Appendix

Appendix A

DENSITY OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

d
Temperature in Density in Temperature in Density in
°C kg/m 3
°C kg/m 3

he
-30 983.854 -25 989.585

-20 993.457 -15 996.283

pu T
is
-10 998.117 -8 998.647
re R
bl
-4 999.414 -2 999.762
E
0 999.840 2 999.940

4 999.972 6 999.940
be C

8 999.848 10 999.700
to N

12 999.497 14 999.244

16 998.943 20 998.204
©

24 997.297 28 996.234

32 995.026 36 993.684

40 992.216 44 990.628

48 988.927 50 988.036

55 985.695 60 983.199
t

65 980.555 70 977.770
no

75 974.899 80 971.798

85 968.620 90 965.320

95 961.900 100 958.364

Note: 1 kg/m3 = 0.001 g/mL

 Manual of Science Practicals

Appendix B

DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS AT ORDINARY ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE

Substance Density Substance Density
(kg/m3) (kg/m3 )

Aluminium 2700 Asbestos 2400

d
Bone 1700 - 2000 Brick 1400 - 2200
Brass (60/40) 8600 Butter 865

he
Camphor 990 Cardboard 690
Cast iron 7000 Cement 2700 - 3000

pu T
Celluloid 1400 Chalk 1900 - 2800

is
Clay 1800 - 2600 Coal 1400 - 1800
re R
Coke 1000 - 1700 Common salt 2160
Copper

bl 2160 Constantan 8900

E
Dimond 3010 - 3520 Glass (common) 2400 - 2800
Gold (pure) 19300 Granite 2640 - 2760
be C

Graphite 2300 - 2720 Ice 917

Ivory 1830 - 1920 Lead 11378
to N

Lime (slaked) 1300 - 1400 Limestone 2680 - 2760

Magnetite 4900 - 5200 Manganin 8500
©

Mica 2600 - 3200 Paper 700 - 1500

Platinum 21400 Porcelain 2300 - 2500
Quartz 2650 Resin 1070
Rock salt 2180 Rubber (hard) 1190
Rubber (soft) 1100 Sand 2340
Silica (fused) 2210 Silver 1005
Stainless steel 7800 Starch 1530
Sugar 1590 Talc 2700 - 2800
t
no

Topaz 3500 - 3600 Tourmaline 3000 - 3200

Wax (sealing) 1800 Wood (bamboo) 3100 - 4000
Wood (teak) 6600 - 8800 Wood (walnut) 6400 - 7000
Wood (willow) 4000 - 6000 Zinc 7100

256
 Appendix

Appendix C

DENSITY OF V ARIOUS LIQUIDS AT ORDINARY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Substance Temperature Density

(°C) (kg/m3 )

Acetone 20 792

d
Alcohol (ethyl) 20 792

he
Benzene 0 900

Chloroform 20 1489

pu T
is
Caster Oil 15 970
re R
Cocoanut Oil 15 925

Ether
bl 0 736
E
Gasoline 660 - 690
be C

Glycerin 0 1260
to N

Heavy Water 5 1106

Kerosene 820
©

Mercury 13600

Milk 1028 - 1035

Methylated spirit 0 810

Olive Oil 15 918

Paraffin Oil 0 810

Turpentine 4 870
t
no

Sea Water 1025

Water 4 999.972

257
 Laboratory Manual – Science

Appendix D

DENSITY OF VARIOUS GASES AT STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (STP)

Substance Density
(kg/m3)

Air 1.293

d
Ammonia 0.771

he
Carbon dioxide 1.977

Carbon monoxide 1.250

Chlorine 3.214

pu T
is
Hydrogen 0.090
re R
Hydrogen sulphide 1.640

bl
Methane 0.717
E
Nitrogen 1.250
be C

Sulphur dioxide 2.927

Water vapour (273 K) 0.800

to N
©

Appendix E

THE GREEK ALPHABET

Alpha Α α Iota Ι ι Rho Ρ ρ

Beta Β β Kappa Κ κ Sigma Σ σ

t

Gamma Γ γ Lambda Λ λ Tau Τ τ

no

Delta Δ δ Mu Μ μ Upsilon Υ υ

Epsilon Ε ε Nu Ν ν Phi Φ φ

Zeta Ζ ζ Xi Ξ ξ Chi Χ χ

Eta Η η Omicron Ο ο Psi Ψ ψ

Theta Θ θ Pi Π π Omega Ω ω

258
 Appendix

Appendix F

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

Place Acceleration due to Place Acceleration due to
gravity, g gravity, g
(m/s2) (m/s2 )

