Grand

maritime
strategy
YEAR 2014
National maritime strategy for the national maritime risk
assessment.

MARITIME RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY

Tel +913323599308 HB-113, SECTOR-3,TANK NO- www.tigeragro.in
Fax +919748452809 13,SALT LAKE CITY, KOLKTA - tigermariner@gmail.com
700106
 Table of Contents

Contents
Synopsis of the main technical paper

To our honorable prime minister ----------------------------------------------------Pg 01

 Strategic highlights
 Tactical highlights
 Operating highlights
 Solutions proposed

Synopsis and Summary -------------------------------------------------------------- Pg 03

Contact information ------------------------------------------------------------------- Pg 20

Company information and logo ----------------------------------------------------- Pg 21

 To Our honorable prime minister

The fact that the county

got enslaved by To Our honorable prime minister
conquerors from the se
Strategic Highlights
who never go
Remembering the legacy of our rich maritime heritage
assimilated among us
must remain etched in New maritime threats and international conspiracy to clip India’s maritime wings
or conscience or ever.
Development of all comprehensive maritime strategy by clearly defining national
We must also not forget
maritime interest
the fact that we were
the maritime super- Grand maritime strategy unambiguously spelt out and the creation of a separate Indian
powers of yesteryears ADMIRALITY by proper adoption of the Indian version of MAHANIAN DOCUTRINE.
and use to control more
than 52% of our sea TACTICAL Highlights
trade, should inspire us The creation of the admiralty in the lines of the Mahanian doctrine will help jointmanship
to reclaim what is by and help he republic to come out of the maritime blinded-ness and embrace a much
right ours. more clear and unambiguous doctrine and maritime strategy and structure which should
reach the highest level of integration for economic prosperity and safe guarding our
maritime interests and assets in times of distress and conflagration.

Operating Highlights
The capability to conduct joint operations in the littoral is essential to an effective
Maritime Military Strategy. 'Maritime Manoeuvre from the Sea', involving joint sea-land-
air operations which allow forced/benign entry using sea-based forces are an important
part of the strategy. Armed Forces all over the world are beginning to realize the
importance of jointmanship, and accordingly enormous efforts have been made of late
to promote jointmanship and bring about integration of the three armed forces in India

Solution proposed
The creation of integrated ministry of admiralty in lines of Indian railways adoption of the
Mahanian doctrine as a matter of national policy and stating a clear and ambitious
national maritime policy s proposed’

Saptarshi Basu
General Secretary Maritime research and development society
October 31, 2014
 Synopsis and Summary

Synopsis and Summary

India's maritime history predates the birth of western civilisation. The world's first tidal dock is believed to
have been built at Lothal around 2300 B.C. during the Harappan Civilisation, near the present day Mangrol
harbour on the Gujarat coast. The Rig Veda, written around 2000 B.C., credits Varuna with knowledge of
the ocean routes commonly used by ships and describes naval expeditions which used hundred-oared
ships to subdue other kingdoms. There is a reference to Plava, the side wings of a vessel which give
stability under storm conditions, perhaps the precursor of modern stabilisers. Similarly, the Atharva Veda
mentions boats which were spacious, well-constructed and comfortable. In Indian mythology, Varuna was
the exalted deity to whom lesser mortals turned for forgiveness of their sins. It is only later that Indra
became known as the King of the Gods, and Varuna was relegated to become the God of Seas and Rivers.
The ocean, recognised as the repository of numerous treasures, was churned by the Devas and Danavas,
the sons of Kashyapa by queens Aditi and Diti, in order to obtain Amrit, the nectar of immortality. Even
today the invocation at the launching ceremony of a warship is addressed to Aditi.

The Indian boat and ship building techniques, practice and maritime trade with special reference to early
mediaeval period is evidenced from Yuktikalpataru, Tilakmanjari, Milindapanho, Brhatkathaslokasangraha,
etc. Indian maritime activities: Vedic, epic and Puranic sources as referred to in the Indian epics, Vedas
and other mythological texts such as many references from Rigveda, the earliest book of the Aryans.

The influence of the sea on Indian kingdoms continued to grow with the passage of time. North-west India
came under the influence of Alexander the Great, who built a harbour at Patala where the Indus branches
into two just before entering the Arabian Sea. His army returned to Mesopotamia in ships built in Sind.
Records show that in the period after his conquest, Chandragupta Maurya established an Admiralty
Division under a Superintendent of Ships as part of his war office, with a charter including responsibility
for navigation on the seas, oceans, lakes and rivers. History records that Indian ships traded with
countries as far as Java and Sumatra, and available evidence indicates that they were also trading with
other countries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Even before Alexander there were references to India in
Greek works, and India had a flourishing trade with Rome. The Roman writer Pliny speaks of Indian
traders carrying away large quantities of gold from Rome, in payment for much-sought exports such as
precious stones, skins, clothes, spices, sandalwood, perfumes, herbs and indigo.

On the banks of the Kalimas river in the heart of Surabaya, the Indonesian Navy has created its
submarine museum; inside a former Russian Whiskey class boat. Admiral of Indian navy Sri Arun Prakash
recounts his experience during a visit to Indonesia and this very submarine.

