“Look first for products with 20 percent picaridin or 30 percent oil of lemon eucalyptus”

The winning products used picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus as the active ingredients. Both are
chemically synthesized ingredients but more similar to natural compounds than deet; they also come with
fewer side effects. Best in show were Sawyer Fisherman’s Formula, which held mosquitoes and ticks at
bay for eight hours, and Repel Lemon Eucalyptus, which protected against ticks for eight hours and
mosquitoes for seven hours.

Meperfluthrin

Meperfluthrin (Mepafluthrin, Dimefluthrin, 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl-3-(2,2-

dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate, C17H16Cl2F4O3, CAS#915288-13-0).

Product Description

LAOJUN smokeless black mosquito coil

1. Plant fiber mosquito coil
2. OEM welcomed
3. Easily separated
4. Effective rapidly

Features
1. Micro smoke mosquito coil for south Africa
2. Plant fiber mosquito repellent incense, no harm
3. Unbreakable
4. Kill mosquitoes rapidly
5. Easy to ignite, not easily fractured, no offensive odor.
6. High quality material and reasonable price.

Features
1. Made with natural plant fiber powder and meperfluthrin;
2. Effective to kill kinds of bugs;
3. Prevent West Nile Airus Ague, Yellow Fever, Dengue fever, etc, which are attack on African;
4. Promptly to killing mosquitoes in 2 minutes.

Uses

Transfluthrin is a pyrethroid pesticide with a broad spectrum, acting by contact, inhalation and repellent
by its strong deadly capability., and is effective to prevent and cure hygienic and storage pests. It has
swift deadly effect to pests of diptera such as mosquitoes, and very good residual effect to cockroaches
and bedbugs. It can be used to produce coil, aerosol preparation and mats etc.

Type and Method of Application: pesticide mats, coils and liquid emanators. It is also widely used in
solutions designed for aerosols, and in the formulation of liquid pesticides. The active ingredient dosage
is recommended as follows.

Active ingredient content

Mosquito coil High-grade 0.08%

Standard 0.05%

Ordinary 0.03%

Citronella

Citronella is one of the oldest and better known natural insect repellents on the market. Despite
the fact that many people have heard of and trust citronella to help protect them against biting
insects, studies have shown that it is not the best choice of natural insect repellent.

1. Citronella efficacy
Efficacy is defined as the ‘capacity for producing a desired result or effect’
(Dictionary.com). When it comes to insect repellent efficacy means how well a product
works in repelling biting insects. Due to the high volatility of citronella oil it evaporates
quickly off the skin, making citronella’s staying power as a natural insect repellent very
limited. It may work when first applied, but studies show that its stops working within an
hour or less. This leaves you unprotected from biting insects very quickly.

Mixing citronella oil with other substances can extend this protection time to some extent
- possibly up to 2 hours, but its repellency remains mediocre at best. This is hardly the
kind of protection you want when you are trying to enjoy the outdoors with family and
friends, nor is it the protection you need when in areas where mosquito-borne and insect-
borne diseases are present.

2. Citronella safety
Some countries have classified citronella as a hazardous substance because it is a skin
sensitiser, causing an allergic reaction following contact with the skin. In fact Health
Canadahas gone as far as to ban the use of citronella in natural insect repellents due to
 concerns over possible cancer causing effects - see here. In many countries where it is
still permitted to be used as a natural insect repellent, citronella is limited to 10%
concentration or less. By limiting citronella’s relative concentration in products, it’s
effectiveness in keeping bugs away is also reduced even further. This is another reason
why citronella based insect repellents do not offer long lasting protection from biting
insects that can cause irritation and illness.
3. Lemon eucalyptus oil, the common name of one of the natural oils obtained from the
lemon-scented gum eucalyptus plant, has gained popularity as an insect repellant. This
use is important when you consider the dangers of DEET and other toxic solutions, and
want to steer clear of them. Learn more about the benefits, composition, and proper
therapeutic and practical applications of this plant oil.

4. What Is Lemon Eucalyptus Oil?

5. Lemon eucalyptus oil is extracted from the leaves and twigs of the lemon-scented gum
eucalyptus plant, also known as Eucalyptus citriodora orCorymbia citriodora.
6. The lemon eucalyptus is a tall tree that grows up to 50 meters tall and comes from the
temperate and tropical northeastern Australia.1 Its name is derived from the Latin
term citriodorus meaning “lemon-scented,” and is in demand for structural timber and for
honey production. It is also popular in horticulture both in and outside of Australia.
7. The oil – particularly p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), its synthetic version with pesticidal
properties – is used as an alternative to toxic mosquito repellents and most likely works
by masking the environmental cues that mosquitoes use to locate their target.2 While the
term “PMD” is often used interchangeably with lemon eucalyptus oil, know that it is
different from the “pure” unrefined oil, which is typically used in making fragrances.
8. The refined lemon eucalyptus oil, which comprises related compounds from the plant, is
known by its registered tradename “Citriodiol.” However, it also has generic names
varying by area, such as oil of lemon eucalyptus oil (OLE) in the United States and PMD
rich botanic oil (PMDRBO) in Europe.

