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Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps: CHAPTER - 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps Pumps: CHAPTER - 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
CHAPTER –11
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INTRODUCTION
DESIGNING OF ANY FLUID FLOWING SYSTEM REQUIRES;
1. Design of system through which fluid will flow
2. Calculation of losses that will occur when the fluid flows
3. Selection of suitable device which will deliver enough energy
to the fluid to overcome these losses
Devices: Deliver Energy To Liquids/Gases: Pumps/Compressors
Radial Pump
hydraulic-ram
Diffuser Pump
COMPARISON OF PDPS AND DYNAMIC PUMPS
OR
Find diameter that will generate ‘V’ to get required ‘h’ for given ‘N’
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, contd.
Q. FOR AN 1800 RPM PUMP FIND THE DIAMETER
OF IMPELLER TO GENERATE A HEAD OF 200 FT.
Assumptions:
• No heat generation V2 2 V12
W& shaft = m& h2 + + gz 2 − h1 + + gz1
• No viscous work. 2 2
• Mass in = mass out
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, contd.
p2 V2 2 p1 V12
W& shaft = m& + u2 + − + u1 +
ρ 2 ρ 2
p 2 V2 2 p1 V1 2 Thermodynamically, u = u(T)
W& shaft = m& + − +
ρ 2 ρ 2 only and Tin ≈ Tout
p 2 V2 2 p1 V1 2
W& shaft = ρ Q + − +
ρ 2 ρ 2
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, contd.
ρ V2 2 ρ V12
Pw = ρ gHQ = W& shaft = Q p2 + − p1 +
2 2
Pw 1 ρ V 2 2 ρ V12
H = = ( p 2 − p1 ) + −
ρ gQ ρ g 2 2
Pw 1
H = ≅ ( p 2 − p1 )
ρ gQ ρ g
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, contd.
The power required to drive the pump; bhp
The power required to turn the pump shaft at certain RPM
bhp = ω T T = torque required to turn shaft
The actual power required to drive the pump depends upon efficiency
Pw ρ gQH
η= =
bhp ωT
T = ρ Q ( r2Vt 2 − rV
1 t1 )
Pw ρ Q ( u2Vt 2 − u1Vt1 ) 1 DO
H= = = ( u2Vt 2 − u1Vt1 ) DETAILS
ρ gQ ρ gQ g
IN TUTORIAL
H=
1
(V22 − V12 ) + ( u22 − u12 ) + ( w22 − w12 ) p w2 r 2ω 2
+z+ − = const
2g
ρg 2g 2g
One Can Also Relate the Pump Power With Fluid Radial Velocity
Pw = ρ Q ( u2Vn 2 cot α 2 − u1Vn1 cot α1 )
DO
Q Q EX. 11.1
Vn 2 = and Vn1 =
2π r2b2 2π r1b1 IN TUTORIAL
With known b1, b2, r1, r2, β1, β2 and ω one can find centrifugal pump’s
ideal power and ideal head as a function of Discharge ‘Q’
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, contd.
EFFECT OF BLADE ANGLES β1, β2 ON PUMP PERFORMANCE
Pw 1
H= = ( u2Vt 2 − u1Vt1 )