“After an interesting walk around the well-preserved submarine, I happened to ask my guide what she
was named while in service. "Pasopati," came the answer. I must have looked bemused, because my
Indonesian escort explained patiently, "It is another name for the Hindu god Shiva." Later that day,
answering my queries with equal patience, the Commander of the Eastern Armada explained that his crest
depicted the Brahma Astra, and that the motto of the Indonesian Navy was Jalaseva Jayamahe, which is
 Synopsis and Summary

Sanskrit for: "On the sea we are glorious." So deep-rooted is the pride in their past, that these citizens of
the world's largest Muslim nation did not bat an eyelid while speaking of their obviously Indian heritage.
This may come as a surprise to Indians, because only some of us are aware of the deep and ancient
cultural linkages that bind us to South-East Asia. But, such awareness does not automatically include
knowledge of the fact that these linkages could have only been established and sustained through intense
maritime intercourse between India and the region we now call South-East Asia. Many of us have also
heard of the dockyard in the ancient city of Lothal in Gujarat, dating back to 2400 BCE. This fact neither
rings many bells nor arouses a sense of pride regarding India's maritime tradition.’

One of the reasons for our maritime blindness is, that as a nation we have been indifferent to the reading
as well as writing of history; both our own and that of others. Whatever little history we do study, has
been recorded by western historians who have made full use of the literary license to give it the slant that
they wished to. Most works on maritime history originating in the West start with a description of the
seafaring tradition in the Mediterranean basin circa 3000-2500 BCE, and dwell on the maritime exploits of
Greeks, Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans. Subsequently, of course, advances in ship construction,
navigation and gunnery enabled European seafaring adventurers to overpower other races, and lay the
foundations of a completely new era of colonial domination and exploitation. It is intriguing that nowhere
in any Western historical account does one find even a passing mention of the seafaring skills of ancient
Indians. The lone Indian voice in this arena is that of Sardar K M Panikkar (1895-1963) — statesman,
diplomat, visionary historian and patriot. Amongst the large number of his works in many languages is a
seminal essay titled India and the Indian Ocean. First published by Allen & Unwin as a monograph in
1945, this treatise is now out of print and read more by foreign scholars than Indians

For those countrymen who have studied a little bit of the maritime history we can look back at THE rise and fall of the
great nations and civilizations. I it will be imperative to understand WHAT tremendous bearing the navies of these great
powers had on them. Ever since the battle of Troy and even in the last two world wars have shown that the strength of the
imperial nations were bestowed both in their vast navies through which the conquests have been made, and their ability to
trade through their colonies with vast fleet of merchant vessels.

It may be seen that a tiny state ENGLAND, devoid of natural resources except coal, was able to establish the greatest
empire in the recorded history of mankind, based on the vastly superior power of both the British admiralty and huge
trading fleet. Few centuries back they had used the state sponsored terrorism and piracy called the “privateering” to
destroy a far more superior power of the Spanish armada.

All great invasions in the middle ages to the later world have come through sea, the world wars also have seen that when
a country is also vastly superior in strength at sea it can project its strength far beyond the borders of its land. Any trip to
the great British Islands will even give the idea to even the most casual pleasure seeking tourists about the huge gratitude
of the local populace to “the men who take to seas”; whether it is to the fishermen or the men in uniform with or without
arms”.

Our culture in contrast in recent past has shown no inclination to the people called the “mariners” whether they are from
the merchant or the Indian navy. This has been our greatest undoing, though we have a huge coastline of 7500 KMS it
 Synopsis and Summary

flies on the face of our maritime heritage that a once mighty nation who had once built the ports and lock gates of lethal,
and descendents of the Cholas have their fishermen folk mercilessly abducted and slaughtered by a paranoid and hostile
neighbor like Pakistan. Adding insult to injury, our seafarers need the help of diabolic Pakistan navy which is predator of
our innocent seamen to save their souls from the vagabonds of the sea, emerging from the lawless imploded wasteland of
a country which makes headlines only due TO famine and audacious acts of maritime terrorism called “piracy”. (Somalia)

Adding to AN already hopeless situation is the ever increasing threat from a fire breathing dragon who is now breathing
fire down our neck. Through its “string of pearls” strategy, the dragon of the north is preparing to encircle the Indian
peninsula and at a short notice mount a naval blockade. Their incursions in our waters are becoming intolerable by the
day, they are doing regular reconnaissance of our continental shelf preparing for the day when they will mount a sea-
based invasion on our shores coupled with a powerful land-based attack from the north.

The Godless devils have made friends with worst foes, and quietly making preparation and drawing up battle plan. If we

even intend to survive and protect our trade, livelihood and freedom. WE MUST ACT NOW.
This situation requires a complete strategic rethink about the way the ministry of shipping, Indian maritime organizations
both civil and military function in the maritime domain, the military wing mainly comprised of Indian Navy, Indian coast
guard, customs and police water wing etc, civil wing under the auspices of ministry of shipping, national shipping board,
naval research boards, shipyards, and Indian maritime university. There is total lack of co-ordination and each of these
department work in total isolation and disconnect in water tight departmental silos. The vision of single wndow solution
which is so much required here has eluded this aspect of the country from its inception.

Writers and thinkers from within India and abroad have been opining that India has failed to build a first-rate military with
strategic reach and an independent deterrent. Because of disconnect between the political and military leadership and in
the absence of an articulated NSS there is no common view of national security. Due to the lack of strategic vision and
higher direction, the institutions work in water tight compartments without coordination. The practice of strategic
restraint has transformed into a strategic constraint. Inter-service rivalries prevent them from integrating their
headquarters, logistic infrastructures, training institutions and developing joint doctrines. What we need is a strategically
effective military: an instrument of power capable of serving the national interests of India in a competent and cost
effective manner. Institutional reforms are therefore a crying need of the hour.