Agra 9.791 Ajmer 9.789

d
Aligarh 9.781 Allahabad 9.789

he
Amritsar 9.792 Bangalore 9.780

Bhubaneswar 9.787 Chennai 9.783

pu T
is
Delhi 9.792 Dehradun 9.791
re R
Equator 9.781 Gorakhpur 9.789

Guwahati
bl 9.790 Hyderabad 9.789
E
Indore 9.790 Jaipur 9.785
be C

Kanpur 9.790 Kolkata 9.788

to N

Ludhiana 9.792 Madurai 9.781

Meerut 9.792 Mumbai 9.786

©

Nagpur 9.785 Patna 9.784

Pole 9.832 Srinagar 9.790

Tirupati 9.782 Thiruvananthapuram 9.781

Udaipur 9.788 Varanasi 9.789

t
no

259
 Laboratory Manual – Science

Appendix G

REFRACTIVE INDEX OF SUBSTANCES

(for Sodium light, λ = 589.3 nm)

Solid Refractive Liquid Refractive

index index

Diamond 2.417

d
Glass (crown) 1.48 – 1.61 Alcohol (ethyl) 1.362

he
Glass (flint) 1.53 – 1.96 Alcohol (methyl) 1.329

Glass (soda) 1.50 Benzene 1.501

pu T
is
Ice 1.31 Canada balsam 1.530
re R
Mica 1.56 – 1.60 Carbon disulphide 1.628

Rocksalt
bl 1.54
E
Glycerin 1.475

Quartz (fused) 1.458 Kerosene oil 1.390

be C

Olive oil 1.460

to N

Paraffin oil 1.440

Turpentine 1.472
©

Water 1.333
t
no

260
 Appendix

Appendix H

SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES

Solids Speed Liquids Speed Gases Speed
at 25 °C at 25 °C at 0 °C
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s)

Aluminium 5000 Alcohol 1210 Air 331

d
Brass 3480 Caster oil 1477 Ammonia 415

he
Brick 3650 Glycerol 1324 Carbon dioxide 275

Copper 3750 Mercury 1450 Hydrogen 1284

pu T
is
Cork 500 Sea-water 1531 Coal gas 453
re R
Fused Silica 5760 Turpentine 1255 Nitrogen 334

bl
Glass (crown) 4540 Water 1756 Oxygen 316
E
Glass (flint) 3720 Water (dist.) 1497 Sulphur dioxide 213
be C

Iron 5200 Ethanol vapour 269

to N

Lead 1200 Methanol vapour 335

Nickel 4900 Water vapour 494

©

Paraffin 1300 (134 °C)

Platinum 2800

Silver 2680

Steel 5000

Tin 2730

Wood (Oak) 3800

t
no

Zinc 3850

261
 Laboratory Manual – Science

A
A Pp PpEeNnDdI iXx I

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF S UBSTANCES

Substance Resistivity * Substance Resistivity

(Ω m) (Ω m)

Conductors Semiconductors

d
Aluminum 2.6 × 10-8 Carbon 3.5 × 10-5

he
Brass 6.6 × 10-8 Germanium 0.5

Chromium 12.9 × 10-8 Silicon 20 - 2300

pu T
is
Constantan 49.1 × 10-8
re R
bl
Copper 1.78 × 10-8
E
German Silver 26.6 × 10-8

Gold 2.42 × 10-8

be C

Iron 12.0 × 10-8 Insulators

to N

Lead 20.8 × 10-8 Diamond 1012 – 1013

Manganin 44.5 × 10-8 Ebonite 1015 – 1017

©

Mercury 95.8 × 10-8 Glass 1010 – 1014

Nichrome 100.0 × 10-8 Mica 1011 – 1015

Nickel 11.8 × 10-8 Paper (dry) 10 12

Platinum 11.0 × 10-8 Rubber (hard) 1013 - 1016

Silver 1.60 × 10-8 Teflon 10 16

t

Tungsten 5.20 × 10-8 Wood (maple) 3 × 1010

no

*
The values pertain to temperature near 20 °C .

262
 Appendix

APPENDIX J
DIMENSIONS OF WIRE AND WIRE R ESISTANCE

SWG* Diameter Section Resistance (Ω/m)

No. (cm) (cm2) Copper Constantan Manganin

0 0.8230 0.5319 0.0003 0.009 0.008

d
2 0.7010 0.3858 0.0005 0.012 0.011

he
5 0.5385 0.2277 0.0008 0.021 0.019

10 0.3251 0.0830 0.0021 0.057 0.051

pu T
is
12 0.2642 0.0548 0.0032 0.086 0.077
re R
14 0.2032 0.0324 0.0054 0.146 0.131

16

bl 0.1626 0.0308 0.0083 0.228 0.205

E
18 0.1219 0.0117 0.0148 0.495 0.361
be C

20 0.0914 0.0066 0.0260 0.722 0.645

22 0.0711 0.0034 0.0435 1.200 1.070

to N

24 0.0559 0.0025 0.0700 1.930 1.730

26 0.0457 0.0016 0.1115 3.069 2.781

©

28 0.0376 0.0011 0.1624 4.464 4.045

30 0.0315 0.0008 0.2233 6.138 5.563

* Standard Wire Gauge; also called British Standard Gauge or British Standard Wire Gauge.
t
no

263
264
no
t ©
to N
be C
E
Notes

re R
pu T
bl
is
he
d