani cal
l oss.
11.32 POWER FLOW DIAGRAM
When machi ne i s w or k i ng as a gener ator , the mechani cal pow er

(ω Tm ) i s suppl i ed to the gener ator that i s conv er ted i nto el ectr i cal
pow er (VI L). Dur i ng the conv er si on, v ar i ous l osses occur i n the
machi ne. The pow er f l ow di agr am f or a DC gener ator i s show n i n
Fi gur e 1 1 .58.
Fig. 11.58 Pow er f l ow di agr am of a DC gener tator
Al though l osses i n a DC machi ne ar e the same w hether i t w or k s as a

gener ator or as a motor , but the f l ow of pow er i s opposi te. The
pow er f l ow di agr am f or a DC motor i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .59.
Fig. 11.59 Pow er f l ow di agr am of a DC motor
11.33 EFFICIENCY OF A DC MACHINE
The r ati o of output pow er to the i nput pow er of a DC machi ne i s

cal l ed i ts ef f i ci ency .
Ef f i ci ency ,
11.33.1 Machine Working as a Generator

Pow er output = VI w att
L
Pow er i nput = pow er output + v ar i abl e l osses + constant l osses
Si nce the shunt f i el d cur r ent I sh i s v er y smal l as compar ed to l i ne

cur r ent, w e may consi der , I L ≅ I a (negl ecti ng I sh )
Ther ef or e, v ar i abl e l osses = R ; constant l osses = P (say )

a c
Then, pow er i nput
11.33.2 Machine Working as a Motor

Pow er i nput = VI L
Pow er output = pow er i nput − v ar i abl e l osses − constant l osses =
VI L − Ra − Pc
Example 11.28
A DC gener ator i s connected to a 220 V DC mai ns. The cur r ent

del i v er ed by the gener ator to the mai ns i s 1 00 A. The ar matur e
r esi stance i s 0.1 Ω. The gener ator i s dr i v en at a speed of 500 r pm.

Cal cul ate (i ) the i nduced emf , (i i ) the el ectr omagneti c tor que, (i i i )
the mechani cal pow er i nput to the ar matur e negl ecti ng i r on,
w i ndage, and f r i cti on l osses, (i v ) el ectr i cal pow er output f r om the
ar matur e, and (v ) ar matur e copper l oss.
Solution:
1 . The i nduced emf , E = V + I R

g a a
= 220 + 0.1 × 1 00 = 230 V
U si ng the r el ati on, ω T = Eg I a
2. El ectr omagneti c tor que,
3. Negl ecti ng i r on, w i ndage, and f r i cti on l osses
Input to ar matur e = ω T or Eg I a
4. El ectr i cal pow er output = V I a = 220 × 1 00 = 22,000 W

2 2
5. Ar matur e copper l osses = I a Ra = (1 00) × 0.1 = 1 ,000 W
Example 11.29
A shunt gener ator suppl i es 1 95 A at 220 V. Ar matur e r esi stance i s

0.02 Ω and shunt f i el d r esi stance i s 44 Ω. If the i r on and f r i cti on
l osses amount to 1 ,600 W, f i nd (i ) emf gener ated, (i i ) copper l osses,
and (i i i ) BHP of the engi ne dr i v i ng the gener ator .
Solution:
Ar matur e cur r ent, I a = I L + I sh = 1 95 + 5 = 200 A
Gener ated or i nduced emf , E = V + I R

a a
= 220 + 200 × 0.02 = 224 V
2
Ar matur e copper l oss = = (200) × 0.02 = 800 W
2
Shunt f i el d copper l oss = = (5) × 44 = 1 ,1 00 W
Total copper l osses = 800 + 1 ,1 00 = 1 ,900 W
Output pow er = V I L = 220 × 1 95 = 42,900 W
Input pow er = 42,900 + 1 ,600 + 1 ,900 = 46,400 W
BHP of the engi ne dr i v i ng the gener ator
Example 11.30
A 1 0 k W, 200 V, 1 ,200 r pm ser i es DC gener ator has ar matur e

r esi stance of 0.1 Ω and f i el d w i ndi ng r esi stance of 0.3 Ω. The
f r i cti onal and w i ndage l oss of the machi ne i s 200 W and br ush
contact dr op i s 1 V per br ush. Fi nd the ef f i ci ency of the machi ne
and the l oad cur r ent at w hi ch thi s machi ne has max i mum
ef f i ci ency .
(U.P.T.U. 2004-05)
Solution:

3
Load = 1 0 k W = 1 0 × 1 0 W; V = 200 V; N = 1 ,200 r pm; R = 0.1 Ω
a
Rse = 0.3 Ω; Vb = 1 V/br ush; f r i cti on and w i ndage l oss = 200 W
Load cur r ent,
I a = I L = 50 A
Ar matur e copper l oss =
2
= (50) × 0.1 = 250 W
2
Ser i es f i el d copper l oss = Rsc = (50) × 0.3 = 7 50 W
Total copper l oss = 250 + 7 50 = 1 ,000 W
Br ush contact l oss = 2 Vb × I a = 2 × 1 × 50 = 1 00 W
Fr i cti on and w i ndage l oss = 200 W
Ef f i ci ency w i l l be max i mum w hen,
i r on l oss = copper l oss = 1 ,000 W
total l osses = i r on l oss + copper l oss + br ush contact l oss + f r i cti on

and w i ndage l oss
= 1 ,000 + 1 ,000 + 1 00 + 200 = 2,300 W
Output = 1 0 k W = 1 0 × 1 ,000 = 1 0,000 W
Input = output + l osses = 1 0,000 + 2,300 = 1 2,300 W
Example 11.31
A 1 7 H.P., 230 V, 1 ,200 r pm shunt motor has f our par al l el ar matur e

path and 868 ar matur e conductor s. The ar matur e ci r cui t r esi stance
i s 0.1 8 Ω. At r ated speed and r ated output, the ar matur e cur r ent i s
7 0 A and the f i el d cur r ent i s 1 .5 A. Cal cul ate (i ) the el ectr omagneti c
tor que, (i i ) the f l ux per pol e, (i i i ) the r otati onal l osses, and (i v ) the
ef f i ci ency .
Solution:
The conv enti onal ci r cui t i s show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .61 .
Her e, V = 230 V
N = 1 ,200 r pm; A = 4; P = 4; Z = 868
R = 0.1 8 Ω
a
I a = 7 0 A; I sh = 1 .5 A
Output, P0 = 1 7 × 7 35.5 = 1 2,503.5 W
I =I +I = 7 0 + 1 .5 = 7 1 .5 A
L a sh
Eb = V − I a Ra
= 230 − 7 0 × 0.1 8 = 21 7 .4 V
El ectr omagneti c tor que,
Now ,
Fl ux per pol e,
= 1 2.5 mWb
Pow er i nput, Pi n = V I L = 230 × 7 1 .5 = 1 6,445 W
Total l osses = P − P = 1 6,445 − 1 2,503.5 = 3,941 .5 W