National Interests flow from a set of national values and the national purpose, which in our case are contained in
the Constitution of India and the directions given by the political leadership. From these National Interests, our
National Security Objectives can be derived. These objectives when exposed to the components of national power, the
prevailing and predicted domestic and global environment, lead to the formulation of National Security Policy. This policy
would synergies all the components of the national power to achieve the objectives through the Grand Strategy

National interests are the bedrock of any national strategy. A threat to our national interests or an objective to be
achieved is the starting point for any strategy. The threat can be existent or evaluated. A strategy must be modified and
should evolve with any change in the threat or objective. Therefore, any strategy must be flexible and be based on what
the nation views as a futuristic goal. There are many definitions of national strategy, which can also be termed grand
 Synopsis and Summary

strategy. A grand strategy is a political-military, means-ends chain, a state’s theory about how it can best
“cause” security for itself. It can be defined as the art and science of developing and using political, economic,
diplomatic, psychological and military means, both during peace and war, to safeguard national security interests

National Maritime Doctrine

Our great nation is yet to formulate of cohesive all encompassing doctrine. Hence, we can take reference from another all
encompassing doctrine which is more close to addressing our national maritime interest and is holistic in approach. It is
famous doctrine which has made USA the world biggest maritime power. It is the famous Mahanian doctrine.

Mahanian doctrine:- It was Admiral Alfred T. Mahan (1840-1914) of the United States Navy
who is reported to have said that who ever attains maritime supremacy in the Indian Ocean
would be a prominent player on the international scene. Admiral Mahan was a great Naval
strategic thinker and historian who was in many ways the Naval equivalent of the Army's
Clausewitz (General Karl Von Clausewitz of Germany). It was in1890 that Mahan wrote the
famous treatise on 'The influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783' that changed Naval
thinking in the United States. Alfred Thayer Mahan in his book “The influence of Sea Power
upon History” advocated a comprehensive power comprising of naval power, technology of
shipbuilding, the art of Navigation, The maritime mind of the Nation as a prerequisite that
qualify a given state as maritime state.

Key Determinants for Shaping the Maritime Military Strategy

While the major factors that impinge on formulating the maritime military strategy are addressed in detail in subsequent
chapters, a few key determinants that define the contours of the strategy are highlighted here.

An Era of Violent Peace

The volatility of international geopolitics characterizes the current era which can be said to be a permanent state of 'violent
peace'. A principal feature of this era is the existence of localized conflicts and crises, many of which are in the Indian
Ocean Region (IOR). There is widespread proliferation of modern, high-technology weapons and sensors in our
neighbourhood, including the possession of nuclear weapons, which fundamentally affects the nature of conflict and
threats that we face. The scenario is further complicated by the rise of terrorism and its maritime component, where the
global scope and anonymity afforded by the seas makes it a most insidious threat. The Maritime Military Strategy
therefore caters for the availability of Naval Forces at short notice, prepared to counter threats, across the full spectrum of
conflict.

Growing Sea Dependence

Among other factors, India's economic resurgence is directly linked to her overseas trade and energy needs, most of
which are transported by sea. The Maritime Military Strategy draws a clear linkage between our economic prosperity and
our naval capability, which will protect the nations vast and varied maritime interests. The primary task of the Indian Navy
 Synopsis and Summary

towards national security is, therefore, to provide insulation from external interference, so that the vital tasks of fostering
economic growth and undertaking developmental activities can take place in a secure environment.

India's Maritime Geography

India is singularly blessed in terms of maritime geography. We have unimpeded access to the Indian Ocean on both our
coasts besides two advantageously located island groups, in the east and the west, which permit forward deployment.
The Maritime Military Strategy exploits these geographical advantages available to India by adopting an oceanic approach
to its strategy, rather than a coastal one. On the flip side, it also places much greater demands on maritime security
agencies to safeguard our maritime interests.

Supporting Foreign Policy

The Maritime Military Strategy recognizes that the major task of the Indian Navy during the 21st Century will be to use
warships to support national foreign policy. During the long years of peace, we need to project power and show presence;
catalyze partnerships through our maritime capability; build trust and create interoperability through joint/combined
operations and international maritime assistance. The strategy also highlights the Indian Navy's role in helping to maintain
peace and tranquility in the IOR and in meeting the expectations of our friends when needed.

Influencing Operations Ashore

The Maritime Military Strategy recognises that the use of maritime power to influence operations ashore is a primary, and
not a subsidiary, role of maritime force employment. This could be undertaken through commodity denial or by directly
supporting the land campaign through the delivery of ordnance by naval platforms or amphibious and/or expeditionary
capabilities.

The Importance of Joint Operations

The capability to conduct joint operations in the littoral is essential to an effective Maritime Military Strategy. 'Maritime
Manoeuvre from the Sea', involving joint sea-land-air operations which allow forced/benign entry using sea-based forces
are an important part of the strategy.

Maritime Domain Awareness

Awareness of entities and happenings within the maritime domain is the key to effective operations by the Indian Navy,
and the Maritime Military Strategy recognises the importance of this aspect. The challenges arising due to the presence of
neutral warships and mercantile marine in maritime warfare are outlined in the "Indian Maritime Doctrine." The associated
complexities and consequence of such presence requires Naval Forces to enhance Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)
for effective operations by the Indian Navy.

