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Ryan O’Shea
Chapter Outlines & Class Notes
American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. by Alan Brinkley
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
Chapter Outlines
Chapter 1: America Before Columbus
Sunday, September 05, 2010
9:42 PM
1750s - not many Americans saw reasons to break away from England
o imperial system provided opportunities for trade/commerce, military protection, political stability
o British didn't really regulate colonies
1770s - relations strained to the point of breaking
revolution
o 1760s-70s
o cause by differences between colonial institutions and those of England
o 1763 - British gov't imposed new policies toward colonies
cause by changing international realities & new political circumstances in England
exposed the difference between the two societies
Loosening Ties
English government became British government in 1707 (Scotland + England [+ Wales] = Great Britain)
After Glorious Revolution of 1688, GB made no serious effort to tighten control of colonies
o but did make NJ, Carolinas, Georgia royal colonies
o also passed laws to supplement Navigation Acts, prohibiting paper currency, restricting colonial
manufacturers, regulating trade
o but remained uncertain of the extent to which it should interfere w/ colonial affairs
A Tradition of Neglect
o Kings George I & II
German, unaccustomed w/ British government
(1714-1727-1760)
prime minister & cabinet members really ruled the country
less inclined to control the colonies (depended on merchants who feared that control would
require tons of money)
Robert Walpole (1st modern PM) - refused to strictly enforce the Navigation Acts
o day to day administration of colonies was inefficient
no colonial office in London
real power rested in Privy Council (central admin. agency for the entire government), admiralty, &
treasury
much confusion
London officials had no idea of conditions in colonies
only info came from representatives of the colonies, lobbying for American interests
e.g. Ben Franklin
o royal officials in America
governors, collectors of customs, naval officers
most were incompetent
some never came to America
corrupt
resistance to imperial authority centered in assemblies
1750s - American assemblies claimed right to levy taxes, make appropriations, approve
appointments, pass laws
legislation subject to veto by Governor or Privy Council
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
assemblies controlled Governors via colony budgets
The Colonies Divided
o colonists still considered themselves loyal English subjects
more than united amongst selves
o forged connections between colonies
intercolonial trade
postal service spread to more colonies
o but colonies reluctant to cooperate during French & Indian War
1754 - conference of colonial leaders met in Albany to negotiate treaty w/ Iroquois
Albany Plan - delegates discussed forming a colonial federation for defense against the Indians
Ben Franklin proposed one colonial gov't, but all colonies kept constitutions
would have a "president general" appointed & paid for by the King & a "grand
council" elected by colonial assemblies
plan rejected
The Struggle for the Continent
1750s-60s - French & Indian War
o small part of the 7 Years War
cemented Britain as world's great trading, naval, and North American power
o was final stage in struggle between Britain, France, & Iroquois
o 1750s upset the unease balance of power between these 3
o raised to surface underlying tensions between colonies and Britain
New France & the Iroquois Nation
o 1750s - religious & commercial tensions strained British/French relationship
causes:
Expanding French presence in America in late 17th C, under Louis XIV
fur trade attracted new settlers, Mississippi attracted French from Canada
Louis Joliet & Jacques Marquette - explored down the Mississippi in 1670s
René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle - (1682) explored down to Mississippi delta,
claimed it (founder of Louisiana)
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Verendrye - (1743) pushed from Lake
Superior to Rockies, claimed whole continental interior
to secure enormous claims, French founded string of communities, fortresses, missions, &
trading posts
Fort Louisbourg - guarded gulf of St. Lawrence
seigneuries - would-be feudal lords along St. Lawrence River
Quebec - center of French Empire in America, on a high bluff
Montreal, Sault Sainte Marie, Detroit
plantations along lower Mississippi
had black slaves, owners called Creoles
New Orleans - (1718) founded to support plantations
French shared interior w/ large Indian population ("middle ground")
relations w/ natives crucial to shaping the empire
also shared w/ English settlers
English & French both tried to make Indians allies
English commercial economy could offer Indians more plentiful goods, but French offered
tolerance & integrated themselves into native culture
Iroquois Confederation
5 nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida
had defeated Hurons in 1640, now most powerful tribe
forged commercial relationship w/ English & Dutch while continuing trade w/ French
avoided too close a relationship w/ any group
Ohio River Valley
claimed by French
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
populated by rival Indian tribes
English expanding into it
Iroquois attempting to establish trading presence there
Anglo-French Conflicts
o tensions remained mile until Glorious Revolution (English throne passed to William III, principal enemy of
Louis XIV)
o succeeded by Queen Anne (daugher of James II) 1702
continued struggle against France & ally Spain
spurred wars in Europe
o Anglo-French Wars in Europe impacted colonies:
King William's War (1689-1697) - caused a few clashes in New England
Queen Anne's War (1701-1713) - generated more substantial conflicts: border fighting with the
Spaniards in the South & French/Indians in North
ended by Treaty of Utrecht - gave good deal of French NA territory to English
Anglo-Spanish disputes over British trading rights in Spanish colonies caused war between Spain &
England and clashes in America (reason for founding of Georgia in 1733)
Anglo-Spanish conflicts soon merged into large European war
England & France took opposite sides in war between Frederick the Great of Prussia & Maria
Theresa of Austria
English colonists in America drawn into what they called King George's War from 1744-48 via
conflicts w/ French
English captured Louisbourg, but forced to abandon it by Treaty
o after King George's War, relations among English, French, Iroquois deteriorated
Iroquois granted concessions in the interior to English merchants
set off chain of events that destroyed Confederacy
