SPE 151576

A New Approach in Permeability and Hydraulic Flow Unit Determination

Mohammad Izadi, Colorado School of Mines, Ali Ghalambor, Oil Center Research International

Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control held in Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, 15–17 February 2012.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
Building an integrated subsurface model is one of the main goals of major oil and gas operators to guide the field
development plans. All field data acquisitions from seismic, well logging, production and geomechanical monitoring to
enhanced oil recovery operations can be affected by the accurate details incorporated in the subsurface model. Therefore,
building a realistic integrated subsurface model in advance of the field development and associated design and operations is
essential for a successful implementation of such projects. Furthermore, utilizing a more reliable model can in-turn provide
the basis in the decision making process for control and remediation of formation damage.
One of the key identifier of the subsurface model is accurately predicting the hydraulic flow units. There are several models
currently used in the prediction of these units based on the type of the data available. The predictions using these models are
differing significantly due to the assumptions made in the derivations. Most of these assumptions do not adequately reflect
realistic subsurface conditions increasing the need for better models to enhance the predictions.
A new approach has been developed in this study for predicting the petrophysical properties improving the reservoir
characterization. Poiseuille flow equation and Darcy equation were coupled taking into consideration the irreducible water
saturation in the pore network. The porous media was introduced as a domain containing bundle of tortuous capillary tubes
with irreducible water lining the pore wall. A series of routine and special core analysis were performed on 17 Berea
sandstone samples and the petrophysical properties were measured and XRD analysis was conducted. In addition, core
permeabilities were predicted using a new permeability model and the results were compared to the measured permeability
data. In building the petrophysical model, it was initially necessary to assume an ideal reservoir with 17 different layers.
Afterwards, by iteration and calibration of the laboratory data, the more realistic number of hydraulic flow units was
determined accordingly.
The same model was also implemented to a Cotton Valley tight gas reservoir in Northern Louisiana in order to determine the
flow units. A comparative study shows that the new model provides a better distribution of hydraulic flow units and
prediction of the petrophysical properties. Using the new model provides a better match with the experimental data
collected than the models currently used in the prediction of such parameters. The good agreement observed for both the
Berea sandstone and Cotton Valley tight gas sand experimental data and the model predictions using the new permeability
model show the wider range of applicability for various reservoir conditions.
2 SPE 151576

Introduction
Major improvements in the field of reservoir geology have been made in the past 5 years, brought about by the need for more
realistic detailed reservoir models for input into highly advanced and sophisticated computer fluid flow simulators.
Construction of a reservoir model requires the combination of geological and engineering data. The use of advanced logging
tools to catch more details from the reservoir to generate reservoir characteristic data can enhance the reservoir simulation.

Reservoir characterization is building the geological and petrophysical models for reservoirs, which are based on fluid flow
characterestics and geology. A model can incorporate all the characteristics that relate to hydrocarbon trap and production.
The ultimate results of all reservoir characterization models are optimization of production techniques and increase of
recovery.In addition, reservoir characterization can also be defined as methods of distributing petrophysical properties in
three-dimensional space using geologic models. Knowing this distribution can provide an amazing tool for reservoir
engineers to generate a fully defined reservoir property model. Prediction of petrophysical properties is crucial for
development and production plans of reservoirs. Reasonable reserve calculations can play a very significant role in economic
evaluation of reservoirs. Static reservoir models require the integration of geological and engineering data and acquisition and
evaluation of these data also significantly affects the final model. Accurate and real time data associated with rigorous
mathematical models can result in an improved estimation of reservoir performance.

Rock typing is a way of reservoir characterization that models the reservoir hydraulically and geologically. It subdivides the
net-pay zone into layers for reservoir simulation. Some rock typing applications can be summarized as identification of fluid
contacts, estimating the original oil and gas in place, and eventually prediction of petrophysical properties for wells that have
not been cored. Rock types can be defined as the units of rock deposited under similar conditions that experienced similar
diagenetic processes resulting in a unique porosity-permeability relationship, capillary pressure profile and water saturation
for a given height above free water in a reservoir. Rock types can be categorized as depositional, petrographic, and hydraulic.