in 0
Total copper l oss = ar matur e copper l oss + shunt f i el d copper l oss
2
Ra + VI sh = (7 0) × 0.1 8 + 230 × 1 5
= 882 + 345 = 1 ,227 W
Rotati onal l oss = total l oss − copper l oss
= 3,941 .5 − 1 ,227 = 2,7 1 4.5 W (negl ecti ng i r on l oss)
Ov er al l ef f i ci ency ,
Example 11.32
A 250 V shunt motor dr aw s a cur r ent of 1 0 A at no-l oad. The

r esi stance of the ar matur e i ncl udi ng br ushes i s 0.2 Ω. The
r esi stance of the f i el d w i ndi ng i s 1 25 Ω. The cur r ent dr aw n by the
motor on f ul l -l oad i s 1 00 A. Cal cul ate the f ul l -l oad motor output
and i ts ef f i ci ency .
Solution:
Ar matur e r esi stance, R = 0.2 Ω

a
Shunt f i el d r esi stance, Rsh = 1 25 Ω
No-l oad l i ne cur r ent, I L0 = 1 0 A
Ful l -l oad l i ne cur r ent, I

Lf = 1 00 A
Input at no-l oad = VI L0 = 250 × 1 0 = 2,500 W
No-l oad ar matur e cur r ent, I a0 = I L0 − I sh = 1 0 − 2 = 8 A
Var i abl e ar matur e copper l osses at no-l oad
2
Ra = (8) × 0.2 = 1 2.8 W
Constant l osses = 2,500 − 1 2.8 + 2,487 .2 W
Ful l -l oad ar matur e cur r ent,
I
af = I Lf − I sh = 1 00 − 2 = 98 A
Var i abl e, ar matur e copper l osses at f ul l -l oad
2
= (98) × 0.2 = 1 ,920.8 W
Total l osses at f ul l -l oad = constant + v ar i abl e l osses
= 2,487 .2 + 1 ,920.8 = 4,408 W
Input pow er at f ul l -l oad = VLf × I af = 250 × 1 00 = 25,000 W
Output pow er at f ul l -l oad = i nput pow er − total l osses = 25,000 −

4,408 = 20,592 W
Ef f i ci ency ,
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1 . How does a DC motor di f f er f r om a DC gener ator i n

constr ucti on?
2. Why i s a commutator needed i n DC motor s?
(M.P. Univ. Dec. 2002)
3. Why the emf gener ated i n the ar matur e of a DC motor

i s cal l ed the back emf ?
(U.P.T.U. May 2004)
4. How can the di r ecti on of r otati on of a DC shunt

motor be r ev er sed?
5. How can the di r ecti on of r otati on of a DC ser i es
motor be changed?
6. Why the shaf t tor que i s al w ay s l ess than
el ectr omagneti c tor que dev el oped by the ar matur e
of a motor ?
7 . Why i s l oad not appl i ed thr ough bel t to a ser i es
motor ?
8. Why i s the star ti ng tor que of a DC ser i es motor mor e
than that of a DC shunt motor of the same r ati ng?
9. Why ser i es motor s ar e pr ef er r ed f or el ectr i c
tr acti on?
1 0. What w oul d y ou ex pect i f the f i el d w i ndi ng of a DC
shunt motor gets di sconnected w hi l e i n nor mal
oper ati on?
(A.M.I.E. Winter 1992)
1 1 . Why shoul d a DC ser i es motor be not sw i tched ON

w i thout l oad?
(P.T.U. Dec. 2012)
1 2. What i s di f f er ence betw een cumul ati v e compound

and di f f er enti al compound-w ound motor s?
1 3. What i s the f i el d of appl i cati on of DC shunt motor
and DC ser i es motor ?
(P.T.U. Jan. 2000)
1 4. Why the DC motor s ar e f i tted w i th gear dr i v es?

1 5. Gi v e tw o appl i cati ons of ser i es motor and shunt
motor each.
1 6. What w oul d happen i f a DC motor i s di r ectl y
sw i tched ON to the suppl y , w i thout any star ter ?
1 7 . Why i s the star ti ng cur r ent hi gh i n a DC motor ?
(UPSC 2002)
1 8. Why a star ter i s necessar y f or a DC motor ?
(P.T.U. May 2011)
Or
Why star ter s ar e used f or DC motor s?
(P.T.U. May 2010)
1 9. What i s the f uncti on of a no-v ol t r el ease coi l

pr ov i ded i n a DC motor star ter ?
(P.T.U. Dec. 2009)
Test Questions
1 . Ex pl ai n the pr i nci pl e of oper ati on of DC motor s.

What i s back emf i n DC motor s? What i s i ts
si gni f i cance?
(U.P.T.U. Dec. 2003)
2. Gi v e the concept of counter emf i n a DC motor .
(Pb. Univ. Dec. 1992)
3. What i s si gni f i cance of back emf i n DC machi nes and

der i v e the ex pr essi on f or i t?
4. How i s back emf pr oduced i n a DC motor ? Fur ther ,
der i v e an ex pr essi on f or thi s emf .
(R.T.U. 2004)
5. What i s back emf ? Is the back emf gr eater or l esser

than the appl i ed v ol tage? Why ? By w hat amount do
the tw o v ol tages di f f er ? Wr i te v ol tage equati on of a
motor .
(Pb. Univ. May 1988)
6. How can the di r ecti on of r otati on of a DC shunt

motor be r ev er sed? What i s the ef f ect of r ev er si ng
the l i ne ter mi nal s?
(Pb. Univ. 1998)
7 . Der i v e the tor que equati on of a DC machi ne.
(UPSC 1996)
8. Def i ne an ex pr essi on f or the tor que dev el oped by a

DC motor i n ter ms of ɸ, Z, P, A, and La , w her e the
sy mbol s hav e usual meani ng.
(Pb. Univ. 2003)
9. Ex pl ai n the motor and gener ator acti ons of a DC

machi ne.
(U.P.T.U. Sept. 2001)
1 0. Menti on di f f er ent ty pes of DC motor s.