French feared that British would use concessions as way to expand into French lands, built new
fortresses in Ohio River Valley
English saw France's actions as hostile, made military preparations (fortresses)
5 Iroquois nations allied themselves w/ the British
o 1754 - governor of Virginia sent militia force under command of George Washington into Ohio Valley to
challenge French expansion
Washington's men lost @ Fort Necessity
marked beginning of French and Indian War
The Great War for the Empire
o French & Indian War lasted 9 years, 3 Phases
o 1st Phase: Fort Necessity (1754) to expansion of the war to Europe (1756)
Colonists had very little, inept British assistance
British Fleet failed to prevent French reinforcements from arriving from Canada
General Edward Braddock failed 1755 to retake the fork of the Ohio River (Fort Necessity)
colonists had to fend off raids by Indians in Ohio Valley
all tribes allied w/ French except Iroquois (barely allies w/ British)
o 2nd Phase: 1756 (beginning of Seven Years' War)
British allied w/ Prussia (former ally of the French), French allied w/ former enemy Austria
1757 - William Pitt, secretary of state, brought American war effort under British control
Americans resented/resisted impositions (riots)
o 3rd Phase - 1758 - Pitt relaxed policies that colonists hated
turned much control back to colonies, caused increased enlistment
additional troops
1756 - French had bad harvests, war turned for English
Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne both captured 1758
Quebec: 1759
after siege, General James Wolfe led men up hidden ravine, surprised Marquis de
Montcalm
Class Notes
First Colonies
Saturday, September 25, 2010
10:36 AM
Virginia
Large numbers of settlers leads to conflict w/ natives
o pushed further westward
o 1640s - coastal region (Tidewater) mostly settled
new governor appointed 1642: Sir William Berkeley
o tried to deal with problem of natives by establishing fur trade w/ them
o 1660s - people moving further west, pushing natives farther west
o 1670s - Berkeley decides to halt westward expansion
o 1670s - Sir Francis Bacon - aristocrat
kept out of Green Spring Group, Berkeley’s inner circle (got money from Berkeley)
Bacon’s Rebellion
o westerners decide to take matters into their own hands, have demands:
Representation in the Burgesses
keep pushing frontier westward
o 1675 - war on frontier vs Indians
want governor to send Virginia militia to the frontier
Berkeley refuses
o landless, indentured men could no longer get headrights (Company went under)
only place left for land is the frontier
they rose up with Bacon
o Bacon’s army moved on Jamestown to replace Berkeley w/ Bacon
Berkeley flees
but Bacon dies of dysentary
Berkeley contacts Parliament, asked for military assistance
rebellion collapses
o Repercussions of Bacon’s Rebellion
Slavery
planters who had used indentured servants became suspicious of unstable labor force
turned to African slaves
1690s - explosion in slave trade
decline in indentured servants due to improvement in English economy
also, all the good land had been taken
Royal African Company had monopoly on slave trade
price of slaves plummets
led to dramatic increase in slave trade
in Carolinas, rice is being grown, demand for labor high
whites refuse to work on rice plantations
slavery firmly entrenched in plantation economy of the south by beginning of 18th C
all colonies had slaves
Oglethorpe tried to keep them out of Georgia, but failed
conflict between settlers in east & west
Maryland
1634 - founded
haven for Catholics in the New World
Pre-War Tensions
10/20
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
4:20 PM
British troops stationed in Boston
“Lobsterbacks”
soldiers had very low pay
soldiers looking for jobs
worked mostly on the docks
competing w/ Boston’s lowest class
willing to work for much less than Bostonians
March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre - in front of the Customs House, King’s Street
sentry posted outside the house
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
kids start pelting him w/ snowballs
called for more soldiers
captain of soldiers (Preston) shows up
crowd getting angrier, dockworkers show up
situation gets nastier
throwing sticks, cobblestone
soldier gets knocked over, musket goes off
other soldiers begin to fire
5 Americans killed, 8 wounded
trial held afterward to try soldiers
soldiers defended by John Adams
charges are bogus
changed the charge to manslaughter
all but 3 acquitted, 3 convicted of manslaughter
Sons of Liberty try to stir up opposition
Paul Revere’s Engraving
circulated all over colonies
Massacre caused repeal of Townshend duties
Lord North is new PM (Pitt/Townshend out) - 1770
had support of Parliament
Townshend Duties not working
total £21,000 out of £700,000 losses to commerce
boycotts had succeeded
made Parliament repeal TDs, but left the Tea duty as a matter of principle
Colonists kept boycotting tea
Calm for 2 years until June 1772
Gaspee incident
British revenue spooner; caught smugglers
hated by colonists
Gaspée runs aground in Narragansett Bay
Colonists dress as Natives, overpower sentry on ship, burn the Gaspée
1st time colonists destroyed British Property
British set up unlimited commission to investigate
transported anyone suspected to England to stand trial
but, no one would talk
Americans began to suspect conspiracy among policymakers in London to undermine liberty
North were conspiring to undermine British constitution
by setting up unlimited commission, violated English Bill of Rights
NY, Mass assemblies had been suspended
Most historians believe that Revolution wasn’t caused by taxes
instead caused by a threat to American liberty
taxes were catalyst
Gaspee was important propaganda tool
Sam Adams creates Committees of Correspondence
keep colonies informed of every action of GB
1773 - Tea Act
East India Company had monopoly on Tea
would use profits to run India
EIC on verge of Bankruptcy
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
would be forced to control India directly
Eliminated duties, bypassed tea wholesalers (middlemen)
made tea much cheaper
Republicanism in Society
Thursday, November 11, 2010
4:38 PM
Articles of Confederation
Monday, December 13, 2010
5:02 PM
Articles of Confederation
drafted 1777, went into place 1781
very limited executive, much like state constitutions
o except Mass, which realized that strong executive was essential for stability
unicameral congress - equal votes for states
Lacked critical powers
o States were sovereign
o no power to tax
had authority, but no enforcement
o command over army
had to rely on state militias
o congressmen
term limits of 3 years
John Fiske - called this time the critical period of American history