Hydraulic flow unit determination is an important tool used to construct a quick petrophysical model of the reservoir. Once it
is obtained, one can predict the reservoir rock properties. In this study, the aim is to improve the accuracy of the existing
hydraulic flow unit (HFU) model by introducing a new term. A new approach is defined and formulated based on
fundamental equations of fluid flow in porous media. Basically, the HFU model is derived by the coupling of flow equation
through capillary tube and Darcy equation in porous media. Utilizing the same fundamentals in this work introduces new
boundary conditions to derive a more realistic model.

Literature
The literature for rock typing and hydraulic flow unit determination is replete with numerous authors who studied the
different aspects of reservoir characterization and proposed statistical or analytical methods to predict governing properties of
fluid flow in reservoirs. Here, the emphasis is mainly on hydraulic rock typing and nearly all past works are reviewed in this
work.
Ebanks (1987) stated the basic concepts of flow units as a volume of the total reservoir rock within which geological and
petrophysical properties are internally consistent and different from properties of other rock volumes or flow units. In other
words, flow units subdivide the reservoir volume into geo-bodies appropriate for flow-simulation studies. Ebanks defined the
hydraulic flow units by geological properties such as texture, mineralogy, sedimentary structures, bedding contacts, and the
nature of permeability barriers, combined with porosity, permeability, capillarity, and fluid saturations.
Ahr (1991) defined flow units by using pore characteristics as surrogates for permeability and by using the correspondence
between rock type and pore properties to extend mapping capabilities beyond cored wells as an aid in reservoir
characterization for enhanced oil recovery. Stoudt et al. (1992) used qualitative techniques, whereas others used depositional
and diagenetic overprint, outcrop data, and core data to define flow units. Prediction of hydraulic flow units in un-cored wells
is also important with regards to coring expenses. Amaefule et al. (1993) correlated Flow Zone Indicators (FZI) to a
combination of wire-line log curves to identify flow units at un-cored wells. This correlation and method will be the main
focus of this work and more details will be stated in proceeding sections.
Holtz and Hamilton (1996) proposed that flow units have interdependent petrophysical parameters over distance and it is
feasible to predict the flow units for un-cored wells. Various methods such as rank correlations on wire-line logs
(Abbaszadeh et al. 1996); saturation and depth profiles (Martin et al. 1997); and stochastic modeling of shale fraction and
effective porosity (Moon et al. 1998) are used for that purpose.
Davies and Vessell (1996) developed an algorithm from which rock types are predicted from wire line logs. They confirmed
the algorithm based on core analysis and from that they proposed rock types for un-cored intervals. Perez et al. (2005)
defined a dimensionless capillary pressure function and by using classification tree analysis on wire-line logs and core
analysis predicted the rock types. Lawal and Onyekonwu (2005) defined flow unit delineators for sandstones and carbonates
by geometrically averaging all characterizing parameters from five existing flow unit models.
Swanson (1981) derived a simple correlation to calculate the permeability from mercury capillary pressure measurements.
This method can be used only when the mercury injection data is available and also the core would be useless after the test so
this method is not used in this study.
SPE 151576 3

Amabeoku et al. (2005, 2006) used a permeability-independent method to compute saturation-height models to calculate FZI
for flow unit definition.

Approach

The approach is divided into: statement of Poiseuille equation; coupling of Darcy and Poiseuille equations; and definition of
the parameters in the new model. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation is a physical law that describes slow viscous incompressible
flow through a constant circular cross-section. . It can be derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by assuming linear and
steady state flow or adding up viscosity and pressure forces in the tubes.