1 1 . Ex pl ai n the speed-cur r ent, tor que-cur r ent, and
speed-tor que char acter i sti cs of a DC shunt motor .
(UPSC 1994)
1 2. Descr i be the speed-tor que char acter i sti cs of DC

shunt motor s under r egener ati v e br ak i ng condi ti ons.
Gi v e adv antages and di sadv antages of r egener ati v e

br ak i ng.
(P.T.U. Dec. 2009)
1 3. What ar e the i mpor tant char acter i sti cs of DC

motor s? Sk etch al l these char acter i sti cs f or DC ser i es
motor s.
(P.T.U. June 2003)
1 4. Ex pl ai n the speed-cur r ent, tor que-cur r ent, and

speed-tor que char acter i sti cs of DC ser i es motor .
(UPSC 1992)
1 5. Ex pl ai n the speed-ar matur e cur r ent char acter i sti cs

of ser i es and shunt motor s.
(M.D.U. July 2001)
1 6. Li st appl i cati ons of DC shunt, DC ser i es, and DC

compound motor s.
(M.P. Univ. June 2003)
1 7 . Wr i te a shor t note on DC motor star ter s.
(P.T.U. May 2010)
1 8. Ex pl ai n w hy a star ter i s r equi r ed f or star ti ng a DC

motor . Descr i be a 3-poi nt star ter hav i ng no-v ol t and
ov er l oad pr otecti ons f or star ti ng a DC shunt motor .
What modi f i cati on i s made i n a 4-poi nt star ter ?
(U.P.T.U. May 2002)
Numericals
1 . A DC ser i es motor dr aw s 50 A at 230 V. Resi stance of

ar matur e and ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng i s 0.2 Ω and 0.1 Ω,
r especti v el y . Cal cul ate (i ) br ush v ol tage (i i ) back
emf , (i i i ) pow er w asted i n ar matur e, and (i v )
mechani cal pow er dev el oped.
(U.P.T.U. 2003-04) (Ans. 225 V, 21 5 V, 500 W, 1 0.7 5

k W)
2. A 230 V DC shunt motor dr aw s a cur r ent of 36.86 A, i ts

f i el d r esi stance i s 230 Ω, and ar matur e r esi stance i s
0.28 Ω. Fi nd the i nput pow er , ar matur e cur r ent, and
back emf .
(P.T.U. Dec. 2000) (Ans. 8,47 7 .8 W, 35.86 A, 220 V)
3. A 1 20 V DC shunt motor has an ar matur e r esi stance of

0.2 Ω and a f i el d r esi stance of 60 Ω. At f ul l -l oad, i t
dr aw s a cur r ent i s 60 A at a speed of 1 ,800 r pm. If the
br ush contact dr op i s 3 V, f i nd the speed of the motor
at hal f l oad.
(P.T.U. June 2000) (Ans. 1 ,902)
4. A 250 V, 25 k W DC shunt machi ne has ar matur e and

f i el d r esi stances of 0.06 Ω and 1 00 Ω, r especti v el y .
Deter mi ne the total ar matur e pow er dev el oped w hen
the machi ne i s w or k i ng (i ) as gener ator del i v er i ng 25
k W output and (i i ) as a motor tak i ng 25 k W i nput.
(U.P.T.U. 2003-04) (Ans. 26.26 k W; 23.8 k W)
SUMMARY
1 . DC Generator: A machi ne that conv er ts mechani cal pow er

i nto DC el ectr i cal pow er i s cal l ed a DC gener ator . Its basi c
pr i nci pl e i s el ectr omagneti c i nducti on.
2. Commutator action: It conv er ts AC pr oduced i n the
ar matur e i nto DC i n the ex ter nal (l oad) ci r cui t.
3. EMF equation: V; A = P (f or l ap
w i ndi ng); A = 2 (f or w av e w i ndi ng)

4. Types of DC generators and important relations :
Separ atel y ex ci ted: I

a = I L; V = Eg + I a Ra − 2v b
Shunt-w ound: I sh = V/Rsh ; I a = I L + I sh ; V = Eg − I a Ra −

2v b
Ser i es-w ound: I

a = I se = I L; V = Eg − I a (Ra + Rse) − 2 v b
Compound (l ong shunt): I = V/R ;I =I =I +I ;V =

sh sh se a L sh
E −I
g a (Ra + Rse) − 2u b
Compound (shor t shunt): I sh = (V + I LRse)/Rsh = (Eg − I a

Ra )/Rsh ; I a = I L + I sh
I
se = I L; V = Eg − I se Rse − I a Ra − 2v b
5. Voltage build-up in s hunt generators : For bui l di ng up

v ol tage i n shunt gener ator s, they must hav e the r esi dual
magneti sm and the v al ue of shunt f i el d r esi stance must be
l ess than cr i ti cal r esi stance.
6. DC Motor: A machi ne that conv er ts DC el ectr i cal pow er i nto
mechani cal pow er i s k now n as DC motor . Its w or k i ng
depends upon the basi c pr i nci pl e that w hen a cur r ent
car r y i ng conductor i s pl aced i n the magneti c f i el d, a f or ce
i s ex er ted on i t and tor que dev el ops.
7 . Functions of commutator: Commutator r ev er ses the
di r ecti on of f l ow of cur r ent i n the ar matur e conductor s
w hen they cr oss the magneti c nutr al ax i s (MNA) to obtai n
conti nuous tor que.
8. Back emf: When DC suppl y i s gi v en to motor , ar matur e
r otates. The ar matur e conductor s cut acr oss the mai n
magneti c f i el d and an emf i s i nduced i n them i n opposi te
di r ecti on to that of suppl y v ol tage cal l ed back emf (Eb ).
E = PZN ɸ /60 A; E ∝ N ɸ or N ∝ E /ɸ ; E < V and E = V −

b b b b b
l R
a a
9. Torque equation: T = PZl a ɸ /2π A or T ∝ɸ l a

1 0. Types of DC motors and important relations :
Separ atel y ex ci ted: l a = l L; Eb = V − l a Ra − 2v b
Shunt motor s: l sh = V/Rsh ; l a = l L − l sh ; Eb = V − l a Ra − 2v b
Ser i es motor s: l = l = l ; E = V − l (R + R ) − 2v
se a L b a a se b
Compound motor s: Cumul ati v e ɸr = ɸsh + ɸse; di f f er enti al

ɸr = ɸsh − ɸse;
1 1 . I mportant characteris tics : shunt motor − constant speed

motor .
Ser i es motor − i t bui l ds heav y tor que at l oad and has the
abi l i ty to pi ck i t up. Ther ef or e, i t i s best sui ted f or el ectr i c
tr acti on. It i s nev er oper ated at no-l oad si nce i t pi ck s up
danger ousl y hi gh speed at no-l oad and i s damaged.
1 2. Speed control of DC motors : The speeds of DC motor s can be

contr ol l ed v er y accur atel y by empl oy i ng f i el d contr ol and
ar matur e contr ol methods.
1 3.
1 4. Starter: A dev i ce used to l i mi t the i nr ush f l ow of cur r ent at

star t i s cal l ed a star ter . It al so contai ns the pr otecti v e
dev i ces such as no-v ol t r el ease coi l and ov er l oad r el ease
coi l .
1 5. Los s es in a DC machine: The v ar i ous l osses i n a DC machi ne
ar e
2
1 . Copper los s : ar matur e copper l oss (I a Ra ), shunt
2
f i el d copper l oss ser i es f i el d copper l oss (I sh Rsh )
2
ser i es f i el d copper l oss (I se Rse), i nter pol e
2
w i ndi ng copper l oss (I i Ri ), etc.
2. I ron los s : hy ster esi s l oss and eddy cur r ent l oss.
3. Mechanical los s : f r i cti on and w i ndage l oss.
Constant l osses = i r on l oss + mechani cal l oss + shunt

f i el d copper l oss
Var i abl e l osses = ar matur e copper l oss and ser i es

f i el d copper l oss.
Str ay l osses = i r on l oss + mechani cal l oss
1 6. Efficiency:
1 7 . Condition for maximum efficiency: v ar i abl e l osses =

constant l osses
1 8. Sw inberne’s tes t: It i s per f or med to deter mi ne constant
l osses of a DC machi ne, i t i s per f or med at no-l oad.
TEST YOUR PREPARATION
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 . Inter pol es ar e used _____________.