o gov’t couldn’t pay down debt
couldn’t even pay salaries of soldiers
paid it in worthless paper money
all gold silver paid to British since they only accepted it
States printing their own money
inflation - too much money, too few goods
debtors very happy, creditors screwed
creditors legally obligated to accept it
stopped making loans
o couldn’t control internal trade
Congress attempted to pass protective tariff
could never get it passed
States passing competitive tariffs
Spain trying to make American fail in West
closed Mississippi & New Orleans to American trade
hoped the farmers would become Spanish
sent John Jay to negotiate treaty, didn’t work
Britain closed West Indies down to American commerce
refuse to make commercial treaty
claimed that we violated the Treaty of Paris, by not reimbursing Loyalists for land they left
behind
so they refused to remove troops from the West, supplying natives w/ guns
o Mount Vernon Conference (1785)
group of Virginians convinced Washington to host meeting, to get Maryland & Virginia to
compromise over use of the Patomac
succeeded
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
inspired Annapolis convention
o Annapolis Convention (1786)
James Madison - disappointed b/c only 5 states show up to the convention
wanted to strengthen the Articles to allow Congress to regulate interstate commerce
but needed unanimous approval
nothing accomplished, but general agreement on significant changes
Alexander Hamilton convinced this was needed
proposed a meeting in Philadelphia
o Constitutional Convention (1787)
reasons 12 states showed up:
Shay’s Rebellion - caused the Constitution
Successes of the Confederation Government
o Treaty of Paris
o Land Ordinance of 1785
divided west into 36-sq-mi townships
each township divided into 36 blocks
sales of one used for Public Education
instead of natural boundary lines, artificial used instead
The Grid
o Northwest Ordinance
set number 60,000 for applying for statehood
to form 3-5 states from the Territories which would be equal to the existing 13
banned Slavery in the new states
Confederation Congress too weak
Shay’s Rebellion (1786-7)
o western Massachusetts
o Daniel Shays - former member of Mass militia during Revolution
o many states began to stop printing money at behest of creditors
less money, increased value, made it difficult for farmers to pay back loans
lands of farmers being foreclosed
o demands
more paper money
moratorium on debt
o Mass ignored them
started breaking into jails and releasing prisoners
o Mass finally decides to send troops
Shays attacks Springfield, to get new weapons
o rebellion failed
o people afraid of future rebellions
Constitutional Convention
Monday, December 13, 2010
5:03 PM
12 States attend
o Rhode Island was radical, liked weak central government
didn’t like that gov’t would be able to prohibit states from printing their own money
55 elite delegates
o Northern merchants, Southern planters
o most lawyers, had graduated college
o conservatives
o young (43)
o Ben Franklin, in 80s
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
o James Madison
“architect of the Constitution”
born to VA planter
went to Princeton
volunteered to serve in army, turned down
sickly & frail
engaged in debates over VA constitution, met Jefferson
friends
o Jefferson, Adams 1&2, Patrick Henry - absent
Virginia Plan (Madison) - “Large States Plan”
o Edmund Raldolph introduces Madison’s plan
Bicameral congress
lower house - based on population
lower house would elect upper house
independent executive & judiciary branches
Small States Plan
o unicameral, all states had 1 vote
Franklin set up comittee to reach compromise
o Roger Shermann
The Great Compromise
bicameral congress
lower house - represented by population
upper house - 2 from each state
elected by states
all legislation had to be passed by both houses
Slavery
o no discussion of morality
o didn’t want representation by population (half were slaves)
wanted slaves counted
northerners didn’t want slaves counted
o 3/5th Compromise
slaves worth ⅗ person
only ⅗ productive as free white labor
federalism - sharing of powers between national and state governments
Battle Over Ratification
Anti-Federalists: Opposed Constitution
o Reasons:
government would be far away from people, no matter where it was
no bill of rights
response: promised bill of rights
federal government too powerful
response: document had checks & balances to prevent branches from taking control
overturned current government
response: Confederation government was terrible
no money
anti-business
foreign laughingstock
most supporters were elites/merchants/planters
o controlled the media
o Washington, Franklin supported the Constitution
Delaware ratified first (1787)
o PA second
o Mass third
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
o NY & VA seemed like they weren’t going to ratify
Hamilton enlisted John Jay & James Madison to write essays in support of Constitution, under name
Publius
Federalist Papers
eventually ratified
o by Fall of 1788, got 9 ratifications
Rhode Island waited until 1791
Constitution Outline
Sunday, December 05, 2010
11:01 AM
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our
Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
“Domestic Tranquility” - referring to Shay’s Rebellion
Article 1
Section 1
o legislative powers vested in Congress, which shall consist of Senate & House of Reps
Section 2: House of Representatives
o 2-year term
o those who can vote for members of state legislative branches can vote in national election
o Qualifications
at least 25 years old
citizen of USA for 7 years
must be resident of state they were elected from
o number of reps (and counts for taxes) decided by state population
slaves worth 3/5 of a person
Census every 10 years
every state guaranteed one representative
Redistricting – every time states gain or lose representatives, district lines had to be redrawn
highly partisan, has huge effect on politics for the next decade
o if representative loses position, governor chooses replacement
o House can choose its own leaders
Speaker of the House
Majority Whip (gathers votes)
Minority Leader
Minority Whip
o House decides whether or not a public official has an impeachable offense
Section 3: Senate
o 2 senators per state
chosen by state legislators
o 6-year term
every election cycle (2 years), only 1/3 of senate up for reelection
o Chief Justice is presiding official when president is being impeached
Section 4
o By law, Congress can regulate the date of elections.
o Congress has to meet at least once a year.
Section 5
o Each house can write its own laws.
o Each house can expel members with 2/3 majority vote.
o In elections, members can see other votes if 1/5 of them request to do so.