Role of Air Power

The role of air power including space-based assets is an integral part of operations envisaged to support the Maritime
Military Strategy. Air power will be used to achieve synergistic effects, through its inherently superior reach and precision,
to enable surveillance, strike at vulnerabilities, and to overwhelm adversary's defences. Satellite-based surveillance,
unmanned surveillance vehicles and networked capabilities will have significant impact on our strategy in the envisaged
time frame.
 Synopsis and Summary

Capability Prioritization
It has been assumed that at the current rate of growth of our economy, allocations of funds for naval budgets will be just
sufficient for induction of ships, submarines, aircraft and space-based assets. The Indian Navy will, therefore, become
more capable and potent in conduct of its various tasks. However, rising costs of both hardware and manpower will
necessitate prioritization in induction of critical capabilities – a task that will partially be facilitated by the Strategy.

National Maritime Infrastructure

The availability and capacity of the merchant marine under the National Flag is an obvious asset for national security and
also complements the naval sea-lift capability for the deployment of forces at distant locations. Similarly, the availability of
national maritime infrastructure is an asset that enables operational flexibility in meeting our maritime tasks. Facilitating its
growth, while not a direct part of the Maritime Military Strategy, is a desirable by-product.

Shipping industry caters to the 95 % of India’s EXIM trade by volume and 70% by value. We are ranked 15th in the list of
maritime nations in the world and our national tonnage of 8.32 million tones GRT forms 1.18% of the Global tonnage. Our
shipping has three regions of operation viz. overseas shipping, coastal shipping and inland water ways shipping. The
shipping industry is not merely a means of transport but is much more than it. It has a huge growth multiplier effects, most
importantly in terms of strategic importance the national tonnage forms a second line of defense to the country in times of
war and crisis. Thus in the current geo-strategic equation shipping becomes a matter of National security whose
importance cannot be overemphasized. Indian has a vast coastline of 7517 km having 12 + 1(Port Blair)major and
187non-major ports which serve the Indian shipping.
So how are we poised in this critical industry in the global scenario? As we go through the paper we find very
dismal picture of the shipping Industry plagued by several problems. We will analyze the problems in details and try to find
out a solution. Can maritime research and its facility development provide some of the critical answers being sought? Yes
perhaps. We will go into the detailed study of the solutions that can be provided and utilized. We will also compare our
research facilities with those in the leading maritime nations like the USA, Russia, Norway, Japan, china etc and find out
where we stand and where we need to reach and carry out gap analysis and suggest remedial steps.

The Indian shipping companies lack international competitiveness. Even our largest national carrier the SCI has a lot of
scope in increasing the efficiency and economy of the operation. The shipping companies are not exactly focused in cost
efficiencies of transportation and generation of adequate revenues by reduction in scavenger costs. Most of the private
companies are having an old and small fleet where the economies of scale don’t benefit them.

Shipping development fund opened up in 1959 following the provisions in the merchant shipping act. Before it could
generate adequate revenue for the research and development in the Indian shipping it was closed by 1987. This has
proved detrimental for the research and development in the maritime sector. The naval research board which has been
set up India for pioneering research having connections with several universities as well as the National Ship Design and
Research Centre (NSDRC) Vizag have not yielded results in the same quantum when compared to any such institutions
in the other large maritime nations in the world.

The national merchant fleet traditionally as per the Central WAR book regarded as the fourth arm of defense. Historically
speaking also the biggest world powers has significant naval presence in both the civil and military sector. We seriously
need to re-think ourstrategy and re-evaluate our policies and focus regarding Indian shipping as a whole. The modern day geo-strategic
circumstances require us to realign our focus towards the maritime sector in general and maritime research in specific. The products of successful
maritime research is well evident and has a capacity to create a paradigm shift in the economic balance
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

In the study of the grand strategy as outlined by the principles of grand strategy, the national maritime doctrine should be
a holistic view of not only the military regimen but a vast variety of allied fields such as to consider non-military aspects –
economic, political, psychological, technological and sociological, and economic dimensions. In this view the adoption of
the Mahanian doctrine. However, to have the all encompassing view a new body has to be created which will represent
the maritime strategy under the joint military strategy but will not be limited to the Indian navy as the principle proponent.
It has to be a body which will represent the complete SEA POWER of the country while addressing all the different facets
of needs as any grand strategy should have.

The new body or administrative unit can be called the Indian admiralty which will have the following components under
it:-

1. The Indian navy

2. The Indian coast guard
3. Coastal state water polices
4. Customs maritime wing.
5. Naval research board (DRDO) and maritime laboratories such as NSTL etc.
6. Indian maritime university
7. Indian association of major port trusts
8. Inland water ways authority of India
9. Entire ministry of shipping road transport and high ways with its department of shipping.
10. All major shipyards public or private.
11. IIT’s Ocean engineering wing and educational institutions training in naval architecture.
12. Dredging corporation of India.
13. Maritime wing of the ONGC under the ministry of PNG.
14. A nodal liaison centre of interaction with the public, vendors, customers and outside bodies.
15. National oceanographic institutes
16. Task forces on coastal security, natural disaster management and prevention of coastal erosion.
17. Department of fisheries.
18. Indian register of Shipping.

After the abolishing of the planning commission this behemoth organization structure should have its own strategic
planning centre and monitoring and auditing system. This should get support from the department of law and justice to
formulate its own laws under its domain and support from ministry of finance to run its expenditures.