2. DC Ser i es motor i s used f or _____________.
3. DC Ser i es gener ator i s used f or _____________.
4. The tw o ty pes of w i ndi ngs used i n DC machi nes ar e

__________ and __________.
5. DC Motor star ter i s used to __________ the star ti ng
cur r ent.
6. A 4-pol e, DC l ap w i ndi ng w i l l hav e __________ par al l el
paths.
7 . If a DC motor i s dr i v en by an ex ter nal pr i me mov er , i t w i l l
r un as a __________.
8. Wav e w i ndi ng of a 4-pol e DC motor w i l l hav e __________
par al l el paths.
9. The r esi stance of f i el d w i ndi ng of a shunt motor i s
__________ than the r esi stance of the ar matur e w i ndi ng.
1 0. Ther e i s __________ di f f er ence i n the constr ucti on of a
DC gener ator and motor .
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1 . The i nduced emf i n a DC machi ne i s pr opor ti onal to

1 . f i el d f l ux onl y .
2. speed of ar matur e onl y .
3. ar matur e cur r ent onl y .
4. f i el d f l ux and speed both.
2. The el ectr omagneti c tor que dev el oped i n a DC machi ne
depends upon
1 . ar matur e cur r ent.
2. magneti c f i el d.
3. magneti c f i el d and ar matur e cur r ent both.
4. speed.
3. The i nduced emf (back emf ) has no r el ati on w i th
el ectr omagneti c tor que (ar matur e tor que) i n DC machi ne.
1 . Tr ue
2. Fal se
4. The y ok e of a DC machi ne i s made of
1 . copper .
2. car bon.
3. cast i r on.
4. si l i con steel .
5. The ar matur e cor e of a DC machi ne i s made of
1 . copper .
2. car bon.
3. cast i r on.
6. The segments of the commutator of a DC machi ne ar e made
of
1 . br ass.
2. copper .
3. car bon.
7 . The segments of the commutator of a DC machi ne ar e
i nsul ated f r om each other by
1 . r ubber .
2. por cel ai n.
3. mi ca.
4. v ar ni sh.
8. The br ushes of a DC machi ne ar e made of
1 . i r on.
2. br ass.
3. mi ca.
4. car bon.
9. The number of par al l el paths i n w av e-w ound ar matur e ar e
1 . equal to the number of pol es of the machi nes.
2. equal to tw o, i r r especti v e of the number of pol es.
3. equal to the number of commutator segments.
4. equal to the number of ar matur e conductor s.
1 0. The number of par al l el paths i n l ap-w ound ar matur e ar e
1 . equal to the number of pol es of the machi ne.
2. equal to tw o, i r r especti v e of the number of pol es.
3. equal to the number of commutator segments.
4. equal to the number of ar matur e conductor s.
1 1 . The pol ar i ty of i nduced emf i n a gener ator can be r ev er sed
by r ev er si ng the di r ecti on of
1 . r otati on.
2. f i el d f l ux .
3. r otati on and f i el d f l ux both.
4. ei ther r otati on or f i el d f l ux .
1 2. The di r ecti on of el ectr omagneti c tor que dev el oped i n the
ar matur e of a DC machi ne can be r ev er sed by r ev er si ng the
di r ecti on of
1 . r otati on.
2. f i el d f l ux .
3. ar matur e cur r ent.
4. ei ther f i el d f l ux or ar matur e cur r ent.
1 3. When the machi ne oper ates as a gener ator at l oad, the
r el ati on betw een i nduced emf and ter mi nal v ol tage i s
1. E > V
g
2. E < V
g
3. E = V
b
4. E × V = 1
b
1 4. A thi ck er w i r e i s used i n the DC ser i es f i el d w i ndi ng than
DC shunt f i el d w i ndi ng i n DC machi nes
1 . to pr ev ent mechani cal v i br ati ons.
2. to pr oduce l ar ge f l ux .
3. because i t car r i es the l oad cur r ent, w hi ch i s much

hi gher than shunt f i el d cur r ent f or the same r ati ng
of DC machi nes.
4. to pr ov i de str ength.
1 5. Whi ch one of the f ol l ow i ng motor s has hi gh star ti ng
tor que?
1 . DC shunt motor
2. DC ser i es motor
3. Both shunt and ser i es motor
4. None of the abov e
1 6. As the l oad i s i ncr eased, the speed of DC shunt motor w i l l
1 . i ncr ease pr opor ti onatel y .
2. r emai n al most constant.
3. i ncr ease sl i ghtl y .
4. r educe sl i ghtl y .
1 7 . The speed of the DC shunt motor i ncr eases as the ar matur e
tor que i ncr eases.
1 . Tr ue
2. Fal se
1 8. It i s pr ef er abl e to star t a DC ser i es motor w i th some
mechani cal l oad because
1 . i t may dev el op ex cessi v e speed other w i se and get
damaged.
2. i t w i l l not r un at no-l oad.
3. a l i ttl e l oad w i l l act as a star ter to the motor .
1 9. If the ex ci tati on to the f i el d of DC motor i s constant then
the tor que dev el oped i n the motor i s pr opor ti onal to
1 . f i el d f l ux .
2. speed.
3. ar matur e cur r ent.
4. magneti c f l ux .
20. The DC ser i es motor s ar e pr ef er r ed f or tr acti on
appl i cati ons because
1 . the tor que i s pr opor ti onal to ar matur e cur r ent.
2. the tor que i s pr opor ti onal to squar e r oot of
ar matur e cur r ent.
3. the tor que i s pr opor ti onal to squar e of ar matur e
cur r ent and the speed i s i nv er sel y pr opor ti onal to
the tor que.
4. tor que and speed ar e i nv er sel y pr opor ti onal to
ar matur e cur r ent.
21 . Whi ch of the motor i s used to dr i v e the constant speed l i ne
shaf ti ng, l athes, bl ow er s and f an?
1 . DC shunt motor
2. DC ser i es motor
3. Cumul ati v e compound motor