John Adams
Monday, January 03, 2011
4:44 PM
Thomas Jefferson
Monday, January 03, 2011
4:47 PM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
Election of 1800
o Hamilton trying to get Pinckney elected
o the 2 Republicans, Jefferson & Burr got 73 electoral votes each
House chooses president
Burr refuses to give his support to Jefferson, actively campaigns to be president
took 35 ballots to elect Jefferson
Hamilton worked behind the scenes for Jefferson
told Federalists to vote for Jefferson
12th Amendment - Separate Ballots for President & VP
o Jeff called election the Revolution of 1800
for 1st time in American history, there was a peaceful transfer of power
"We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" ~ Jefferson
difference in leadership style
much less extravagant than Washington & Adams
no big inauguration
didn't bring slaves from Monticello to the executive mansion
Jefferson answered the door of the mansion in his bathrobe sometimes
informal gatherings
always had the best wine, though
wasn't really a revolution
continued policies of Washington
allowed the Bank to keep functioning
Thomas Jefferson
o repealed excise tax because it hurt farmers
o Alien & Sedition acts had already expired
o believed in a wise and frugal government
tariffs & land sales were only source of government income, besides taxes
cut taxes to shrink government power
worked w/ Robert Gallatin - also concerned w/ size of government
downsized the army
canceled contracts for new frigates
hurt preparedness for War of 1812
instead built cheap underpowered gunships
set up West Point in 1802
reduced debt in half
wouldn't sell new bonds once old ones were paid debt
o waged successful war against Barbary Pirates in Tripoli
Pasha of Tripoli demanded tribute from US
Washington & Adams, & Britain had paid tribute
Pasha declared war (chopped down US flagpole)
Jeff sent navy, won
o hated entrenched Judiciary
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American History: A Survey, 12th Ed. Outlines & Class Notes by Ryan O’Shea
Adams - Judiciary Act of 1801
during lame-duck session, when Federalists had lost elections
created 16 new district courts, & 3 justices of the peace for DC
Midnight Appointments - appointed all federalist judges to those courts
Jefferson had the Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed
instructed Secretary of State, James Madison, not to hand over commissions to the Justices of the Peace
for DC
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
John Marshall was supposed to hand over the commission
Adams named Marshall chief justice, Marbury never got his commission
Madison refuses to hand it over
Marbury sues Madison
Judicial Act of 1789
writ of mandamus - Supreme Court can compel an official of the government to
do something
Marshall presided over case
decided that Article 3 didn't give that power to the Supreme Court
Congress exceeded Constitutional powers in giving that authority
that section of Judicial Act of 1789 is unconstitutional
established the power of judicial review for the Supreme Court
Jefferson realizes what had happened
utilized impeachment to get back at Marshall
impeached John Pickering
Federalist, crazy
impeached Samuel Chase, associate justice of the Supreme Court
Senate acquitted Chase
would have undermined the Judiciary
o Louisiana Purchase
Pinckney Treaty allowed American use of the Mississippi & New Orleans
1800 - Treaty of San Ildefonso
secret treaty between Spain & France
French got Louisiana
France had sugar islands in Caribbean, needed to ship food to the islands
needed that food for his troops
Louisiana could provide food for the sugar islands
Toussaint L'Ouverture starts slave revolt on Santo Domingo in Caribbean
Napoleon sends 20,000 troops to the island, wiped out by malaria & dysentery
Napeoleonic Wars had ended by 1802, but war was inevitable with Britain
needs money
October 16, 1802 - Spanish revoked right of deposit in New Orleans
Jeff realizes that French have control, Pinckney Treaty defunct
French could close the Mississippi
Jeff turns against the French
writes letter to minister in Paris, Robert Livingston
whoever owns New Orleans is our natural enemy
we must marry w/ Britain when French take over
find out if the French own Louisiana
see if you can purchase New Orleans for $2 million
Talleyrand initially hides it from Livingston
1803 - Napoleon tells Talleyrand to sell Louisiana
Talleyrand calls Livingston in
French will sell USA all of Louisiana for $15 million
Monroe joined Livingston
James Madison
Tuesday, January 04, 2011
1:44 PM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
War of 1812
Tuesday, January 25, 2011
4:28 PM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
Andrew Jackson
Thursday, February 03, 2011
11:02 AM
inaugurated very humbly like Jefferson
o Jackson was frail
o got mobbed with people
people came to worship their hero
followed him down Pennsylvania Avenue, into the White House
got the people out by putting whiskey on the lawn
Joseph Story, associate Justice of Supreme Court
"My God, King Mob has arrived."
Democratic Trends in Political Parties
o founding fathers saw them as inevitable but evil
o view of political parties becoming more positive
they give people a choice
o 3 democratic trends:
o Expanding Electorate
states dropping property requirements for voting
started with the new Western states
very few people there didn't own land, so they let any white male vote
pressured Eastern & Southern states to follow suit
process continued peacefully, except
Dorr Rebellion
forced the government of Rhode Island to drop property qualifications
o Direct Election of Electors
electoral college had been elected by state legislatures
o Nominating Conventions
death of caucus system
State nominating conventions came first
then national nominating conventions
Election of 1832 - first third party in American history
Anti-Mason Party
National Republicans
Democrats
more people beginning to vote
Election of 1828 - only 56% of voters participated
Election of 1840 - 78% voted
Politicians changing into Professionals, campaigning
Market Revolution
economic change toward industialism
canals, turnpikes, railroads
factories
economic issues affecting the whole nation, and people were worried
Jackson's Philosophy
o worshipped Jefferson
strict interpretation of the Constitution
states' rights
national debt was a curse
government gets in the way
government should be simple enough that anyone should serve
William Marcy ~ "To the victor belong the spoils."