9. Uses of Lemon Eucalyptus Oil

10. Usually extracted through steam distillation, the essential oil3 has a pale yellow color and
a thin consistency. It smells sweet, lemony, and fresh, with a woody hint. Note, however,
that this pure oil is not registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an
insect repellant.
11. PMD or the refined version, on the other hand, has a long history of use but only recently
became important as a commercial repellent in the country. For many years, it has been
used in China as a product called Quwenling, meaning “effective repellent of
mosquitoes.” American researchers initiated product investigation in the early 1990s and
identified PMD as the active ingredient.
12. In 2000, the EPA registered oil of lemon eucalyptus or PMD as a “biopesticide
repellent,” meaning it is derived from natural materials. The resulting products can be
applied to human skin and clothing for repelling insects such as mosquitoes, biting flies,
and gnats. They are formulated as a spray or a lotion.

13. Composition of Lemon Eucalyptus Oil

14. The essential oil of the lemon-scented gum mainly consists of citronellal (80 percent),
produced mostly in Brazil and China.4 The refined oil’s citronellal is converted into cis-
and trans-isomers of PMD, a process that naturally occurs as the leaves of the plant age.
Pure PMD is synthesized for commercial production from synthetic citronellal.
15. Many other compounds have been identified and extracted from the lemon eucalyptus,
including limonene and linalool.

16. Benefits of Lemon Eucalyptus Oil

17. Julia Lawless’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils identifies a number of health
benefits of lemon eucalyptus oil, including its action against arthritis, bronchitis, catarrh,
cold sores, colds, coughing, fever, flu, poor circulation, and sinusitis.
18. Lemon eucalyptus or PMD showed a “remarkable ability” to repel mosquitoes when
compared to DEET, the most popular synthetic commercial insect repellent today. DEET
has been documented to cause serious adverse effects, especially in children.
19. When it was tested on humans in Tanzania, PMD gave complete protection from biting
for between six to 7.75 hours. Compared to DEET, there was no significant difference in
efficacy and duration of protection when used against the Anopheles mosquito, the chief
malaria vector in Africa. Other studies have also demonstrated its protection against the
biting midge, deer tick, and the stable fly.

20. Burning the leaves of the lemon-scented gum eucalyptus tree has therefore been shown as
a cost-effective means of household protection, alongside the use of mosquito nets, in
sub-Sahara Africa.

21. How to Make Lemon Eucalyptus Oil

22. You can make a homemade mosquito repellent if you want to stay safe from DEET and
other strong, toxic chemicals in most commercial repellents in the US. Lemon eucalyptus
oil is considered key in making one, although you may also use citronella oil or cinnamon
oil. Here is a recipe from Backpacking Spirit:5
23. Make your own mosquito repellent consisted of around 10% lemon eucalyptus oil. If you
are using the essential (“pure”) oil, note that it does not mix with water and will
therefore require a carrier oil, such as hazel, vodka, or olive oil.
Organic fillers, or base materials, of mosquito coils are used to produce smoldering through which
pesticides impringnated in the base materials are slowly and steadily emitted to the room for mosquito
repelling. Such smoldering of organic matters emits product of incomplete combustion (PIC) including
fine and ultrafine particles, aldehydes and hydrocarbons, as well as gas-phase and particle-phase PAHs.
Emission rates of PIC depend on the types of base materials and can be high enough to generate room
concentrations markedly higher than health based standards or references. However, using charcoal
powder as base material not only reduces visible smoke, as officially labeled as smokeless coils, but also
reduces emissions of PM2.5 mass, total particle number, PAHs, and aldehydes substantially. Based on
emission rates determined in the present study and those reported in a previous study, substituting the use
of conventional mosquito coils (using sawdust, coconut shells, etc, as base materials) with that of
charcoal-based ‘smokeless’ mosquito coils may bring average room concentrations of PM2.5 and several
aldehydes below health-based references or standards.

CHARCOAL BASED COIL

The objective of this study is to evaluate a new type of mosquito coil that uses charcoal powder as base
material and to compare its emission rates with those of several current-market brands and several
brands tested in the previous study. Results show that the charcoal-based coil had emission rates of
PM(2.5) mass, total particle number, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and aldehydes,
substantially (up to 10 times) lower than other tested conventional mosquito coils.

Results also show that particles freshly generated from burning mosquito coils were all fine and mostly
ultrafine in size. This study presents emission rates for PM(2.5) mass, total particle number, gas-phase
and particle-phase PAHs, 14 aldehydes and acetone, and 10 volatile hydrocarbons. These data, along
with emission rates presented in the previous study are useful for estimating indoor concentrations of
toxic compounds generated from mosquito coil uses.

Practical Implications – Mosquito coils are widely used indoors to prevent mosquitoes from entering
indoor environments. This is achieved through the release of insecticides impregnated in biomass base
materials of mosquito coils during coil combustion. A previous study reported that burning one mosquito
coil releases the same amount of fine particles as burning 75-135 cigarettes, largely depending on what
biomass (saw dust or coconut husk) is used as base material. This ‘follow-up’ study measured several
current-market brands of mosquito coils, including a new charcoal-based coil labeled as smokeless coil
by the China Environmental Labeling, for their emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants. Results
show that using charcoal powder as base material reduces fine particle emissions by a factor of 5-10 and
also reduces emissions of pollutants such as formaldehyde and PAHs substantially.