ρ gQ g
Angular Angular
>>
momentum out momentum in
Q
Vn 2 = Vt 2 = u2 − Vn 2 cot β 2
2π r2b2
Doing all this leads to if β < 90, backward curve blades, stable op
if β = 90, straight radial blades, stable op
u22 u2 cot β 2 If β > 90, forward curve blades, unstable op
H≈ − Q
g 2π r2b2 g
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, CHARACTERISTICS
1. Whatever discussed earlier is qualitative due to assumptions.
2. Actual performance of centrifugal pump → extensive testing
3. The presentation of performance data is exactly same for
1. Centrifugal pumps 2. Axial flow pumps
3. Mixed flow pumps 4. Compressors
4. The graphical representation of pumps performance data obtained
experimentally is called “PUMP CHARACTERSTICS” OR “PUMP
CHARACTERSTIC CURVES”
1. This representation is almost always for constant shaft speed ‘N’
2. Q (gpm) discharge is the independent variable (LIQUIDS)
3. H (head developed), P (power), η (efficiency) and NPSH (net
positive suction head) are the dependent variables (LIQUIDS)
4. Q (ft3/m3/min), discharge is the independent variable (GASES)
5. H (head developed), P (power), η (efficiency) are the dependent
variables (GASES)
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, CHARACTERISTICS, contd.
Typical
Characteristic Curves
of Centrifugal Pumps
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, CHARACTERISTICS, contd.
General Features of Characteristic Curves of Centrifugal Pumps
1. ‘H’ is almost constant at low flow rates
2. Maximum ‘H’(shut off head) is at zero flow rate
3. Head drops to zero at Qmax
4. ‘Q’ is not greater than Qmax → ‘N’ and/or impeller size is changed
5. Efficiency is always zero at Q = 0 and Q = Qmax
6. η is not an independent parameter → P ρ gHQ
η= w =
P P
7. η = ηmax at roughly Q=0.6Qmax to 0.93Qmax
8. η = ηmax is called the BEST EFFICIENCY POINT (BEP)
9. All the parameters corresponding to ηmax are called the design
points, Q*, H*, P*
10. Pumps design should be such that the efficiency curve should be
as flat as possible around ηmax
11. ‘P’ rises almost linearly with flow rate
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, CHARACTERISTICS, contd.
(a ) basic casing with three (b) 20 percent larger casing with three
impeller sizes larger impellers at slower speed
Typical Characteristic Curves of Commercial Centrifugal Pumps
1. Having same casing size but different impeller diameters
2. Rotating at different rpm
3. For power requirement and efficiency one needs to interpolate
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, CHARACTERISTICS, contd.
µ ≥ 300µ
µwor µ > 2000 SSU
PDP’s are preferred
µ ≤ 10µ
µw or µ < 50 SSU
Centrifugal pumps are preferred
SUCTION HEAD AND SUCTION LIFT
• A centrifugal pump cannot pull or suck liquids
• Suction in centrifugal pump → creation of partial vacuum at pump’s
inlet as compared to the pressure at the other end of liquid
• Hence, pressure difference in liquid → drives liquid through pump
• How one can increase this pressure difference
– Increasing the pressure at the other end
• Equal to 1 atm for reservoirs open to atmosphere
• > or < 1 atm for closed vessels
– Decreasing the pressure at the pump inlet
• Must be > liquid vapor pressure → temperature very important
• By increasing the capacity → Bernoulli's equation
SUCTION HEAD AND SUCTION LIFT
MAXIMUM SUCTION DEPENDS UPON
• Pressure applied at liquid surface at liquid source, hence
– Maximum suction decreases as this pressure decreases
• Vapor pressure of liquid at pumping temperature
– Maximum suction decreases as vapor pressure increases
• Capacity at which the pump is operating
NPSHR = 40 ≤
Psurface Pvp
− Z i − h fi − =
(14.7 − 0.26 )
− Zi − 6 Z i ≤− 12.7
ρ g = 62.4
ρg ρ g 62.4 (144 ) −1
Pump must now be placed at least 38.4 ft below the reservoir surface,
to avoid cavitation
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD, contd.