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Jackson supported the Spoils System
people who stay in office too long become corrupt
kept most people in office anyway
hated the idea of monopoly
especially if government granted special privileges
o strong presidency
president was only person elected by all the people
o Jackson was a common man in the eyes of the people
Jackson's Presidency
o Maysville Road Veto
Jackson vetoed a road in the West, because he thought internal improvements were
unconstututional
West wanted internal improvements; South thought they were a waste; Northeast already had
infrastructure
Northeast: Industrialists vs. Commercialists
Industrialists knew roads to the west would drain the labor supply
o Jackson vetoed more bills than anyone
o Indian Removal Act of 1830
all native tribes east of Mississippi have to move west of the river
Seminole War 1830-1835
US failed to remove the Seminoles
Black Hawk War
Sac and Fox indians were forced off their land
reorganized under Black Hawk
Abraham Lincoln & Jefferson Davis both participated
Cherokee Trail of Tears
Cherokee were the most civilized tribes
challenged state of Georgia about removal
Worchester v. Georgia - Marshall ruled tribe did have the rights to the lands
Jackson ignored the decision
subverted constitution by not enforcing the ruling
o Jackson's Second Term
less successful than first
2 issues dominated : Nullification & The Bank
Nullification Crisis
Jackson was a States' rights supporter
didn't approve of the protective tariffs
Vice President Calhoun had outlined the nullification process
1830 - Webster-Hayne Debate
started over western land policies
South & West wanted to lower the price, Northeast opposed
Thomas Benton (rep of the West) wanted cheap land, trying to form alliance w/
South
thinks he could work with Robert Hayne
debate spun off to a discussion of the tariff
Hayne argued it was unconstitutional
South Carolina therefore has the right to nullify, or secede if the
gov't didn't comply
Daniel Webster responded
Constitution is not a compact of the states, but of the people
"Our Federal Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"
no one knew where Jackson stood
party at White House in honor of Jefferson
Election of 1836
o Whig Party
tried to portray Jackson as a king
succeeded the National Republicans
nominated 3 candidates
Hugh Lawson White (South)
Dan Webster (New England)
William Henry Harrison (West)
thought they could get the election thrown into the House, plan failed
Panic of 1837
o overspeculation by the States
borrowing from State banks
caused those state banks to fail
o Van Buren got blamed for the Panic
Van Buren thought the government had been overspeculating
Independent Treasury Act
attempt to divorce the federal government from banking
hated: "Martin Van Ruin"
Election of 1840
o Whigs
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler put on as Vice President to balance the ticket
"Tippecanoe, and Tyler too"
picture themselves as the real people's party
Log Cabin Campaign
Harrison pictured as a common man, born in a log cabin and drinking hard cider
Van Buren perfumes his side whiskers & drinks champagne
E.C. Booze started packaging his whiskey in log cabin bottles - "booze"
o Democrats
stuck with Van Buren
"Stick with Marty and everything will be OK"
John Tyler
Monday, February 07, 2011
1:41 PM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
Harrison wanted to look youthful on inauguration day, didn't wear a coat, died soon after
John Tyler takes over (was only a Whig because he hated Jackson)
Whigs thought they could control Tyler from the background, didn't work
o Party wanted to recharter the bank
Tyler vetoed Bank bill
every single member of Cabinet, besides Webster, resigned
Webster was Secretary of State
Problems with Great Britain
o 1837 - Caroline Affair
Canada was trying to gain independence from Britain
gun runners were smuggling guns to Canadian rebels
Caroline was caught
an American was killed, ship burnt
Van Buren protested
Alexander McLeod - Canadian, got drunk, accidentally confessed to killing Amos Dorphee on the
Caroline
found innocent (was innocent)
o Aroostook / Lumberjack War
Aroostook Valley - chunk of territory in northern Maine
being used for lumber
both Americans & Canadians claimed the land, bad maps
the Franklin Map had disappeared
Lumberjack War
o The Creole Incident
"The Creole" was transporting slaves from VA to New Orleans
slaves took over the ship
land in a British port, British liberate the slaves
Southerners demand return or refund for slaves
o Lord Ashburton sent from Britain to restore relations with USA
promises that the Creole Incident and Caroline Affair will not be repeated
but we must settle the issue over disputed land in Maine
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842
they would forge a new Franklin Map
USA would give Britain 7/12 of the land if they would get access to an American fort in Canada
(Lake of the Woods fort)
Wang Hya Treaty of 1842
o Treaty of Nankin ended the First Opium War
forced British trade into China, gave GB Honk Kong
o Extended American trade and Extraterritoriality in China
Campaign of 1844
o issue of the Panic had subsided
o main issue was manifest destiny
o Democrats nominated James K. Polk
"reannexation of Texas, reoccupation of Oregon"
wasn't expected to win the nomination
Van Buren expected it
Polk was rep from Tennessee, Speaker of the House
idol was Jackson
o Whigs nominated Henry Clay
Whigs hesitant to expand at first
Clay flip-flops opinion on expansion
Clay lost, partly because of that decision
third party, Liberty Party, nominated Berney (ex-slaveholder)
took votes away from Clay
o Texas & Oregon
Texas
1822 - Mexico declares independence from Spain
Texas sparsely populated
offered land at extremely cheap prices
Stephen S. Austin bought thousands of acres of land in Texas
planted cotton, which thrived
Americans who came to Texas brought their slaves with them
1830 - Mexican gov't banned slavery, banned further American immigration
Americans freed slaves, signed them as indentured servants
Americans hoped that Mexicans would give them home rule
didn't happen
Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico
rejected home rule
began policy of centralizing Mexican control over Texas
The Alamo
group of Americans in San Antonio occupy an abandoned Spanish mission, The
Alamo
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Davey Crocket, James Bowie
all Americans were killed
Goliad
Santa Anna wiped out another garrison there
Sam Houston (American) begins raising up an army
Battle of San Jacinto
Santa Anna defeated, captured
forced to sign treaty granting independence from Mexico
Sam Houston elected President of the Lone Star Republic
