The musculoskeletal system is a body system consisting of muscles (muskulo) and bones that make up

the skeleton (skeletal). Muscle is a body tissue that has the ability to convert chemical energy into
mechanical energy (motion). While the skeleton is a part of the body that consists of bones that allow
the body to maintain its shape, attitude and position.

A. Muscle

Muscle is a tissue that is attached to bone which is a tool for active movement in humans that functions
to wrap bones and move bones.Besides helping movement, the muscles also function to help the
hypothalamus to regulate heat in the body.

Muscle Types:

Striated muscle: perform an act of work: walk, hold, hit, run, climb.

Plain muscle: Flowing blood throughout the body, circulating food and oxygen

Heart muscle: Moving the heart

There are the most important things in the muscles, namely:

1. Contractility: The ability to contract (expand and stretch)

2. Exitability: The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus

3. Elasticity: The ability to return to its original form after contracting / dilating

4. Extensibility: The ability to stretch, the muscles will respond strongly

muscle abnormalities, namely:

Muscle dystrophy is a disease of the offspring which causes it to be a mutation of the gene responsible
for muscle protein synthesis, causing the muscles to become weak. It usually occurs in children aged
between 3-7 years.

Muscle atrophy, shrinking muscle fibers, causing a reduction in muscle size, tension and muscle strength.

Hyperplasia, the amount of muscle fibers that increases, causing enlargement of the muscle, but not the
enlargement of muscle fibers.

Hypertrophy, muscle enlargement caused by heavy muscle activity carried out continuously. Muscles
that experience hypertrophy increase the diameter of the muscle fibers and increase the amount of
substances in the muscle.

Tetanus, where there is a strong muscle contraction throughout the body at a certain time, caused by a
poison stimulus released by Clostridium tetani.

Damage to tendons due to accidents or fights.

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B. Bone

The human framework is composed of several...

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Tukar ke IndonesiaB. Bone

The human framework is composed of several

bones (206 bones) that form a skeleton of the body. Apart from being composed of the skeletal bones of
the body in some places it is also equipped with cartilage (cartilage). B.

Bone function 1.

Supports body structure 2.

Being a place attached to muscle fibers 3.

Form blood cells 4.

Store inorganic ions (i.e., calcium and phosphorus) 5.

Protecting internal organs from trauma The frame is classified into 3, namely: 1.

Axial skeleton 2.

Appendicular skeleton

Articaltion

C. Joints

joint is the relationship between two adjacent bones. The joints are classified according to the structure
(based on the presence or absence of joint cavities between articulating bones and the type of
connective tissue associated with the joints), and according to joint function (based on the number of
possible movements in the joints).

joint types:

Bullet Joints

The round head of the joint is right inside the cavity of the joint cup, allowing full free movement.
Example: Hip and shoulder joints

Hinge / Hinge Joint

The axis of motion is perpendicular to the direction of the length of the bone so that the direction of
movement is only in one direction Example: Elbow and knee

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Saddle Joint

Saddle-shaped joint surface, direction of axis which is one convex surface in the direction of the other
axis convex Example: At the base of the thumb

Launcher Joint

Movement in all directions Example: Carpal bone joint

the types of movements in the joint

Flexion is a movement that minimizes sedation between two bones or two parts of the body, such as
bending your elbows (moving your arms to the front), bending your knees (moving your legs towards the
back), or bending the torso to the side. An extension is a movement that enlarges the angle between
two bones or two parts of the body.Abduction is the movement of the body part away from the midline
of the body, such as when the arm is abducted, or away from the longitudinal axis of the leg. Like the
abduction of the fingers and toes. 4.

The opposite of abduction is the movement of body parts when returning to the main axis of the body or
the longitudinal axis of the leg. 5.

Rotation is the movement of bone that rotates around the central axis of the bone itself without
experiencing lateral dislocation, such as when shaking your head

Pronation is the medial rotation of the forearm in an anatomical position, which results in the palm
facing backward. 2.

Supination is the lateral rotation of the forearm, which results in the palm facing forward.
Protaksi is advancing body parts, such as when highlighting the lower jaw forwards, or flexing the
pectoral girdle forward. 10. Retraction is the movement of pulling body parts towards the back, such as
when retracting the pectoral girdle to puff up the chest. 11. Elevation is the movement of the structure
towards the superior, such as when closing the mouth (evacuating the mandible) or shrugging
(evaporating the scapula). 12. Depression is moving a structure in an inferior direction, like when
opening the mouth.

joint disorders:

Sprains are joint injuries that can stretch or may injure ligaments or tendons that wrap around the joint.
This usually occurs due to a sudden spin and collision in the joint. Sprains are minor injuries that do not
cause tissue rupture.

Dislocation (luksasi) a condition where there is an error in the surface of the articulation of a joint. Knee
and shoulder joints are prone to dislocation