22. For w hi ch of the f ol l ow i ng machi ne, r esi dual magneti sm i s
a r equi r ement to bui l d-up v ol tage output?
1 . Separ atel y ex ci ted gener ator
2. Sel f -ex ci ted gener ator
3. Al l ty pes of gener ator s
23. For DC shunt motor s, the speed i s dependent on i nduced emf
onl y because
1 . f l ux i s pr opor ti onal to ar matur e cur r ent.
2. f l ux i s pr acti cal l y constant i n DC shunt motor s.
3. ar matur e dr op i s negl i gi bl e.
4. i nduced emf i s equal to ar matur e dr op.
24. What w oul d happen i f the f i el d of DC shunt motor i s
opened?
1 . The speed of motor w i l l be r educed.
2. It w i l l conti nue to r un at i ts nor mal speed.
3. The speed of the motor w i l l be enor mousl y hi gh and
may damage i t.
4. The cur r ent i n the ar matur e w i l l decr ease.
25. The speed of the DC motor can be v ar i ed
1 . by v ar y i ng f i el d cur r ent onl y .
2. by v ar y i ng ar matur e r esi stance onl y .
3. by v ar y i ng suppl y v ol tage onl y .
4. Al l the abov e
26. A di v er ter acr oss the ar matur e of DC motor cannot be used
f or getti ng speeds l ow er than the r ated speed.
1 . Tr ue
2. Fal se
27 . In ser i es-par al l el contr ol method, w hen tw o DC ser i es
motor s ar e connected i n ser i es, the speed of the set i s
1 . same as i n par al l el .
2. hal f of the speed of the motor s w hen connected i n
par al l el .
3. one-f our th of the speed of motor s w hen connected i n
par al l el .
4. f our ti mes of the speed of motor s w hen connected i n
par al l el .
28. The di v er ter i n DC machi ne i s basi cal l y potenti al di v i der .
1 . Tr ue
2. Fal se
29. In the DC machi nes, i r on l osses occur i n
1 . the y ok e.
2. the pol e shoe.
3. the ar matur e.
4. the f i el d.
30. The hor se pow er obtai ned f r om the shaf t tor que i s cal l ed
1 . Br ak e hor se pow er (BHP).
2. Indi cated hor se pow er (IHP).
3. Fr acti onal hor se pow er (FHP).
31 . In a DC shunt machi ne, the shunt f i el d copper l osses ar e
pr acti cal l y constant.
1 . Tr ue
2. Fal se
32. The ef f i ci ency of DC machi ne i s max i mum w hen
1 . i r on l osses ar e equal to mechani cal l osses.
2. v ar i abl e l osses ar e equal to constant l osses.
3. f i el d copper l osses ar e equal to constant l osses.
4. str ay l osses ar e equal to copper l osses.
NUMERICALS
1 . An 8-pol e l ap-connected ar matur e of a DC machi ne has 960

conductor s, a f l ux of 40 mWb per pol e and a speed of 400
r pm Cal cul ate the emf gener ated on open ci r cui t. If the
abov ementi oned ar matur e w er e w av e connected, at w hat
speed must i t be dr i v en to gener ate 400 V?
(A.M.I.E. D, W, 1989) (Ans. 256 V; 1 56.25 r pm)
2. In a gi v en DC machi ne, i f P = 8, Z = 400, N = 300 r pm, and ɸ =

1 00 mWb, cal cul ate E w i th w i ndi ng (i ) l ap connected and
g
(i i ) w av e connected.
(B.U. Dec. 1981) (Ans. 200 V, 800 V)
3. A 1 1 0 V DC shunt gener ator del i v er s a l oad cur r ent of 50 A.

The ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.2 Ω and the f i el d ci r cui t
r esi stance i s 55 Ω. The gener ator r otati ng at a speed of 1 ,800
r pm has 6-pol e l ap-w ound ar matur e hav i ng 360 conductor s.
Cal cul ate (i ) the no-l oad v ol tage i n the ar matur e and (i i ) the
f l ux per pol e.
(B.U. Feb. 1983) (Ans. 1 20.4 V; 0.01 1 Wb)
4. A 30 k W, 300 V, DC shunt gener ator has ar matur e and f i el d

r esi stance of 0.05 Ω and 1 00 Ω, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate the
total pow er dev el oped i n the ar matur e w hen i t del i v er s
f ul l -l oad.
(A.M.I.E. D, S, 1975) (Ans. 31 .43 k W)
5. A shunt gener ator has an i nduced emf of 1 27 V on open

ci r cui t. When the machi ne i s on l oad, the ter mi nal v ol tage
i s 1 20 V. Fi nd the l oad cur r ent, i f the f i el d r esi stance i s 1 5 Ω
and the ar matur e r esi stance 0.02 Ω.
(B.U. May 1986) (Ans. 342 A)
6. A 4-pol e shunt gener ator w i th l ap-connected ar matur e has

ar matur e and f i el d r esi stances of 0.2 and 50 Ω, r especti v el y ,
and suppl i es to 1 00 l amps of 60 W 200 V each. Cal cul ate the
total ar matur e cur r ent, cur r ent per path, and the gener ated
emf Al l ow a br ush dr op of 1 V at each br ush.
(P.T.U.) (Ans. 34 A; 8.5 A; 208.8 V)
7 . A l ong shunt compound gener ator suppl i es a l oad cur r ent of

50 A at 220 V. Shunt f i el d r esi stance i s 1 1 0 Ω, ser i es f i el d
r esi stance i s 0.01 Ω, and ar matur e r esi stance 0.02 Ω.
Deter mi ne the emf gener ated and pow er dev el oped i n the
ar matur e. Tak e contact dr op per br ush as 1 .5 V.
(Ans. 224.56 V; 1 1 .67 7 k W)
8. A 4-pol e l ap-w ound DC gener ator has a usef ul f l ux per pol e

of 0.07 Wb. The ar matur e w i ndi ng consi sts of 220 tur ns
each of 0.004 Ω r esi stance. Cal cul ate the ter mi nal v ol tage
w hen r unni ng at 900 r pm i f the ar matur e cur r ent i s 50 A.
(Ans. Ra = 0.055 Ω; 459.25 V)
9. A 500 V shunt gener ator has a f ul l -l oad cur r ent of 1 00 A and

str ay l osses bei ng 1 .5 k W. Ar matur e and f i el d r esi stances
ar e 0.3 and 250 Ω, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate the i nput pow er
and ef f i ci ency .
(U.P.T.U.) (Ans. 55.621 k W; 89.89%)
1 0. A shunt gener ator del i v er s f ul l -l oad cur r ent of 200 A at 240