Like the ministry of railways it should have its own budgeting system, its own planning with respect to the taxation,
subsidy scheme, budget allocation including the military component. It should be left out of competition from the other
forces for defense budget.

Maritime strategy has to be treated in an entirely new paradigm compared to the military, constabulary or exploitation and
protection of maritime interest. We have to cater to the entire web of components and actors where an effect on any one
of the components affects the other. Such as a robust shipbuilding industry will help the repair and building of naval vessel
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

in time of war at the same time revitalization of the vessels damaged in war or battle theaters. A strong network of inland
waterways will help the transportation of heavy military ordinance unimpeded and out of the traffic bottlenecks of the
roadways and out of access of militant and sabotage groups of covert military operation of hostile states. The strong
shipping backbone and national carriers will help to maintain the logistic support of the oil, fuel, stores and other
provisions to the combatants fighting off the invaders or carrying out sea denial operation to hostile states in our maritime
domain. Combination of maritime training in the merchant and the military segment will create a vast pool of manpower
which can be drawn upon in case of emergency, and at the same time elevating the employment woes during the
business cycles commercial shipping sector. Educational facilities don’t need to be duplicated and the standardization of
training facilities better achieved. To this effect the first word of the merchant shipping act is “PARAMILITARY”. Research
organization and the training institutes will benefit from the request for the designing and development of vessel from the
Indian ship yards which will not be spending huge amount of foreign exchange to buy designs from outside some of which
may not be the latest. Ingress of new technology will make the merchant fleet more technically advanced and capacity
building in the country will lead to the creation of more jobs and development of auxiliary and ancillary industries in India
fueling national growth. Better coordination will help in the HADR (humanitarian and disaster response) of the combatants
against the natural disaster like tsunami. Customs and water police in close co-ordination with the principle combatants
will be able to prevent narcotic and contraband trafficking along with human trafficking and passage of terrorists into our
maritime domain, giving a tough challenge to maritime terrorism, piracy and organized crime making attacks like 26/11 an
impossibility in future. Effective post and coastal state control under the Indian maritime administration will prevent
pollution of the delicate maritime ecosystem and will have both the policing and use of force capability against polluting
foreign flag and national flag operators.

Proposed maritime policy:- Based on the robust Indian maritime doctrine advocated herein and a
consolidated picture of an integrated approach to national maritime strategy and policy arises which is more holistic in its
picture than the present policy. Including the basic objectives and principles stated at the beginning of the paper for the
present maritime strategy the national maritime policy can be expanded to include the following points which may not
have been explicitly stated those points which are already included have been left out purposefully to avoid repetition.
The main methods of activity of the National Maritime Policy are:

• prioritization of national maritime policy for the near and long term;
• determination of the National Marine Policy;
• management of marine components of building state of the economy and science related to marine
activities;
• create a favorable legal regime, economic, information, research, personnel and other support to the
national marine policy;
• evaluation of the effectiveness of national maritime policy and timely adjustment.

The national interests of the Indian state in the oceans - a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and state in
the area of maritime activities implemented through the law of the sea-building state.

On the national interests of the Indian state in the oceans include:

• inviolability of the sovereignty of the Indian state, covering the internal maritime waters, territorial sea
and the airspace above them, on the floor and subsoil;
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

• to ensure the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of the Indian state, carried out in the exclusive
economic zone and continental shelf of the Indian state for the exploration, development and
conservation of natural resources, both living and non-living at the bottom, in the subsoil and the
superjacent waters, the management of these resources, energy production through the use of water,
currents and wind, and the creation and use of artificial islands, installations and structures, marine
scientific research, protection and preservation of the marine environment;
• freedom of the high seas, including freedom of navigation, operations, fisheries, research, freedom to
lay submarine cables and pipelines;
• protection of human life at sea, the prevention of marine pollution, the control of the vital sea
communications, the creation of conditions conducive to the benefit of the maritime economic
activities of the Indian population, especially its coastal regions, as well as the state as a whole.

The objectives of the national marine policy are to implement and protect the interests of the Indian state in the oceans
and the strengthening of the position of the Indian state among the leading maritime nations.

The main objectives of the national marine policy are:

a. preservation of the sovereignty inland marine waters, territorial sea and airspace above them,
on the bottom and in the subsoil;
b. implementation of the jurisdiction and protection of sovereign rights in the exclusive economic
zone for exploration, development and conservation of natural resources, both living and non-
living at the bottom, in the subsoil and the superjacent waters, the management of these
resources, energy production through the use of water, currents and wind, the creation and use
of artificial islands, installations and structures, marine scientific research and conservation of
the marine environment;
c. realization and protection of sovereign rights over the continental shelf of the Indian state for the
exploration and exploitation of its resources;
d. realization and protection of freedom of the seas, including freedom of navigation, operations,
fisheries, research, freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines;
e. Protection of the Indian state with the marine areas, protection and the protection of national
borders the Indian state, sea and airspace.

The objectives of national maritime policies are short-term and long term.

Short-term objectives are defined, depending on the evolving:

• geopolitical conditions and the military-political situation in the world;

• socio-economic situation in the Indian state and its individual regions;
• economic conditions in world markets, maritime transport services, seafood, hydrocarbon and
other resources extracted from the bottom of the seas and in the subsoil;
• of scientific and technological advances;
• the effectiveness of maritime activities.
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

Long-term objectives represent the content of national maritime policy at the functional and regional areas and identify
the maritime doctrine.