TYPICAL EXAMPLE
A pump installed at an altitude of 2500 ft and has a suction lift of 13 ft
while pumping 50 degree water. What is NPSHA? Ignore friction
Psurface Pvp
NPSH available = − Z i − h fi − = 31 − 13 − 0 − .41 = 17.59 ft
ρg ρg
TYPICAL EXAMPLE
We have a pump that requires 8 ft of NPSH at I20 gpm. If the pump is
installed at an altitude of 5000 ft and is pumping cold water at 60oF,
what is the maximum suction lift it can attain? Ignore friction
Psurface Pvp
NPSHA = NPSHR + 2 = 8 + 2 = − Z i − h fi − = 28.2 − Z i − 0 − .59 = 17.59 ft
ρg ρg
DIMENSIONLESS PUMP PERFORMANCE-
PERFORMANCE-1
EVERY PUMP HAS
gH Q ρ nD 2 ε P Q ρ nD 2 ε
= g1 3 , , = g2 3 , ,
n2 D 2 nD µ D ρn D
3 5
nD µ D
WHERE
ε
= relative roughness
D
gH
ρ nD 2 ρ ( nD ) D 2 2 = CH = Head Coefficient
= = Re. Number n D
µ µ
Q P
3 = CQ = Capacity Coefficient 3 5 = CP = Power Coefficient
nD ρn D
DIMENSIONLESS PUMP PERFORMANCE-
PERFORMANCE-3
Reynolds number inside a centrifugal pump Hence, we may write:
1. ≈ 0.80 to 1.5x107)
2. Flow always turbulent CH = CH ( CQ )
3. Effect of Re, almost constant
4. May take it out of the functions g1and g2 CP = CP ( CQ )
5. Same is true for ε/D
CH CQ
η= = η ( CQ )
CP
Similarly one can also define the CNPSH the NPSH coefficient as
g ⋅ NPSH
C NPSH = 2 2
= C NPSH ( CQ )
n D
DIMENSIONLESS PUMP PERFORMANCE-
PERFORMANCE-5
Representing the pump performance data in dimensionless form
DISCRIPENCIES
•A few % in η and CH
•pumps not truly dynamically similar
•Larger pump has smaller roughness ratio
•Larger pump has larger Re. number
DIMENSIONLESS PUMP PERFORMANCE-
PERFORMANCE-6
The BEP lies at η=0.88, corresponding to,
CQ* ≈ 0.115 CP* ≈ 0.65 CH* ≈ 5.0 CNPSH* ≈ 0.37
Comparison of Values
3 2 2 3 5
Q2 n2 D2 H 2 n2 D2 P2 ρ 2 n2 D2
= = =
Q1 n1 D1 H1 n1 D1 P1 ρ1 n1 D1
1 − η2 D2
4
Moody’s Correlation
≈
Based on size changes 1 − η1 D1
0.33
Anderson’s Correlation 0.94 − η2 Q2
≈
Based on flow rate changes 0.94 − η1 Q1
Concept of Specific Speed-
Speed-1
A confusing example
3. More the diameter of the vane more will be the centrifugal force
4. More will be the diameter more will be the radial component of
velocity and lesser will be the axial component
5. More will be the radial velocity more will be the head developed
6. Hence to get more head you need longer vanes and vice versa
7. More will be the clearance between the impeller and casing
more will the flow rate & also more will be the axial component
8. These simple physics principles lead us to the variation in
impeller design to accomplish the three jobs mentioned
Concept of Specific Speed-
Speed-3
POINT TO PONDER
• We represent the performance of a family of geometrically similar
pumps by a single set of dimensionless curves
• Can we use even a smaller amount of information or even a single
number to represent the same information?
GEOMETRICAL
VARIATION OF SPECIFIC
SPEED
Detailed shapes
Concept of Specific Speed-
Speed-5
Specific speed is an indicator of
Pump performance
Pump efficiency
The Q is a rough indicator of
Pump size
Pump Reynolds Number THE PUMP CURVES
Concept of Specific Speed-
Speed-5
V2 fL
= ( z2 − z1 ) + ∑ + ∑ = + 2
H sys K a cQ
2g D
Pump vs System Characteristics, contd
• Graphical Representation Of The Three Curves
Match between pump & system
If the characteristic is
such that the system
finds two flow rates for
a given head it cannot
decide where to stay.
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