V. The shunt f i el d r esi stance i s 60 Ω and f ul l -l oad ef f i ci ency
i s 90%. The str ay l osses ar e 800 W. Fi nd (i ) ar matur e
r esi stance and (i i ) cur r ent at w hi ch max i mum ef f i ci ency
occur s.
(Ans. 0.858 Ω; 1 39.22 A)
1 1 . A 50 H.P., 400 V, 4-pol e, 1 ,000 r pm, DC motor has f l ux per

pol e equal to 0.027 Wb. The ar matur e hav i ng 1 ,600
conductor s i s w av e connected. Cal cul ate the gr oss tor que
w hen the motor tak es 7 5 A.
(U.P.T.U.) (Ans. 1 ,031 .32 Nm)
1 2. A 6-pol e, 440 V DC motor has 936 w av e-w ound ar matur e

conductor s. The usef ul f l ux per pol e i s 25 mWb. The tor que
dev el oped i s 45.5 k gm. If ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.5 Ω,
cal cul ate (i ) ar matur e cur r ent and (i i ) speed.
(Ans. 39.95 A, 359 r pm)
1 3. A 25 k W, 250 V, DC shunt gener ator has ar matur e and f i el d

r esi stance of 0.06 Ω and 1 00 Ω, r especti v el y . Deter mi ne the
total ar matur e pow er dev el oped w hen w or k i ng (i ) as a
gener ator del i v er i ng 25 k W output and (i i ) as a motor
tak i ng 25 k W i nput.
(Ans. 26.255 k W; 23.8 k W)
1 4. A 250 V DC shunt motor r uns at 1 ,000 r pm and tak es 6 A at

no-l oad. The ar matur e r esi stance of the motor i s 0.04 Ω and
shunt f i el d r esi stance i s 250 Ω. Cal cul ate the change i n
speed w hen the motor i s l oaded and tak es 51 A f r om the
l i nes. Negl ect ar matur e r eacti on.
(Ans. 7 .2 r pm)
1 5. A 250 V DC shunt motor r uns at 1 ,000 r pm and on no-l oad

tak es 5 A. Ar matur e and f i el d r esi stances ar e 0.2 Ω and 250
Ω, r especti v el y . Cal cul ate the speed w hen l oaded and tak i ng
cur r ent of 50 A. Assume that the f l ux gets w eak ened by 3%
due to ar matur e r eacti on.
(Ans. 993.7 r pm)
1 6. A DC shunt machi ne connected to 250 V mai ns, has an

ar matur e r esi stance of 0.1 2 Ω and f i el d r esi stance of 1 00 Ω.
Cal cul ate the r ati o of speed as a gener ator to motor w hen
the l i ne cur r ent i n each case i s 1 80 A.
(P.T.U.) (Ans. 1 .07 97 )
1 7 . A ser i es motor w i th ser i es f i el d and ar matur e r esi stance of

0.06 and 0.04 Ω, r especti v el y , i s connected acr oss 200 V. The
ar matur e tak es 40 A and speed i s 1 ,000 r pm. Deter mi ne i ts
speed w hen the ar matur e tak es 7 5 A and ex ci tati on i s
i ncr eased by 1 0%.
(Ans. 892.86 r pm)
1 8. A ser i es motor w i th ser i es f i el d and ar matur e r esi stance of

0.04 and 0.06 Ω, r especti v el y , i s connected acr oss 250 V. The
ar matur e tak es 50 A and speed i s 1 ,000 r pm. Deter mi ne the
speed w hen the ar maur e tak es 7 0 A. Assume that the

magneti c ci r cui t i s unsatur ated.
(U.P.T.U.) (Ans. 7 08.45 r pm)
1 9. A ser i es motor hav i ng a r esi stance of 1 Ω betw een ter mi nal s

dr i v es a f an f or w hi ch the tor que v ar i es as the squar e of the
speed. When connected to 200 V DC suppl y , i t r uns at 250
r pm and tak es 20 A. The speed i s to be r ai sed to 400 r pm by
i ncr easi ng the v ol tage. Cal cul ate the v ol tage and cur r ent
assumi ng f l ux di r ectl y pr opor ti onal to cur r ent.
(Ans. 32 A; 492.8 V)
20. A 230 V, DC motor tak es a no-l oad cur r ent of 2 A and r uns at
a speed of 1 ,200 r pm If the f ul l -l oad cur r ent i s 40 A, f i nd (i )
speed on f ul l -l oad (i i ) per centage speed r egul ati on. Assume
that the f l ux r emai ns constant and ar matur e r esi stance i s
0.25 Ω.
(Ans. 1 ,1 50.3 r pm; 4.32%)
21 . A DC shunt motor r uns at 1 ,000 r pm on 200 V suppl y . Its

ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.8 Ω and the cur r ent tak en i s 40 A,
i n addi ti on to the f i el d cur r ent. What r esi stance do y ou
connect i n ser i es w i th the ar matur e to r educe the speed to
600 r pm the cur r ent i n the ar matur e r emai ni ng the same?
Negl ect ar matur e r eacti on.
(Ans. 1 .68 Ω)
22. A 4-pol e DC shunt motor tak es 22.5 A f r om a 250 V suppl y , Ra

= 0.5 Ω and Rf = 1 25 Ω. The ar matur e i s w av e w ound w i th 300
conductor s. If the f l ux per pol e i s 0.02 Wb. Cal cul ate (i ) the
speed, (i i ) tor que dev el oped, and (i i i ) pow er dev el oped.
(Ans. 1 ,1 98.7 5 r pm; 39.1 5 Nm; 4.91 5 k W)
23. A 200 V DC ser i es motor tak es 60 A. Ar matur e r esi stance

0.08 Ω and ser i es f i el d r esi stance 0.05 Ω. If i r on and f r i cti on
l osses ar e tw i ce to copper l osses at thi s l oad, f i nd the BHP
and ef f i ci ency .
(Ans. 1 4.4 H.P. 88.3%)
24. An 8-pol e DC gener ator has 500 ar matur e conductor s and a

usef ul f l ux of 0.05 Wb. What w i l l be the emf gener ated, i f i t
i s l ap connected and r uns at 1 ,200 r pm? What must be the
speed at w hi ch i t i s to be dr i v en to pr oduce the same emf , i f
i t i s w av e w ound?
(U.P.T.U. Dec. 2001) (Ans. 500 V, 300 r pm)
25. A 4-pol e DC shunt gener ator w i th l ap-connected ar matur e

has f i el d and ar matur e r esi stances of 80 Ω and 0.1 Ω,
r especti v el y . It suppl i es pow er to 50 l amps r ated f or 1 00 V,
60 W each. Cal cul ate the total ar matur e cur r ent and the
gener ated emf by al l ow i ng a contact dr op of 1 V per br ush.
(U.P.T.U. June-2004)
26. An 8-pol e DC shunt gener ator has 7 7 8 w av e-connected

ar matur e conductor s r unni ng at 500 r pm, suppl i es a l oad of
1 2.5 Ω r esi stance at a ter mi nal v ol tage of 250 V. The
ar matur e r esi stance i s 0.24 Ω and the f i el d r esi stance i s 250
Ω. Fi nd out the ar matur e cur r ent, the i nduced emf , and the
f l ux per pol e.
(Agra Univ. 1982; Bombay Univ. 1988)
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS
1 . Ar matur e cor e of a DC machi ne i s al w ay s l ami nated. Why ?

