APPENDIX A

A-1 UNITS
meter (m) = 100 cm = 3.2808 ft
m2 = lo4 cm2 = 10.7637 ft2
m3 = lo6 cm3 = 35.3147 ft3 = 264.17 gallons
kg = 1000 g = 2.2046 lbm
newton (N) = lo5 dynes = 0.2248 lb force
joule (J ) = N m = lo7 ergs = 0.239 calories = 0.7376 ft lbf
= 9.4783 x Btu
watt = J /sec = 0.239 cal/sec = 0.7376 ft Ibf/sec
= 9.4783 x lop4 Btu/sec = 1.341 x lo-' horsepower
pascal = N/m2 = 10 dyne/cm2 = 1.4504 x 1 0-4 lbf/m2
= lop5 bar = 9.8687 x atm
pascal-second = 10 poise = 1000 CP = 0.672 l bdf t sec
watt/mK = 0.5778 Btu/ft hr"F = 2.39 x lop3 cal/cm"K
m2/sec = lo4 cm2/sec = 10.7637 ft2/sec
"R = 1.8("K)
(A'F) = I .~(A'F)
410
Transport Phenomena and Unit Operations: A Combined Approach
Richard G. Griskey
Copyright 0 2002 J ohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN: 0-471-43819-7
BASIC DATA 41 1
"F = 1.8("C) + 32F
"K = "C + 273.16
"R = "F + 460
A-2 CONSTANTS
Gas constant*(R) = 8.314 J /a = 8.314 m3 Pda = 83.14 cm3 bar/a
= 82.06 cm3 atda = 1.987 cal/a = 1.987 Btuh
= 0.7302 ft3 at& = 10.73 ft2(psia)/b = 1545 ft I bfh
where a = g mole" K
b = lb moleo R
Acceleration of gravity = 9.8067 m/sec2 = 32.1740 ft/s2
Avogadro's number T? = 6.023 x molecules g-mole-'
Boltzmann's constant
Faraday's constant
Planck's constant h = 6.624 x erg sec
Stefan-Boltzmann constant CJ = 1.355 x cal sec-' cmP2" K-4
K = R/i? = 1.3805 x
F = 9.652 x lo4 abs-coulombs g-equivalent-'
erg molecule-'" K-'
= 0.1712 x lop8 Btu hr-' ftC2" R-4
Electronic charge e = 1.602 x abs-coulomb
Speed of light c = 2.99793 x 10" cm sec-l
A-3 BASIC DATA
Table A-3-1 Ratios, Forms and Dimensionless Groups (92)
Ratio
Dimensionless
Form Number
Inertia forces
Viscous forces
Inertia forces
Gravity forces
Inertia forces
Re y n o 1 d s
Froude (Fr)
Weber (We)
Surface tension forces
Y
(continued overleaf)
412 APPENDIX A
Table A-3-1 (continued)
Ratio
Dimensionless
Form Number
Surface tension forces
Gravity forces
Buoyancy forces Inertia forces
Viscous forces Viscous forces
Momentum diffusivity(kinematic viscosity)
Thermal diffusivity
Forced convection heat transfer
Conduction heat transfer
Heat produced by viscous heating
Conduction heat transfer
Free convection heat transfer
Conduction heat transfer
Convective heat transfer
Radiative heat transfer
Momentum diffusivity(kinematic viscosity)
Molecular diffusivity
Convective mass transfer
Molecular diffusion
Homogeneous chemical reaction
Bulk flow
Homogeneous chemical reaction
Bulk flow
Batch chemical reaction
Time
Heterogeneous chemical reaction
Bulk flow
AT L3p2
P
Bg,-
UV
k AT
Pg AT L3p2C,
lr
PC, V
PI P lr
a c T3
-
DAB PDAB
DV
~
DAB
r L
CV
-
V*
k,C2"-* L2T
r
sc
-
Eotvos (Eo)
Grashof (Gr)
Prandtl (Pr)
Peclet (Pe) also,
(Pe = RePr)
Brinkman (Br)
Gr Pr
Radiation group
Schmidt (Sc)
Mass transfer
Peclet (Pens) or
(PeAB = Re Sc)
(homogeneous)
Damkohler
Damkohler
(homogeneous
based on k, )
Unnamed
Damkohler
(heterogeneous)
In the above, L (a characteristic) length can be used for D (diameter).
Table A-3-2 Nomenclature for Table A-3-1 (92)
c = concentration mol eshi t
g = acceleration of gravity
k = thermal conductivity
T = temperature
V = average velocity
B = coefficient of thermal expansion
C, = specific heat AT = temperature difference
BASIC DATA 413
Table A-3-2 (continued)
k, = specific reaction rate
D = diameter
DAB = diffusivity
L = characteristic length
S = space velocity
y = surface tension
t = emissivity
(T = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
p = density
t = time
= viscosity
References 1-5 discuss the concepts of similitude and dimensionless groups.
Table A-3-3 Intermolecular Force Parameters and Critical Properties (1. 9- 14)
Lennard-Jones
Parameters (9, 10) Critical Constants (1 1 - 14)
PC kc
Molecular V, (g cm-' (caI s-'
Wt. a t l K T, P, (cm3 sec-') cm-'"K-' 1
Substance M (A) ( OK) ( OK) (atm) g-mole-') x104 x104
-
Light Elements:
HZ 2.016 2.915
He 4.003 2.576
Noble Gases:
Ne 20.183 2.789
Ar 39.944 3.418
Kr 83.80 3.498
Xe 131.3 4.055
Simple polyatomic substances:
Air 28.97 3.617
N2 28.02 3.681
0 2 32.00 3.433
co 28.01 3.590
COZ 44.01 3.996
NO 30.01 3.470
N20 44.02 3.879
so2 64.07 4.290
F2 38.00 3.653
c12 70.91 4.115
Br2 159.83 4.268
12 253.82 4.982
0 3 48.00 -
Hydrocarbons:
CH4 16.04 3.822
C2H2 26.04 4.221
C2H4 28.05 4.232
c2H6 30.07 4.418
C3H6
42.08 -
38.0
10.2
35.7
124
225
229
97.0
91.5
1 I 3
110
190
119
220
252
112
357
520
550
137
185
205
230
-
-
33.3 12.80
5.26 2.26
44.5 26.9
151 48.0
209.4 54.3
289.8 58.0
132 36.4
126.2 33.5
154.4 49.7
268 67
133 34.5
304.2 72.9
180 64
309.7 71.7
430.7 77.8
417 76.1
584 102
800 -
- -
190.7 45.8
309.5 61.6
282.4 50.0
305.4 48.2
365.0 45.5
65.0
57.8
41.7
75.2
92.2
118.8
86.6
90.1
74.4
89.4
93.1
94.0
57
96.3
122
124
144
-
-
99.3
113
124
148
181
34.7
25.4
156
264
396
490
193
180
250
190
343
258
332
41 1
420
-
-
-
-
159
237
215
210
233
-
-
79.2
71 .O
49.4
40.2
90.8
86.8
105.3
86.5
122
118.2
131
98.6
97.0
-
-
-
-
158.0
-
-
203.0
-
(continued overleaf)