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Integration by Parts PDF
Integration by Parts PDF
Abstract
This handout describes an integration method called Integration by
Parts. Integration by parts is to integrals what the product rule is to
derivatives.
From the fundamental theorem of calculus, we know that the integral of the
derivative of a function is the function itself, therefore we have:
Z Z
f (x) g (x) = f (x) g 0 (x) dx + f 0 (x) g (x) dx
1
The goal when
R using this formula is to pretend that the integral we are given is
of the form udv. We …nd u and dv that accomplish this. Once we have Ru and
dv, we …nd du and v. Then, we can rewrite the given integral as uv vdu.
This will work if the new integral we obtained can be evaluated or is easier to
evaluate than the one we started with. Also, once we have selected dv, v is an
antiderivative of dv. therefore, we must be able to …nd an antiderivative for dv.
For de…nite integrals, the integration by parts formula becomes
Z b Z b
b
f (x) g 0 (x) dx = f (x) g (x)ja f 0 (x) g (x) dx
a a
We illustrate this technique with several examples. For clarity, the quantities
we select from the integral (u and dv) will be in bold characters. The quantities
we deduce from our selection (du and v) will be in normal characters.
R
Example 1 Find x sin xdx
If we select
u=x du = dx
v = cos x dv = sin xdx
Then, applying formula 1 gives us:
Z Z
x sin xdx = x cos x cos xdx
Z
= x cos x + cos xdx
= x cos x + sin x + C
Remark 2 There is usually more than one way to select u and dv. However,
we should do it so that when we apply the integration by parts formula, we obtain
an integral we can solve, or at least one that does not seem more complicated.
In the above example, if we had selected
u=x du = dx
v = ex dv = ex dx
2
Then, applying formula 1 gives
Z Z
xex dx = xex ex dx
= xex ex + C
Re
Example 4 Find 1
ln xdx
If we select
1
u = ln x du = dx
x
v=x dv = dx
Then, applying formula 1 gives
Z e Z e
e
ln xdx = x ln xj1 dx
1 1
e e
= x ln xj1 xj1
= (e ln e ln 1) (e 1)
=1
Remark 5 You will note that in the problem we just did, we found that
Z
ln xdx = x ln x x + C
R 1
Example 6 Find tan xdx
If we select
1 1
u = tan x du = dx
1 + x2
v=x dv = dx
Then, applying formula 1 gives
Z Z
x
tan 1 xdx = x tan 1
x dx (2)
1 + x2
R x
We will do dx separately, using the substitution u = 1 + x2 . Then,
1 + x2
du = 2xdx therefore
Z Z
x 1 du
2
dx =
1+x 2 u
1
= ln juj + C
2
1
= ln 1 + x2 + C
2
1
= ln 1 + x2 + C
2
Using what we just found in equation 2, gives us
Z
1
tan 1 xdx = x tan 1 x ln 1 + x2 + C
2
3
1.2 Repeated Integration by Parts
In some cases, applying the integration by parts formula one time will not be
enough. You may need to apply it twice, or more. We look at some example to
illustrate the various cases which can occur.
R
Example 7 Find x2 ex dx
If we select
u = x2 du = 2xdx
v = ex dv = ex dx
Then, applying formula 1 gives
Z Z
x2 ex dx = x2 ex 2 xex dx
At this point, we are left with an integral that we still cannot do. However, we
see that it looks simpler than the one we started with. So, we try the integration
by parts formula again. In fact, we already did this integral in an example above,
so we will simply use the result.
Z
x2 ex dx = x2 ex 2 (xex ex + C)
= x2 ex 2xex + 2ex + C
u=x du = dx
v = sin x dv = cos xdx
= x sin x + cos x + C
4
If we use what we just found in equation 3, we obtain
Z
x2 sin xdx = x2 cos x + 2 (x sin x + cos x + C)
The integral we obtain is not simpler, but it is not more di¢ cult either. Fur-
thermore, it looks like the original, sin x having been replaced by cos x. We apply
the integration by parts formula to it. If we select
u = ex du = ex dx
v = sin x dv = cos xdx
5
Using integration by parts, we can prove important formulae, called reduc-
tion formulae. The most important ones are listed as a theorem.
Proof. We only prove part 1. The other parts are left as an exercise.
R 1 n 1R
1. Prove that sinn xdx = cos x sinn 1
x+ sinn 2
xdx. If we
n n
select
u = sinn 1 x du = (n 1) sinn 2 x cos xdx
v = cos x dv = sin xdx
Then, applying formula 1 gives
Z Z
sinn xdx = n 1
sin x cos x + (n 1) cos2 x sinn 2
xdx
Z
= sinn 1
x cos x + (n 1) 1 sin2 x sinn 2
xdx
Z Z
= sinn 1
x cos x + (n 1) sinn 2
xdx (n 1) sinn xdx
Z Z Z
sinn xdx + (n 1) sinn xdx = sinn 1
x cos x + (n 1) sinn 2
xdx
Z Z
n sinn xdx = sinn 1
x cos x + (n 1) sinn 2
xdx
Z Z
1 n 1
sinn xdx = cos x sinn 1
x+ sinn 2
xdx
n n
2. see exercise 34
3. see exercise 37
4. do as an exercise
6
R 3 1 3 1 2
Example 11 Find (ln x) dx = 6x ln x ln x + ln x 1
6 2
Using part 3 of theorem 10, we obtain
Z Z
3 3 2
(ln x) dx = x (ln x) 3 (ln x) dx
R 2
To …nd (ln x) dx, we apply the same formula again.
Z Z
2 2
(ln x) dx = x (ln x) 2 ln xdx
The last integral was found in an example above (otherwise, we would …nd it
using integration by parts). It was found to be
Z
ln xdx = x ln x x
Remark 12 As this example shows, the reduction formula may have to be ap-
plied several times before we …nd the answer.
7
Related homework assigned:
– # 1-19 odd #, 25, 33, 34, 35a, 35b, 37, 39, 45 on pages 398, 399.
R
– Find sin 1 xdx
– Finish proving theorem 10