1 Δp 1 d dυ
= R . ......................................................................(1 )
η Δx R dR dR

In order to solve this equation one needs to define the boundary conditions. Here, the new boundary condition is defined and
the equation is solved analytically. The assumptions that to derive the equation in tube or capillary are steady-state; laminar
flow; axial flow symmetry; no-slip flow at the wall; and capillary size tube (micron size diameter). The new boundary
condition is incorporating the irreducible water saturation in the capillary tubes as a stagnant part. Irreducible water saturation
in the tube is defined as:

Vwater π R 2 L − π r 2 L R 2 − r 2
S wir = = = . .................................................................(2)
V pore π R2 L R2

To support this assumption, one can say that the reservoir was filled by water originally and the oil is replaced gradually by
capillary and buoyancy forces during the second migration. Ideally, all water must be drained from the reservoir, but in
reality this never happens and some water remains in the pore space of the reservoir, which is called connate water,
interstitial water, or initial water. Rearranging Eq.2, it gives:

r = R 1 − S wir . .......................................................................................................(3)

The above equation represents the new boundary condition for capillary tube and Eq.1 is subject to the new following
boundary conditions:

- υ (r ) = 0 , at r = R 1 − S wir , (no-slip boundary condition at the wall)

dυ
- = 0 , at r = 0 , (axial symmetry)
dr
The Eq.1 can be solved by separation method and after applying boundary conditions, multiplying by cross-section area of
each lamina, and integrating over all lamina:

π Δp R 1− S wir Δp.π .R 4 (1 − S wir )2

2η Δx ∫0
q= [rR 2 (1 − S wir ) − r 3 ]dr = . ................................(4)
8ηΔx

Carmen and Kozeny (1937) considered the reservoir rock to be composed of a bundle of capillary tubes. To determine the
relation between porosity and permeability through porous media in the reservoir, one can combine the Poiseuille and Darcy
equations. Once the relation is derived, the hydraulic flow unit model can be constructed. The Darcy equation for fluid flow
in porous media is:
kAc Δp
q= . ............................................................................................................(5)
μ L
Writing Eq. (4) for bundle of capillary tubes and equating to Eq.5:
4 SPE 151576

nπ R 4 (1 − S w ) 2
k= . ..................................................................................................(6)
8 Ac

In the above equation Ac is the total area for flow rate through porous media. If one defines porosity as:

Vp nπ R 2 L
φ= = . .....................................................................................................(7)
Vb Ac L

Rearranging the above equation and solving for Ac and substituting into Eq.6:

R 2 (1 − S wir ) 2 φ
k= , ..................................................................................................(8)
8
As it can be seen from Eq. 8, a simple relation exists between porosity and saturation and permeability and it can be the base
equation for most porosity-permeability relations for different reservoir rocks.

The generalized form of the Kozeny-Carmen (1937) relationship is given by:

φ3 1
k= [ 2 2 ], .........................................................................................(9)
(1 − φ) Fsτ S gv
2

The Fs in Eq. 9 is the shape factor, and it is 2 for a circular cylinder. The term Fsτ
2
is referred to as the Kozeny constant.
With the analogy to Eq. 9 and using the new relationship for permeability, Eq.8:

1 φ3
k= × × (1 − S wir ) 2 . .......................................................................(10)
Fsτ SVgr (1 − φ)
2 2 2

Now we can rearrange Eq. 10 in such a way to define a new hydraulic flow unit method as:

k 1 1 φ
× = × . ......................................................................(11)
φ (1 − S wir ) Fs .τ SVgr (1 − φ)

The permeability is in μ m2 but in oilfield units the permeability is presented in millidarcies, so the equation is modified to:

k 1 1 φ
0.0314 × = × . ...........................................................(12)
φ (1 − S wir ) Fs .τ SVgr (1 − φ)

The terms in Eq. 12 are defined as:

k 1
0.0314 × : Modified Reservoir Quality Index (MRQI)
φ (1 − S wir )
1
: Flow Zone Indicator (FZI)
Fs .τ SVgr