want to become a state in the union in 1836
Texas adrift, so Great Britain starts trading with Texas
1842 - Tyler is president, wants Texas
after Webster resigns 1842, makes Abel P. Upshur his Secretary of State
starts negotiating with Texas
Upshur killed
Tyler replaces Upshur with John C. Calhoun
Oregon
Britain and USA have joint ownership over Oregon Territory
1838 - renegotiated, agreed that if anything were to change, one side would have to give one
year's notice
during 1820s, 4 native americans show up in St. Louis
said they were from the Willamette Valley, heard about a powerful new God that the
white man has
triggered missionaries
1830s - missionaries reporting back that the Willamette Valley is beautiful, a garden of eden
by end of 1830s, hundreds of Americans migrating
over 5,000 by 1844
Oregon Trail carved out in 1843
St. Louis to Willamette
Tyler tells the Congress to annex Texas after Presidential election votes come in
Texas is annexed
Polk's first order of business becomes Oregon
The Democratic Review - article by John L. O'Sullivan
coined the phrase manifest destiny
Manifest Destiny
elements of racism
superiority of whites
geography - God would have put mountains
James K. Polk
o very successful
o Jacksonian
one-term president, wasn't concerned with reelection
would veto any bill for a National Bank
reinstated independent treasury system
fought against protective tariffs
true democrat
o Oregon was #1 priority
met Richard Packenham of GB
gave GB their one years notice that they would not renew the agreement
Packenham didn't even relay message to London
Polk was willing to compromise, only get up to the 49th parallel, not what the expansionists
wanted
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"
South Destroyed
o cities were destroyed
o infrastructure nonexistent
o economy collapsed
o 1/5 of males had died in the War
o money/bonds were worthless
o 4 million former slaves (freedmen) whose condition was up in the air
Readmission of the States
o Lincoln proposed the 10% Plan (1864)
extremely lenient (didn't want to alienate Southerners from the Republican party)
general amnesty provided for everyone
except high-ranking Confederate officials/generals
Southern States
had to repudiate their debts
recognize end of slavery
if 10% of people who voted in election of 1860 signed a loyalty pledge, they could be
admitted
Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana readmitted
Congress refused to recognize Lincoln's plan
refused to seat representatives of those states
Republicans split:
Moderates
Conservatives
Radicals
ultimately determined Reconstruction policy
o Wade-Davis Bill
Congress's plan
much harsher
No general amnesty
anyone who fought against the Union lost right to vote
anyone who served in Confederate government would be disenfranchised
required a majority of Southern whites to swear allegiance
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Lincoln pocket vetoed W-D Bill
o Assassination of Lincoln
Lincoln had given a speech April 11
talked about need for reconciliation
John Wilkes Booth was listening
he's calling for "nigger citizenship"
April 14, 1864 - John Wilkes Booth assassinates Abraham Lincoln
Seward & Andrew Johnson were assassination targets also; survived
Booth escaped the Capitol, manhunt found him on April 26
shot & killed
Booth planned elaborate conspiracy to bring down Federal government
8 other conspirators
4 hanged
the chaos created would inspire the South to keep fighting
Booth's plan backfired
united the country
o Andrew Johnson
racist & bigot
didn't want equality for ex-slaves
basically a Southerner
but hated the Planter class
plan for Reconstruction
similar to W-D Bill
differed on general amnesty
willing to give pardons to high-ranking Confederate officials
anyone with an income over $20,000 would have to apply personally to him for a pardon
all Southern states agreed to Johnson's plan
o when Congress reconvened in 1865, refused to seat all Southern representatives/senators
Congress upset at the way Executive Branch had increased its power
Lincoln's extensive wartime powers
Congress has authority, not the President to plan Reconstruction
attitudes of Republicans changed
Lincoln's assassination sparked anger against the South
thought the Democratic party would undermine the Republican achievements made during the
war
protective tariff
national bank
Transcontinental Railroad in the North
Confederate leaders elected to Congress
VP Stevens was elected
South hadn't changed at all
Black Codes
attempt to restore white supremacy in the South
spread through Southern states in 1865
prohibited blacks from owning firearms, being out after dark, intermarrying, serving on juries,
owning land, holding jobs other than servants
vagrancy: any black caught without a job, could be arrested & hired out under a contract
blacks must sign labor contracts
if they didn't work a whole year, they gave up rights to any wages from that year
Southern rationale
tons of blacks wandering around
unstable work force
Congress set up commission to investigate Black Codes & Race riots (1866)
Politics of Equilibrium
Party System
o 16 solid Republican states
o 14 solid Democratic states
o 5 swing states
o candidates came from swing states
o elections were very close
o extremely high voter turnout
o parties on same page
pro-business
laissez-faire
disagreed on tariffs, but not on party lines
o Constituents:
Democrats:
immigrants
Dems less nativist than Reps
factory workers
Republicans
Protestants
middle class
National Government
o Gov't did very little in the postwar period
delivered mail, maintained military, conducted foreign policy, spurred industry
Rutherford B. Hayes
o crippled from the start by the Compromise of 1877
o Dems refused to talk with him, controlled the House
o Republicans split:
Half-Breeds
in favor of some type of civil reform
Stalwarts
machine politicians led in Senate by Roscoe Conkling
both factions were fighting to control patronage
Election of 1880
o Republicans still split
they split the ticket
James Garfield - Half-Breed (P)
Chester A. Arthur - Stalwart (VP)
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James Garfield elected, assassinated
o disappointed office-seeker - Charles Guiteau - shoots president, says "I'm a stalwart and Arthur's president
now"
Thought he'd be getting a job
Chester A. Arthur
o upon death of Garfield, began to support Civil Service Reform (Half-Breed)
o Pendleton Act of 1883 (Civil Service Reform Act) - merit replaced patronage for federal jobs
president can, by executive order, increase percentage of jobs that were merit-based
all presidents increased it
Election of 1884
o Arthur wasn't re-nominated
o Republicans turn to James G. Blaine