2. Can w e use w ood f or the constr ucti on of a y ok e i n a DC
machi ne? Why ?
3. No r esi dual f l ux and no bui l di ng up of v ol tage i n DC shunt
gener ator s. Why ?
4. Shunt f i el d r esi stance shoul d not be mor e than cr i ti cal
r esi stance. Why ?
5. In the case of DC motor s, the i nduced emf i n ar matur e i s al so
cal l ed back emf . Why ?
6. DC Ser i es motor s ar e nev er star ted at no-l oad. Why ?
7 . Bel t l oads ar e nev er r ecommended f or DC ser i es motor s.
Why ?
8. For punchi ng, DC compound motor s ar e best sui ted. Why ?
9. For el ectr i c tr acti on, DC ser i es motor s ar e best sui ted.
Why ?
1 0. For speed contr ol of DC motor s, f l ux contr ol method i s
pr ef er r ed ov er ar matur e contr ol method. Why ?
1 1 . In el ectr i c tr acti on, v ol tage contr ol method of speed
contr ol of DC ser i es motor s i s empl oy ed. Why ?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 . What i s a gener ator ?

2. What ar e the basi c r equi r ements of a DC gener ator to
gener ate el ectr i ci ty ?
3. What i s the w or k i ng pr i nci pl e of a DC gener ator ?
4. What i s ar matur e of a DC machi ne?
5. What ar e the f uncti ons of ar matur e cor e?

6. What i s the f uncti on of f i el d sy stem?
7 . What ar e the mai n f uncti ons of y ok e?
8. How w i l l y ou mak e y ok e f or smal l and l ar ge machi nes?
9. What ar e the mai n f uncti ons of pol e shoes?
1 0. What ar e f i el d coi l s?
1 1 . What i s the f uncti on of col l ecti ng br ushes?
1 2. Gi v e the emf equati on of DC gener ator .
1 3. What do y ou under stand by separ atel y ex ci ted gener ator s?
1 4. What ar e sel f -ex ci ted gener ator s?
1 5. What ar e the adv antages of car bon br ushes?
1 6. What ar e the di sadv antages of car bon br ushes?
1 7 . Why ar matur e of DC machi nes i s made up of si l i con steel ?
1 8. Why i s the ar matur e w i ndi ng pl aced on the r otor of DC
machi ne?
1 9. What ar e the adv antages of a separ atel y ex ci ted gener ator
ov er a sel f -ex ci ted Gener ator ?
20. What ar e the di sadv antages of separ atel y ex ci ted
gener ator ?
21 . What ar e the f actor s that may af f ect the v ol tage bui l d-up of
a DC shunt gener ator ?
22. Why i s ser i es gener ator not gener al l y used?
23. How can y ou i mpr ov e the desi gn of a DC machi ne?
24. Name the l osses that occur i n a DC gener ator .
25. What i s a DC motor ?
26. Can w e use the same DC machi ne as a gener ator and as a
motor ?
27 . What i s the w or k i ng pr i nci pl e of a DC motor ?
28. What i s back emf ?
29. What ar e the di f f er ence ty pes of DC motor ?
30. What i s the condi ti on f or dev el opi ng max i mum mechani cal
pow er i n a DC motor ?
31 . What i s the i mpor tant adv antage of a DC ser i es motor ?
32. What ar e the causes of spar k i ng at the br ushes?
33. What ar e the causes of ov er heati ng of a DC motor ?
TEST QUESTIONS
1 . Ex pl ai n gener ator and motor acti on of a DC machi ne.
(U.P.T.U. 2002-03)
2. What i s an el ectr omechani cal ener gy conv er si on dev i ce?

How mechani cal pow er i s conv er ted i nto el ectr i cal pow er
i n these dev i ces? Ex pl ai n.
3. Name the v ar i ous par ts of a DC machi ne and gi v e the
f uncti on of each par t.
4. Ex pl ai n the pr i nci pl e of acti on of a DC gener ator . Descr i be

br i ef l y i ts i mpor tant par ts.
5. What i s the pr i nci pl e commer ci al l y adopted to tr ansf or m
mechani cal ener gy to el ectr i cal ener gy ? Il l ustr ate i n the
case of a si mpl e DC gener ator . How can the gener ator be
made to suppl y DC?
6. Ex pl ai n how commutator w or k s i n a DC machi ne to
gener ate DC v ol tage.
7 . Der i v e emf equati on of a DC gener ator (or DC machi ne).
(P.T.U., U.P.T.U.)
8. Ex pl ai n how can y ou di sti ngui sh a l ap and w av e w i ndi ng.

How can y ou r ecogni se the w i ndi ng of a DC machi ne by
counti ng i ts br ushes?
9. What ar e the di f f er ent ty pes of ex ci tati on empl oy ed f or DC
gener ator s?
1 0. Ex pl ai n the pr i nci pl e of acti on of a DC shunt gener ator .
1 1 . Def i ne O.C.C. (no-l oad char acter i sti cs) of a DC gener ator .
Ex pl ai n how i t i s obtai ned f or a gi v en gener ator .
1 2. Ex pl ai n how a shunt gener ator bui l ds up. What l i mi ts the
v ol tage to w hi ch a gener ator can bui l d up?
1 3. What i s cr i ti cal f i el d r esi stance i n a DC gener ator ?
1 4. Menti on the di f f er ent r easons f or the dr op i n the ter mi nal
v ol tage of a shunt gener ator w hen i t i s l oaded.
1 5. U nder w hat ci r cumstances, does a DC shunt gener ator f ai l s
to bui l d up?
1 6. What ar e the v ar i ous ener gy l osses i n a DC machi ne and
how do they v ar y w i th l oad?
1 7 . Der i v e a condi ti on f or max i mum ef f i ci ency of a DC
gener ator .
1 8. Ex pl ai n the pr i nci pl e of oper ati on of a DC motor .
1 9. Ex pl ai n w i th sui tabl e di agr am the w or k i ng of a DC motor .
20. Ex pl ai n the f uncti on of commutator i n a DC motor .
21 . What i s back emf ? Ex pl ai n.
(U.P.T.U., P.T.U.)
22. On w hat f actor s, does the tor que dev el oped by a DC motor
depends?
Or
Der i v e an ex pr essi on f or tor que dev el opment i n a DC motor .
(U.P.T.U. 2002)
23. Menti on the v ar i ous ty pes of DC motor s and thei r uses.
(U.P.T.U.)
24. Wi th the hel p of speed-ar matur e cur r ent char acter i sti cs,
show that a shunt motor r uns at al most constant speed
i r r especti v e of the l oad.
25. Sk etch the speed-tor que cur v e of a DC ser i es motor and
di scuss i ts natur e. What ar e the appl i cati ons f or DC ser i es
motor s?
(U.P.T.U.)
26. A DC ser i es motor shoul d not be star ted w i thout l oad. Why ?
27 . Show that a ser i es motor dev el ops hi gh star ti ng tor que.
28. U si ng char acter i sti cs, ex pl ai n w hy a DC ser i es motor i s
sui tabl e f or el ectr i c tr acti on and shoul d nev er be star ted
w i thout a l oad on i t.
(P.T.U.)
29. Sk etch the speed-l oad and tor que-l oad char acter i sti cs of DC
cumul ati v e compound motor and comment on the shape of
the char acter i sti cs. Indi cate w her e such a motor can be
i deal l y used.
30. Fol l ow i ng ar e some of the appl i cati ons that need sui tabl e
motor s. Motor s av ai l abl e ar e ser i es, shunt, cumul ati v e
compound, and di f f er enti al compound DC motor s. Menti on
the motor used f or the f ol l ow i ng appl i cati ons. Gi v e r easons
f or y our answ er . Bl ow er , shear s, di esel el ectr i c
l ocomoti v es, cr anes, hoi sts centr i f ugal pumps, el ev ator s,
and r ol l i ng mi l l s.
31 . Wr i te a gener al ex pr essi on f or the speed of a DC motor i n
ter ms of suppl y v ol tage and f l ux per pol e.
32. Descr i be the speed contr ol methods of DC shunt motor s.
33. Descr i be br i ef l y the methods of speed contr ol used f or DC
ser i es motor s.
34. Why i s a star ter necessar y f or a DC motor ?
35. Descr i be w i th neat sk etch the w or k i ng of a star ter f or a DC
shunt motor .
36. Ex pl ai n br i ef l y the f uncti ons of (i ) no-v ol t r el ease and (i i )
ov er l oad r el ease i n a 3-poi nt star ter used to star t a DC shunt
motor .
ANSWERS
Fill in the Blanks
1 . r educe spar k i ng at the br ushes