φ
: Normalized Porosity
(1 − φ)
 SPE 151576 5

Experimental Work

A series of core analysis experiments conducted in the lab to make certain the models can predict the required parameters
accurately. The following experiments are performed in the lab: cutting plugs from the block; drying and weighing the
samples; porosity measurement; permeability measurement; capillary pressure measurement; and XRD (X-ray diffraction)
test. Berea sandstone is used here that is from Berea city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Berea sandstone was deposited in the
Mississippian age but recent geological research has shown that they belong to the late Devonian age. The Berea formed
when sand was carried by streams into the Ohio Sea from the Canadian Shield to the north and from the Catskill Delta to the
east. The Berea sandstone is comprised of small grain and it is composed of quartz sand held together by silica. The porosity
of the samples range from 17% to 27% and the permeability varies from 20 md to 450 md. It shows that even Berea
sandstone which is considered a homogenous rock could be so heterogenous locally. Air-brine porous plate capillary pressure
tests are conducted on core samples and the results are illustrated as the following:

25 Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
20
Sample 5 Sample Quartz,% Clay, % Others,%
i
s Sample 7
p sample 1 86 8 6
,
e
Sample 8
r
u 15 Sample 9
s
s
sample 2 87 8 5
e
r Sample 10
P sample 3 41 37 22
y Sample 11
r
a
l
l
i 10 Sample 12
p sample 4 97 3 0
a
C
Sample 13
Sample 14
sample 5 96 3 1
Sample 15
5
Sample 16 sample 6 95 4 1
Sample 17
sample 7 59 6 35
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
W
a
t
e
r
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
%

Fig.1. Capillary Pressure Distribution Table1. XRD Data conducted on the samples

Data Analysis

An imaginary reservoir is assumed with 17 different layers (17 core plugs used in this study) and all properties are assumed
in the lab conditions such as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the model can be applied for different
types of reservoirs. Each plug represents one layer, and therefore each layer has its own permeability, porosity, capillary
pressure, and mineralogy specifications. The purpose is to prepare a petrophysical reservoir model, based on existing and
new models, in which the reservoir is split into distinct hydraulic flow units. Once that is done, a reservoir engineer can input
the model into reservoir simulators and predict the performance with various scenarios. The Fig.2 represents the scatter plot
of permeability-porosity data from the lab.

1000 10
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
1
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
2
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
3
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
4
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
5

d
m
,
y
t
R
Q
I

i
l
i
b
a 100 1
e
m
r
e
P

10 0.1
0.1 1 0.1 1
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
,
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y

Fig2. Permeability-Porosity Plot Fig3. Common HFU Representation

 6 SPE 151576

Fig3.illustrates the number of hydraulic flow units, 5 that have been predicted by the common HFU model. The y-axis
represents the reservoir quality index from proposed models and the x-axis is normalized porosity. In order to verify the HFU
prediction, one has to perform back calculation and determine the permeability-porosity relationship and capillary pressure
data. One cluster has been chosen based on flow zone indicators in Fig3 which leads to the prediction of permeability,
capillary pressure, and J-function.

100 10

80 8

Capillary Pressure, psi

Permeability, md

60 6

40 4
P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
=
1
2
0
0
.
5
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
-
1
6
3
.
6
20 6 2
︵ ︶
R
-
S
q
u
a
r
e
d
=
0
.
9
3
7

0 0
0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
,
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

Water Saturation, Fraction

Fig4. Permeability-Porosity Relationship Fig5. Capillary Pressure Predicted for Chosen Cluster

10

C
l
u
s
t
e
r
1
1.6

C
l
u
s
t
e
r
2
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
3
1.4
Height of

C
l
u
s
t
e
r
4
transition zone

L
o
g
-
L
o
g
1.2

1.0
Height from I
n Q
o
i FWL to OWC R
t
c
n w 1
u 0.8 e
F N
-
J
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0.1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.1 1
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
S
w
,
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

