Conversion Factors and Relationships
Density (1.6) Length
SI unit: meter (m) 1 m = 1.0936 yd 1 cm = 0.39370 in 1 in = 2.54 cm(exactly) 1 km = 0.62137 mi 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.6093 km 1 A = 10-10 m m d = V
Selected Key Equations
De Broglie Relation (7.4)
h l = mn
Arrhenius Equation (13.5)
-Ea
Temperature
SI unit: kelvin (K) 0 K = -273.15 C = -459.67 F K = C + 273.15 (F - 32) C = 1.8 F = 1.8 (C) + 32
Energy (derived)
SI unit: joule (J) 1 J = 1 kg # m2>s2 = = = 1 cal = 1 eV =
Pressure (derived)
SI unit: pascal (Pa) 1 Pa = 1 N>m2 = 1 kg>(m # s2) 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr = 14.70 lb>in2 1 bar = 10 Pa 1 torr = 1 mmHg
5
Solution Dilution (4.4)
M1 V1 = M2 V2
Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle (7.4)
x * m v h 4p 1 J 2 n
k = A e RT Ea 1 ln k = - a b + ln A (linearized form) R T
-Ea
0.23901 cal 1C # V 9.4781 * 10-4 Btu 4.184 J 1.6022 * 10-19 J
Ideal Gas Law (5.4)
PV = nRT
k = p z e RT
(collision theory)
Daltons Law (5.6)
Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc +
Energy of Hydrogen Atom Levels (7.5)
En = -2.18 * 10
-18
Kc and Kp (14.4)
Kp = Kc(RT)n
(n = 1, 2, 3 )
Mole Fraction (5.6)
na xa = ntotal 1 q1 q2 4 pPo r
pH Scale (15.5)
Coulombs Law (9.2)
E =
pH = -log3H3O+4 3base4 3acid4
Volume (derived)
SI unit: cubic meter 1m32 1L = 10-3 m3 = 1 dm3 = 103 cm3 = 1.0567 qt 1 gal = = 1 cm3 = 1 in3 = 1 qt = 4 qt 3.7854 L 1 mL 16.39 cm3 32 fluid oz
Mass
SI unit: kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 lb 1 kg = 453.59 g 1 lb = 16 oz = 1.66053873 * 10-27 kg 1 amu = 2000 lb 1 ton = 907.185 kg 1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 2204.6 lb
Geometric Relationships
p Circumference of a circle Area of a circle Surface area of a sphere Volume of a sphere Volume of a cylinder = = = = 3.14159 2pr pr 2 4pr 2 4 = pr 3 3 = pr 2h
Average Kinetic Energy (5.8)
KEavg 3 RT = A M 3 = RT 2
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (16.2)
pH = pKa + log
Dipole Moment (9.6)
m = qr
Root Mean Square Velocity (5.8)
u rms MB rate A = rate B A MA
Entropy (17.3) Clausius-Clapeyron Equation (11.5)
ln Pvap = ln - Hvap RT + ln b - Hvap 1 P2 1 = - P1 R T2 T1 S = k ln W
Effusion (5.9)
Change in the Entropy of the Surroundings (17.4)
- Hsys Ssurr = T
Van der Waals Equation (5.10) Fundamental Constants
Atomic mass unit Avogadros number Bohr radius Boltzmanns constant Electron charge Faradays constant Gas constant Mass of an electron Mass of a neutron Mass of a proton Plancks constant Speed of light in vacuum 1 amu 1g NA a0 k e F R me mn mp h c = 1.66053873 * 10 kg = 6.02214199 * 1023 amu
23 -27
n 2 cP + aa b d * 3V - nb4 = nRT V = 6.02214150 * 10 >mol
Henrys Law (12.4)
Sgas = kH Pgas
Change in Gibbs Free Energy (17.5)
G = H - T S
Kinetic Energy (6.1)
1 KE = mv 2 2
Raoults Law (12.6)
Psolution = xsolvent P solvent
The Change in Free Energy: Nonstandard Conditions (17.8)
Grxn = G + RT ln Q rxn
= 5.29177211 * 10-11 m = 1.38065052 * 10-23 J>K = 1.60217653 * 10
-19
Internal Energy (6.2)
E = q + w
Freezing Point Depression (12.7)
Tf = m * Kf
G and K (17.9) rxn
G = -RT ln K rxn
= 9.64853383 * 104 C>mol = 0.08205821 (L # atm>(mol # K) = 8.31447215 J>(mol # K) = 5.48579909 * 10-4 amu = 9.10938262 * 10-31 kg = 1.00866492 amu = 1.67492728 * 10-27 kg = 1.00727647 amu = 1.67262171 * 10-27 kg = 6.62606931 * 10
-34
Heat Capacity (6.3)
q = m * Cs * T
Boiling Point Elevation Constant (12.7)
Tb = m * Kb
Pressure-Volume Work (6.3)
w = -P V
Osmotic Pressure (12.7)
w = MRT
Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant (17.9)
ln K = H S rxn 1 rxn a b + R T R
Change in Enthalpy (6.5)
H = E + P V
The Rate Law (13.3)
Rate = k3A4n Rate = k3A4m3B4n
(single reactant) (multiple reactants)
G and E (18.5) cell
G = -nF E cell
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction (6.8)
H = a np H f (products) rxn a nr H f (reactants)
J#s
Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life (13.4)
Order Integrated Rate Law Half-Life Expression
E and K (18.5) cell
E = cell 0.0592 V log K n
= 2.99792458 * 108 m>s (exactly) n = c l
Frequency and Wavelength (7.2) SI Unit Prefixes
a atto 10-18 f femto 10-15 p pico 10-12 n nano 10-9 m micro 10-6 m milli 10-3 c 10-2 d 10-1 k kilo 103 M mega 106 G giga 109 T tera 1012 P peta 1015 E exa 1018 0 1 2
3A4t = -kt + 3A40
t1>2 =
Energy of a Photon (7.2)
E = hn hc E = l
ln3A4t = -kt + ln3A40 t1>2 1 1 = kt + 3A4t 3A40 t1>2
centi deci
2k 0.693 = k 1 = k3A40
3A40
Nerst Equation (18.6)
Ecell = E cell 0.0592 V log Q n
Einsteins Energy-Mass Equation (19.8)
E = mc 2