When addressing the protection and safety of the state border of the Indian state on the Sea provides:

• enforcement of natural and legal persons of the State border regime and border management;
• protection of internal sea waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf
of the Indian state and their natural resources;
• tasks Border Service of the Indian state to coordinate the activities of federal executive
authorities, to protect internal sea waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and
continental shelf of the Indian state and their natural resources;
• control over the courts of foreign countries in the internal maritime waters, territorial sea,
exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Indian state;
• implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements between States to promote confidence-
building measures in border areas, sharing of information on illegal migration and smuggling of
weapons, explosives and drugs.

The principles of national maritime policy

The principles of national maritime policies include basic general provisions that govern the subjects of national maritime
policy during its formation and implementation.

The principles of national maritime policy are:

• compliance with generally accepted norms of international law and international treaties of the
Indian state in the implementation of maritime activities;
• the priority of political-diplomatic, economic, information and other non-military means in
resolving conflicts in the oceans and the removal of threats to national security of the Indian
state with the ocean and marine areas;
• possession of the necessary naval capabilities and its effective use, if necessary, to force States
to support the marine activities;
• integrated approach to maritime activities in general and its differentiation in certain areas,
taking into account the changes of priority depending on the geopolitical situation;
• the maintenance of maritime capabilities the Indian state at levels consistent with the national
interests of India, including the presence of the Indian fleet in the remote areas of the oceans
and Indian researchers on the Antarctic continent;
• interaction and coordination in the formulation and implementation of national maritime policy of
the state authorities of the Indian state, the state authorities of the subjects of the Indian state,
local governments and public interest groups, based on the Constitution and laws of the Indian
state;
• joint efforts and coordination of research on the formation and implementation of national
maritime policy;
• State control over vessels flying the State flag of the Indian state, port state control, monitoring
and use of natural resources, internal sea waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and
continental shelf of the Indian state;
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

• focusing on construction and infrastructure development the Indian fleet in the territories of the
Indian state, traditionally associated with sailing, the unification of the infrastructure for the
military and economic needs;
• maintenance of the Indian fleet in readiness to address challenges, as well as mobilization
readiness of the trade, fisheries, research and other specialized fleets;
• the concentration of funds and resources of the center and the regions for the development of
communications between the central and coastal parts of India, for their further development;
• integrated marine scientific research in the interests of the Indian state, the development of
systems for monitoring the marine environment and coastal areas;
• the preservation and improvement of training, education and upbringing of young people;
• Effective advocacy of national maritime policy.

The successful implementation of national maritime policy is crucial to ensure the maritime economic activity of the Indian
state, which includes:

• comprehensive use of economic management: the regulation of monetary relations, the

conclusion of public contracts, the optimization of tax, antitrust and customs regimes, the
differentiated state aid;
• creating an enabling environment to attract extra-budgetary sources of financing, including
foreign investors by improving the regulatory framework and targeted state support for
investment projects;
• creating the conditions for shifting the supply of fish for the domestic market; • rational
development and deployment of the Indian state maritime capacity in the regional areas;
• the use of the federal budget and the budgets of the Indian state, which is located on the
territory of the Indian fleet, based on the priorities to ensure their effective use;
• creating conditions to attract the labor force in the coastal regions of the Indian state with
adverse natural and climatic conditions;
• the reorganization of the strategically important, but poorly performing shipping companies and
organizations of the fleet;
• restricting access of foreign capital in certain types of maritime activities affecting the national
security of the Indian state;
• support for science, energy-saving and energy-saving technologies in the research,
development and utilization of space and ocean resources;
• assured that the necessary appropriations for the implementation of state programs in the field
of construction and development of maritime military capabilities of Indian state;
• create conditions that increase the competitiveness of the Indian fleet, ports and industries
related to their operation;
• State support for maritime training institutions and organizations whose activities are related to
the implementation of international obligations of the Indian state in the field of training, the
safety of maritime navigation;
• State support for separate transport systems, public funding for the cost of maintenance,
construction and operation of icebreakers and ice-class vessels, or large long distance
freighters and military crafts primarily in nuclear power plants, the creation of a specialized
system for their home;
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

• State support for research in the public part of the world's oceans and seas of India, a unified
system of information on the situation in the oceans, new technological processes and
equipment for the production of waste management;
• Maintaining and developing the domestic orbital group of spacecraft for remote sensing,
navigation, communications and surveillance systems to monitor pollution of the seas of India,
as well as terrestrial reception of satellite information;
• ensuring the development of traditional maritime economic sectors of minority peoples living in
coastal regions, the establishment of a sustainable system for their food and household items.

Maritime activities are carried out with the necessary set of concrete measures to ensure its security-related features of
the water element.

Shipping policy
The National Maritime Policy in the field of maritime transport is to implement the provisions of the Concept of the
shipping policy of the Indian state, the main objectives of which are the maintenance of the fleet and the coastal port
infrastructure at a level that guarantees economic independence and national security of the state, reducing transport
costs, increase trade and transit traffic through territory.