Fig6. J-Function for Chosen Cluster Fig7. New HFU Model Prediction

In this part, the modified reservoir quality index is applied to the data and the results are compared. Fig.7 illustrates the
number of hydraulic flow units that have been predicted.
The number of hydraulic flow units for the imaginary reservoir is 4 and each unit has at least 2 members. Therefore, this
approach shows better HFU distribution. Graphically speaking, the new reservoir quality index (RQI) eliminates high scatter
data. To ensure model accuracy, one must verify the predicted petrophysical properties doing back calculations on one of the
selected clusters. Cluster 3 is selected. The procedure is similar to the traditional model. Fig.8 shows the accuracy of the
predicted permeability for cluster 3.
As is obvious from the prediction, the new approach is very reliable for this cluster which comprises of the high permeability
regions of the reservoir. The next step is to predict the phase contacts of the particular layer and this is done by prediction of
the capillary pressure curve and eventually height above free water level. It is assumed that the layer contains standard oil
with the oil-brine interfacial tension at reservoir conditions. The J-function is applied to the cluster and the result is illustrated
in Fig 9.
 SPE 151576 7

400 1.6

1.4
350 Height of
transition zone
1.2

300
Permeability, md

1.0
n Height from
o
i FWL to OWC
t
c
n
250 u 0.8
F
-
J
0.6
200
0.4
Perm=3509.2 Poro-510.09
150 R-Squard=0.9109
0.2

0.0
100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26

S
w
,
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
Porosity, %

Fig8. Permeability-Porosity Relationship for Chosen Cluster Fig9. J-Function for Chosen Cluster

The J-function normalization method for this particular layer made less scatter than capillary pressure curves. In addition, the
transition zone has been predicted as 2 ft which is smaller than the common method (7 ft), HFU, prediction, and the oil zone,
60 ft is higher than the HFU estimation (55 ft). This of course is the main point of this approach for original oil and gas in-
place calculations, because these calculations are based on phase contact height estimation.

Conclusions

The following conclusions can be drawn from the new approach developed in this study for predicting petrophysical
properties:

1) The new approach for hydraulic flow unit has been developed analytically based on coupling of Poiseuille and
Darcy equations using new boundary conditions.

2) Porous media are made of numerous bundles of tortuous tubes in the model, which is more reliable than the
traditional straight tubes. Tortuosity factor can be calculated automatically from the derived mathematical model.

3) New model was applied to the imaginary reservoir and a petrophysical model has been developed. The new
hydraulic flow unit model shows a better selection of units over the HFU model and it gives a better distribution of
properties through the reservoir.

4) Modeling of shale dispersion in the pore network plays a significant role in fluid flow analysis. Using improved
XRD and SEM tests visualize the shale dispersion in the throats of porous media and this helps to model the porous
media in more real cases.

Aknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge Core Laboratories for providing the opportunity to perform XRD test on the samples.

Numenaclature

Ac Total area for flow through porous media, cm 2 (m 2 ) k Permeability or transmissibility, md (cm 2 )

Fs Kozeny constant, dimensionless L Length of each capillary tube, cm (ft)

J Normalized J- function, dimensionless

8 SPE 151576

ΔL Length of capillary tube in porous media, cm (ft) Vpore

Pore volume of capillary tube or hollow volume, bbl (ft 3 )
n The number of capillary tube
Vwater Water volume in the capillary tube, bbl (ft 3 )
q 3
Flow rate in capillary tube, cm /s (bbl/day)
μ Fluid viscosity, cp (cp)
r Variable capillary radius, cm (ft)
π Pi constant number, 3.1416
R Total capillary radius, cm (ft)
τ Tortuosity, dimensionless
dr Derivative of distance from the center, cm (ft)
η Proportionality constant in the viscosity equation
Sw Water saturation, dimensionless
σ Interfacial tension, dynes/cm (Kg.m/s 2 /cm)
Swir Irreducible water saturation, dimensionless
φ Porosity, dimensionless
Vb Bulk volume of reservoir rock, bbl (ft 3 )

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