champion of Civil Service Reform
corrupt
sold a senate vote for Railroad stock
Mulligan Letters proved this
o Democrats searching for an honest nominee
Grover Cleveland
attracted some Republicans ("mugwumps")
o election was fought over personalities
Republicans exploited Cleveland's illegitimate child
o Cleveland wins
Grover Cleveland (Take One)
o Republicas always associated with high tariffs
o tariffs directly linked to corruption (more money)
Cleveland opposed tariffs, unsuccessful in lowering them
Senate controlled by Reps
Election of 1888
o Benjamin Harrison for Reps
o Cleveland for Dems
o Election fought over tariffs
o Harrison campaigned for higher tariffs, won
Farmers
o 3 villains responsible for falling prices
blamed Railroads
blamed Banks
blamed Gov't for failing to provide money
o Railroads were the biggest issue
offered corporations kickbacks
charged more for shorter distances
Oliver Hudson Kelley - founded first national farm organization, the Patrons of Husbandry (The
Grange)
created to deal with loneliness of farmers
became a political interest group
called for regulation of railroads
backed political candidates
Granger Laws - imposed strict regulations on railroad rates
1877 - Munn v. Illinois - challenged Granger Laws
upheld their constitutionality
1886 - Wabash Case - reversed; states cannot regulate interstate railroads
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
banned pools
railroads must charge reasonable & just rates (never defined the rates)
Rise of Progressivism
Sunday, April 10, 2011
10:08 AM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
Roots of Progressivism
Progressivism is a series of reforms
Social Gospel, Settlement House movements
Populism
o although Progressivism is a middle-class/urban movement
o rejection of laissez-faire & social darwinism
anti-monopoly
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belief in progress
o if you used science to study a problem, there is no problem that can't be solved
o Thorstein Veblen - A Theory of the Leisure Class
modern society needs to be governed by engineers in a "machine process"
mixed feelings on immigration
The Muckrakers
o series of journalists, writers, novelists
o Ida Tarbell - published text exposing Rockefeller's Standard Oil and its corruption
o Lincoln Steffens - wrote The Shame of the City
exposed machine politics, corruption of urban life
o Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives
o Ray S. Baker - dealt with race, plight of blacks in South
o Frank Norris - The Octopus - targeted railroads
o McClure's - magazine
women played critical role in progressive reform movements
o new generation of women who had gone to college, became actively involved in social work
o family size decreasing
o some unmarried, lesbian
"Boston Marriages" - living in lesbian relationships
o women's clubs
General Federation of Women's Clubs
o Temperance Movement
many women believed that root cause of disorder was drunkenness
men got drunk on jobs, so corporate interests backed temperance
WCTU - Women's Christian Temperance Movement
under Francis Willard
Anti-Saloon League - more radical
joined forces
immigrants saw the temperance movement as an attack on them
states made laws prohibiting alcohol
final push for an amendment peaked during WWI
1919 - Prohibition (18th Amendment)
Connecticut, Rhode Island rejected the amendment
o Suffragette Movement
women got right to vote in many Western states
Eastern states denied them suffrage
Anna Howard Shaw & Harry Chapman Catt
w/ Jane Addams, Ida Tarbell
demanded national amendment to give women right to vote
National American Women's Suffrage Association
argument:
actually used the argument that women/men inhabit separate spheres
allow women right to vote because they are different
would be valuable in politics
argument wasn't as threatening as the "we're equal" argument
1913 - Illinois became first Eastern state
1919 - 39 states had granted female suffrage
WWI was final catalyst for the 19th Amendment
women took over male jobs b/c men were away
women extremely active in war bond movement, supporting soldier
a few women wanted full equality
Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger advocated the Equal Rights Amendment
National Women's Party - demanded equal protection for women
Theodore Roosevelt
accidental president
o war hero
o police commissioner
o McKinley assassinated 1901
Roosevelt became president
Roosevelt pledged to be the first president to utilize Sherman Antitrust Act
o differentiated between good & bad trust
o 1902 - instructed Attorney General to break up the Northern Securities Company
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J.P. Morgan, Hill - had monopoly over northwest railroads
Morgan horrified :O
SC approved breakup
o Roosevelt initiated 44 antitrust suits
conservationist, and hunter
o 0.o
first president to actively side with labor
o :O
o 1902 - Coal workers go on strike
mine operators refused to sit down with union reps
Roosevelt worried - people going to freeze this winter
told mine operators to end the strike
workers wanted 8-hour workday & raised wages
Roosevelt sent in troops to mine the coal, not to break up the strike
forced the mine operators to sit down
called the "square deal" - became name for TR's domestic policy
Election of 1904
o Democratics: Alton Parker
won solid south, that's it
o TR sees victory as call to move further left
Second Term
o moved further left
o strengthened ICC
had never defined what "fair and just rates" were
had always been ineffective
1906 - Hepburn Act - allowed ICC to fix rates for the first time
progressives unhappy
lines could still challenge rates in courts, which were conservative
o 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act - regulated labeling of food/medicine
banned use of addictive drugs in medicines
Meat Inspection Act - in response to The Jungle
o 1907 - Roosevelt moves farther left
Workman's Comp
Income Tax
criticized "Old Guard" - conservative Republicans
conservation
Roosevelt & Guilford Pinchot believed in scientific management of wilderness
Old Guard opposed all efforts
Roosevelt used executive orders to get around them
Roosevelt worked with Muir
falling out
Hetch Hetchy - canyon, ideal place for a dam to supply San Fran
Muir was a preservationist - didn't want to develop land at all
o 1907 - recession
Old Guard blamed Roosevelt
Roosevelt gave consent to J.P. Morgan
Morgan wanted to prop up NYC banks to prevent depression
one bank owned a steel company
Morgan proposed that his company, US Steel, buy that steel company to prevent its
failure
Roosevelt agreed not to go after them with antitrust stuff
o Roosevelt decided to retire
1920s
Sunday, April 17, 2011
11:34 AM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