To solve these long-term objectives:

• formation of a regulatory legal framework for marine activities in compliance with international
law and the interests of the Indian state;
• ensuring the competitiveness of maritime transport, to create conditions for attracting
investment and replacement of fixed assets;
• creating prerequisites for sustainable replenishment fleet, controlled by Indian shipping
companies and ships registered in the Register of the Indian state;
• increase the share of the fleet of Indian shipping companies in the total national foreign trade
transportation and transit of goods;
• Modernization of the fleet, reducing the average age of vessels controlled by the Indian shipping
companies, and construction of new vessels that meet international standards; (most of the
national tonnage is made up of ageing fleet in the dangerous zone 16 yrs to 25 yrs).
• assigning tasks of building a fleet is one of the priority tasks of the state, creating conditions that
encourage the construction of the fleet to domestic enterprises;
• transport fleet replenishment ships major classes, including for the transport of container and
specialized cargo, to the extent that it could fully meet the needs of the country, taking into
account the possible transfer of the ships to the Navy during the period of mobilization;
• optimum use of vehicle fleet for the North on the basis of supply and forecasting of navigational
hydrographic, meteorological and other conditions;
• the achievement of world leadership in the construction and operation of nuclear ships;
• development of coastal port infrastructure, taking into account existing and future traffic
volumes, the status of cargo and transit, increasing the share of Indian ports in the processing
of such goods;
• an increase in exports of services by domestic shipping companies and seaports;
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

• multimodal transport involving maritime and other modes of transport on the basis of modern
transport and logistics technologies;
• improving the safety of maritime transport, health and safety, protecting the environment from
possible adverse effects of marine-related activities, including through the establishment of
special licensing conditions and requirements;
• Regulation order to attract vessels Indian shipping companies to ensure the mobilization needs
of the state by improving the regulatory framework.

Development and conservation of ocean resources

The development of ocean resources is mandatory and a prerequisite for preserving and increasing raw material base of
the Indian state, for its economic and food independence.

a) The Law of the Sea commercial fisheries:- With a view to the effective exploitation of the Russian Federation of
marine biological resources and gain its position among the leading maritime powers in the field of commercial fishing has
the following long-term objectives:

 specialized research and monitoring of biological resources of the oceans;

 optimization of fisheries in the exclusive economic zone of the Indian state, strengthening state
control over fishing and management of fishing fleets, including the monitoring system based on
modern means of communication, observation and data processing;
 optimizing the management of fishing fleets through effective prediction of spatial and temporal
distribution of biological resources available to the fishing waters of seas and oceans;
 development of mariculture;
 maintaining and increasing the volume of traditional biological resources in the exclusive
economic zones of foreign states;
 increased research and a return to fishing in the open part of the world's oceans with resource-
processing complex at the site of fishing, the creation of new technological processes and
equipment for the production of waste;
 revision of the order aside restrictions of use of the Indian water bio-resources on a free-of-
charge basis
 creating the conditions for preferential placement of orders for the construction of fishing vessels
at Indian shipyards and the shipyards of those countries whose economic zones is near the
Indian fishing fleet, the introduction of debt to the Indian state through the purchase of goods
and services from the debtor countries, providing a license to fish in their economic zones of the
Indian fishermen;
 the preservation and development of state licensing of new construction and sale of vessels in
order to maintain an optimal balance between the number of ships and the size of allowable
catches, as well as the systematic management of fishing fleet renewal;
 Increased participation of the Indian state in international fisheries management organizations in
relation to the further development of international coordination, international regulation of
fisheries and increasing demands for the protection and preservation of the marine
environment;
 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

 Interests of the Indian state in the development of fishery resources and conservation in remote
areas of the oceans, as well as the adoption and strict enforcement of agreed with the coastal
countries of measures aimed at preserving the population of valuable species of fish and other
biological resources in Bay of Bengal and Arabian seas.

b) The development of mineral and energy resources:- The prospect of depletion of hydrocarbon reserves and
other mineral resources on the mainland prejudges reorientation exploration and production of mineral resources on the
continental shelf, and in the future and the ocean floor and slopes of the ocean.

In order to maintain and further enhance the raw material base, a strategic reserve stocks, the prospects for exploitation
of mineral and energy resources in the oceans to solve the following long-term objectives:

• study the geological structure and definition of the resource potential of the continental shelf of
the Indian state through the state monitoring the geological environment, as well as
measurements of physical fields on the ocean bottom, mapping, drilling and hoisting works from
the bottom; mineral and energy resources of the oceans;
• state control and regulation of exploration and monitoring of minerals and mineral resources in
the oceans, taking into account the defense of state interests;
• development of known deposits and intensive exploration of oil and natural gas on the
continental shelf of the Indian state;
• preservation of the continental shelf of the Indian state reserves of mineral resources as a
strategic reserve;
• creating conditions and opportunities for exploration and production resources of the deep areas
of the oceans (at the bottom and in the subsoil), consolidation within the powers of the
International Seabed Authority, the rights of the Indian state to explore and develop the
resources of the seabed beyond the jurisdiction of coastal States;
• development of technology generation of electric energy from tidal phenomena, coastal winds
and wind-driven waves, the water temperature gradient, thermal energy and flow, as well as
thermal caloric biomass of algae;
• development of new technologies and advanced technologies for the study and development of
mineral resources of the oceans and the continued work of the special ship.

c) Improving the scientific activities:- The exercise and protection of national interests of the Russian Federation in
the field of maritime activities in achieving the national marine science, basic and applied research and development
related to marine activities in the oceans.

Long-term objectives in this area are the preservation and development of the scientific complex, ensuring the
construction of Russian navy, marine research, resources and spaces of the oceans, the development of research and
piloting and exploration fleets, the establishment of marine navigation, geophysical, fishing and other specialized maps
and guides sailing in all parts of the world's oceans, creating a federal fund marine cartography and nautical charts in the
bank's electronic digital form, the restoration of production of oceanographic and meteorological instruments.