2. el ectr i c tr acti on, w her e hi gh star ti ng tor que i s r equi r ed
3. boosti ng up the suppl y v ol tage
4. l ap and w av e
5. l i mi t or r estr i ct
6. f our
7 . gener ator
8. tw o
9. mor e
1 0. No
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1 . (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (d)
6. (b)
7 . (c)
8. (d)
9. (b)
1 0. (a)
1 1 . (d)
1 2. (d)
1 3. (a)
1 4. (c)
1 5. (b)
1 6. (d)
1 7 . (b)
1 8. (a)
1 9. (c)
20. (c)
21 . (a)
22. (b)
23. (b)
24. (c)
25. (d)
26. (b)
27 . (c)
28. (b)
29. (c)
30. (a)
31 . (a)
32. (b)
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Chapter 11 DC Machines (Generators and Motors) - Basic Electrical Engineering

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Chapter 11 DC Machines (Generators and Motors) - Basic Electrical Engineering

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5/14/2018 Chapter 11 DC Machines (Generators and Motors) - Basic Electrical Engineering

 Basic Electrical Engineering

DC MACHINES (GENERATORS AND MOTORS)

Af ter the compl eti on of thi s chapter , the students or r eader s

What i s el ectr omechani cal ener gy conv er si on dev i ce?

What i s a DC gener ator and how i t conv er ts mechani cal

What i s a DC motor and how i t conv er ts el ectr i cal

What ar e the mai n constr ucti onal f eatur es of a DC

What ar e the f actor s on w hi ch emf i nduced i n the

What ar e di f f er ent ty pes of DC gener ator s on the basi s

How v ol tage i s bui l t-up i n DC shunt gener ator and

What i s a DC motor and how i t conv er ts el ectr i cal

What i s back emf and i ts si gni f i cance?

What ar e the f actor s on w hi ch tor que dev el oped i n a

How DC motor s ar e cl assi f i ed on the basi s of thei r f i el d

What ar e the per f or mance char acter i sti cs of DC

What ar e the v ar i ous l osses of a DC machi ne, and how

A DC machi ne i s an el ectr omechani cal ener gy conv er si on dev i ce. It

Al though batter y i s an i mpor tant sour ce of DC el ectr i c pow er , i t

It has been seen that AC motor s ar e i nv ar i abl y appl i ed i n the

In shor t, w e can say that DC machi nes hav e thei r ow n r ol e i n the

11.2 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES (MOTORS AND

A dev i ce (machi ne) that mak es possi bl e the conv er si on of ener gy

Fig. 11.1 El ectr o-mechani cal ener gy conv er si on

Dependi ng upon the conv er si on of ener gy f r om one to the other , the

11.3 ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND MOTOR

Dependi ng upon the ener gy conv er si on, a DC machi ne may w or k as

Fig. 11.2 Gener ator

Gener ator s ar e used i n hy dr oel ectr i c pow er pl ants, steam pow er

ener gy conv er si on, w hen the el ectr omechani cal dev i ce w or k s as a

El ectr i c motor s ar e used f or dr i v i ng i ndustr i al machi nes, f or

Fig. 11.3 Motor

The conv er si on of ener gy ei ther f r om el ectr i cal to mechani cal or

1 . Most of the i nput pow er i s conv er ted i nto usef ul output

11.4 MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

The compl ete assembl y of v ar i ous par ts i n a scatter ed f or m of a DC

Fig. 11.4 Mai n par ts of DC machi ne

1 . Magnetic frame or yoke: The outer cy l i ndr i cal f r ame to

The y ok e i s made of cast i r on f or smal l er machi nes, and f or

1 . They suppor t the f i el d or ex ci ti ng coi l s.

Fig. 11.5 Pol e cor e and pol e shoe

3. Field or exciting coils: Enamel l ed copper w i r e i s used f or

pol ar i ty as show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .7 .

Fig. 11.6 Fi el d w i ndi ng

Fig. 11.7 Connecti ons of f i el d w i ndi ng

4. Armature core: It i s cy l i ndr i cal i n shape and k ey ed to the

w i ndi ng. The ar matur e cor e show n i n Fi gur e 1 1 .8 ser v es the

Si nce ar matur e i s a r otati ng par t of the machi ne, r ev er sal

Fig. 11.8 Ar matur e cor e

5. Armature winding: The i nsul ated conductor s housed i n the

paths ar e equal to the number of pol es. Thus, i f

The commutator i s of cy l i ndr i cal shape and i s made up of

Fig. 11.9 Commutator

7 . Brushes: The br ushes ar e pr essed upon the commutator and

1 . Length, ar ea of cr oss-secti on, and mater i al of ar matur e

11.6 SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR AND FUNCTION OF COMMUTATOR

and B′, r especti v el y . Tw o br ushes r est on these sl i p r i ngs, as show n

When thi s coi l i s r otated i n counter cl ock w i se di r ecti on at an

In thi s case, w hen the coi l i s r otated i n counter cl ock w i se di r ecti on

In an actual machi ne, ther e ar e number of coi l s connected to the

Thus, i n actual machi ne w or k i ng as a gener ator , the f uncti on of

Let P = number of pol es of the machi ne

Z = total number of ar matur e conductor s

A = number of par al l el paths i n the ar matur e w i ndi ng