Aftermath of WWI
o War Boards dismantled
o prices rise as people demand goods they couldn't get during the War
inflation, wages didn't keep up
wiped out any gains of workers
o Labor
1919 - unprecedented wave of strikes
general strike in Seattle
steelworkers stroke in eastern and midwestern citites
Lenin created organization to sponsor revolution worldwide
people blame strikes on communists, socialists
o African Americans
frustrated after WWI
many had served, thought it would change white attitudes
race riots of 1919 erupted, more intense than any ever
outbreak of lynching in the south
white vets replaced blacks, who were kicked out of jobs
Black Nationalism
blacks actually fighting back in race riots
advocated that blacks can't depend on whites for anything
Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association
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aimed at establishing black businesses
Garvey established steamship line to bring Africans back to Africa
race riots led to increased Xenophobia, leading to…
o Xenophobia & Red Scare
Communist Party arose in 1919
Post Office intercepted bombs that would explode on arrival
1920 - horrendous explosion in front of the Morgan Bank in wall st., killed 30 people
Fed gov't contributed most to Red Scare
Palmer Raids - arrested over 6,000 people in radical institutions
thought they'd find bomb-making material
Saco & Vinzetti - Italians arrested because they were anarchists
sentenced to death
became symbol of everything wrong with united states, for intellectuals
Immigration Policy
1921 - limited # of immigrants on basis of Census of 1910
3% of nationals in 1910 could enter
1924 - National Origins Act
3% reduced to 2%
all asians now banned from entering the US
1929 - restricted number of immigrants to 150,000
abandoned the quota system
Election of 1920
o Wilson wanted to make election about the League
o Dems: James M. Cox & FDR
o Reps: Warren G. Harding
country needs to look after itself
"return to normalcy"
o Harding won
signaled retreat into isolationism
Recession in aftermath of WWI
o caused by:
reconversion of wartime industries
inflation
price controls lifted
after 1922, economic boom
o US had only healthy industrial economy
o automobile industry
like railroads, propped up other industries
rubber, glass, roads, motels, restaurants
o radio
o home appliances
o plastics
o telephone
Republican administrations of 1920s
o didn't enforce antitrust legislation
o businesses consolidating
o Welfare Capitalism developed to diffuse labor movement
shortened work week, raised wages, shortened hours, paid vacations
survived only as long as industry prospered
o maldistribution of wealth
Labor Movement
o Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - all black union
o head of AFL frowned on strikes
Great Depression
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
1:37 PM
Ryan O'Shea 11B
Herbert Hoover
o Election of 1928
Hoover seemed ideal candidate
self-made man, had education
platform
high protective tariff
prohibition
won over Al Smith
Catholic
first Democrat not to carry south since Reconstruction
Causes of Great Depression
o 1928 - Bull market - stock prices increased greatly
regular people getting involved with the stock market
couldn't last
stock inflated beyond belief
o Oct 29, 1929 - Black Tuesday - all stocks dropped
Industrial Index dropped 43 points in one day
o 20s had rested on 2 industries, which were declining
automobiles
housing
o maldistribution of wealth
due to republican administrations of the 20s - Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
Andrew Mellon - Sec of Treasury
believed in trickle-down theory of economics
slashed tax rates for wealthy, corps, but not for middle class and poor
o credit structure
especially with farmers
crop prices falling, couldn't pay loans, defaulted and lost farms
rural banks went under as farmers defaulted
larger banks investing heavier in the market
when market collapses, money vanishes
larger banks also failing
Federal Reserve board should have lowered interest rates
raised rates
further contracted money supply
o international trade
WWI economics
Allies borrowed from US during the war
Allies planned to pay off debts with German reparations
Germany borrowing from US to pay Allies
circular trade system
Republican admins were the reason it failed
Underwood-Simmons tariff had lowered tariffs in 1912
Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised rates right back up
Europe can't sell goods in US, can't pay off debt
so US loaning more money
Hoover passed Hawley-Smoot Tariff - highest protective rates in US history
depression led to collapse of European banks
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incredibly high unemployment
o hobos - hopped trains looking for work
1/3 of farmers lost their land
charities
o soup kitchens, bread lines
o charities overwhelmed
people turned states
o unemployed people not paying taxes
o states' budgets shrinking, can't help people
people last turned to federal government
o Hoover reluctant to provide relief
Dust Bowl - huge drought in 30s
o hurt the farmers even more
o many farmers went to California
many from Oklahoma - Okies
John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath
blacks were first to get laid off
o in South, whites demanded that all blacks laid off
"blackshirts"
o Great Migration continued
o Scottsborough Case
blacks accused of rape, without evidence
white jury sentenced them to death
NAACP got involved, forced a re-trial
5 of 4 were ruled innocent
Mexicans
o discriminated just as blacks
o 500,000 mexicans went back to mexico
women
o many were immune to layoffs, because they didn't work in industry
People blamed themselves for depression
Middletown
people turned to entertainment to take their minds off
o Gone With the Wind, the Wizard of Oz
o Frank Capra
celebrated small-town America
It's a Wonderful Life, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
o Hemingway, John dos Pasos
o John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath
o mostly, popular literature was escapist
Hoover
o first response is to restore confidence
tried to get business/labor to cooperate
o Hoover tried to prop up farmers
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 - attempted to subsidize farmers by creating Farm Board
bought up surpluses to raise prices
o Hawley-Smoot Tariff - exact opposite of what the market needed
Highest tariff in US history
caused Economy of Europe to collapse
o Reconstruction Finance Act - set up Reconstruction Finance Corporation
designed to bail out banks, railroads, and pump money into economy for public works
small business wasn't helped by RFC
o by 32, 33 - Hoover being blamed for the Depression