The solution of these problems ensured the continuation of scientific research:

 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

• continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, territorial sea and inland marine waters of the Indian
state;
• marine biological resources and the dynamics of the ecosystems of the oceans, inland marine
waters of the Indian state;
• hydrometeorological issues, navigation, hydrographic, rescue, information management
activities of the Indian fleet;
• meteorological phenomena in the coastal seas of the Indian state and the remote areas of the
oceans;
• impact on the ecosystem of the oceans of the world;
• environment and global processes in the oceans and related fields;
• the structure of continental shelf, slope, submarine canyons, mountains, rift valleys and the
ocean floor;
• shipbuilding issues, shipbuilding, marine instrumentation and infrastructure development the
Indian fleet;
• economic, political and legal problems of space and ocean resources;
• problems with construction, development and use of the Navy, and other areas of naval
science;
• principles and practices aimed at reducing the environmental load in the area of the oceans,
inland marine waters of the Indian state.

Safety of navigation

Safety includes the safety of maritime navigation, search and rescue at sea, protection and preservation of the marine
environment which is provided by:

• strict compliance with relevant rules of international law and Indian legislation;
• maintenance, improvement and development of the means of navigation, hydrographic and
hydrometeorological service, the creation of the Indian state of a unified state hydrographic
service;
• State control for the classification requirements for technical condition and seaworthiness of
vessels, equipment and their full support, training and certification of ships' crews;
• prompt delivery of the necessary information to mariners.

To ensure search and rescue at sea should be:

• improve the existing system of search and rescue people at sea, based on the interaction of
federal executive authorities, are administered in the field of force and means of rescue, to
ensure public support for the development and functioning of the system;
• promote international cooperation in search and rescue persons at sea;
• To ensure the establishment and functioning of a unified state of global automated system for
monitoring and control over the location of Indian vessels and monitor the situation in the
oceans.

The protection and preservation of the marine environment is achieved:

 Creation of the Indian ADMIRALTY:-

• monitoring of the marine environment and integrated measures to prevent and eliminate the
effects of pollution, the implementation of measures to prevent oil spills from the exploration,
production and transportation, construction and renovation of port reception facilities for
collecting and recycling waste;
• stimulating the creation and purchase of domestic equipment to prevent pollution and eliminate
the effects of marine pollution, the Indian fleet replenishment of specialized courts for
environmental action;
• infrastructure development of domestic nuclear fleet, the safety of its operation and improved
utilization of nuclear technology vessels;
• Compliance with the Indian state of its international obligations in this area, including taking into
account the possibilities for international cooperation;
• resolution of differences between the increase in volume and intensity of extraction of
hydrocarbon raw materials and other resources from the seabed and the need for preservation,
reproduction and production of biological resources of the oceans.

Staffing of all kinds of maritime activities is of paramount importance and provides:

• creating the conditions for maintaining and attracting qualified personnel in the crew and the
management of maritime activities;
• the preservation and development of education, specializing in all kinds of maritime activities;
• establishing a system of leadership training of the public authorities of the Indian state, the state
authorities of the Indian state in the field of maritime activities;
• the strengthening of India's maritime tradition, expanding the network of marine childhood
school clubs for young sailors and river, looking at training in them, as the initial stage of
preparation for the service and work in the Indian admiralty;
• To ensure public support for the maintenance and operation of the training courts, material and
technical base of educational institutions marine profile.
 Contact Information

Contact Information
To replace a photo with your own, right-click it and then choose Change Picture.

Saptarshi Basu
General secretary Maritime
research and development
society
Tel +919748452809,
+919830076476
Fax +9123599308
tigermariner@gmal.com

The author is presently engaged as an additional director of TIGER AGRO FOOD PROCESING INDUSTRIES. He has
more than 14 years of professional experience in the maritime industry, during which time he has held several
designations like technical superintendents in foreign multination ship Management Company, senior manager in quality
health safety and environment department, manager automation and control in an educational training and research
institute. Author is a life member of form of integrated national security and have received several awards from institution f
engineers and marine engineers for various technical papers presented.

The author is a chief engineer in marine engineering profession and has been serving in rank for more than 8 year. He
has been engaged in sea service from 2000 when he passed out from DMET with an aggregate percentage of 73.5%. He
is also an MBA in shipping and logistics management from Tamil Nadu Open University. He is also a postgraduate
diploma in naval architecture. He has been actively involved with many learned societies like THE INSTITUTION OF
ENGINEERS (INDIA), THE INSTITUTE OF MARINE ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (U.K.) and
INSTITUTE OF MARINE ENGINEER'S (INDIA). He has been awarded the distinction of CHARTERED ENGINEER from
the INSTITUTION of ENGINEERS(INDIA) . He has served in both ownership and management companies with some
measure of success, he has experience of a wide range of vessels such as bulk carriers, reefer carrier's, container
carrier's and car carrier's and Vlcc's, product tankers and chemical tankers.

Company Information
MARITIME RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY
HB-113, SECTOR-3,TANK NO-13,SALT LAKE CITY, KOLKTA -700106
Tel +913323599308
Fax +919748452809
www.tigeragro.in
 Company Information

Maritime Research & Development Society

Registered Office: Harrakh, Begusarai,Bihar, India -851218