A

SKILL DEVELOPMENT RECORD NOTE

FOR
CAMPUS TO CORPORATE
Submitted
YENUGANTI SAI PRANAY GOUD
By

(H.T.NO.: 16P25A0416)
Record Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Degree Of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Under The Guidance Of
Mrs.CH.ANUSHA,
MBA

Sun International Institute for Tourism & Management

(AFFILIATED TO BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY)
VST CROSS ROAD, HYDERABAD – 500020
(2016-2019)

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 Date:...........................

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the Skill Development Record Note (SDRN)

submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of BBA from Sun
International Institute for Tourism & Management, Bharathiar University,
was carried out by YENUGANTI SAI PRANAY GOUD H.T. NO.
16P25A0416 under my guidance. This has not been submitted to any other
University or institution for the award of any degree/diploma/certificate.

Project Guide External Examiner

Mrs.Ch.Anusha,

Head of the Department Director

(Management
Studies)

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Record submitted by me to the Department of Business

Management, BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY, is a bonafide work undertaken by me and it is
not submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma
certificate or published any time before.

Place: Hyderabad
Date: ......................

YENUGANTI SAI PRANAY GOUD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is my primary responsibility to acknowledge all the people who spent their precious time
for us and lead their hands for the successful completion of my project. It is pleasure to
express my sincere gratitude to Sun International Institute for Tourism & Management for
giving me such enormous opportunity.

I express my sincere thanks to Mrs.Vani (Director), Mrs.P.SriVani (H.O.D) for permitting

me in doing the record in college.

I would like to thank Mrs.Ch.Anusha (Project Guide), for supporting me in carrying out
my record and attaining my results.

YENUGANTI SAI PRANAY GOUD

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 INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 SELF INTRODUCTION 06

2 ETIQUETTE ELABORATE 07

3 Corporate Etiquette 08

4 Workplace Etiquette 11

5 Business Etiquette 14

6 Email Etiquette 17

7 Telephone Etiquette 22

8 Meeting Etiquette 24

9 ATTIRE ASPECTS 27

10 Formal & Informal Dressing 28

11 Dress Sense & Grooming Skills 33

12 E-COMMUNICATION 36

13 Email Id & Communication 37

14 Skype & Social Networking 44

15 APTITUDE APETIZER 52

16 Quantitative Verbal Aptitude & Reasoning 48

17 ATTITUDE BUILDING 52

18 Positive Attitude 56

19 Great Personalities 58

20 CONCLUSION 65

Power Point Presentation

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SELF INTRODUCTION

NAME: YENUGANTI SAI PRANAY GOUD

AGE: 19
My educational qualification are
I have done my schooling in ST.DON BOSCO HIGH SCHOOL
And my intermediate in SAI CHAITANYA JR COLLEGE
At present am pursuing my BBA 3rd year in sun internationalinstitute

PERSONAL DETAILS:

FATHER NAME: YENUGANTI RAJENDHAR GOUD

(he is an business man)
MOTHER NAME: YENUGANTI PADMALATHA GOUD
(she is an house wife)
I have an elder brother
My hobbies are
Playing cricket

MY AIM TO BECOME SUCCESSFUL PERSON IN MY LIFE.

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ETIQUETTE ELABORATE

Webster defines it as "the forms, manners, and ceremonies established by convention as

acceptable or required in social relations, in a profession, or in official life." Etiquette is
respect, good manners, and good behavior. It is not just each of these things, but it is all of
these things rolled into one. For the purposes of this guide we will focus on five elements of
business behavior: Work Behavior; Meeting People; Telephone Etiquette; Dining Etiquette;
and Etiquette for Correspondence.

TYPES OF ETIQUETTE

1. Corporate Etiquette
2. Workplace Etiquette
3. Business Etiquette
4. Email Etiquette
5. Telephone Etiquette
6. Meeting Etiquette

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CORPORATE ETIQUETTE

It is essential for every individual to behave in a socially acceptable way.

Etiquette refers to good manners which help an individual leave his mark in the society.

An individual must know how to behave at the workplace. There is a huge difference
between college and professional life. One needs to be disciplined at the workplace.

Corporate Etiquette refers to set of rules an individual must follow while he is at work.
One must respect his organization and maintain the decorum of the place.

Corporate Etiquette refers to behaving sensibly and appropriately at the workplace to create
an everlasting impression. No one would take you seriously if you do not behave well at the
workplace. Remember we can’t behave the same way at work place as we behave at our
homes. One needs to be professional and organized.

It is important to behave well at the workplace to earn respect and appreciation.

Let us go through some Do’s and Don’ts at workplace:

1. Never adopt a casual attitude at work. Your office pays you for your hard work
and not for loitering around.
2. Don’t peep into other’s cubicles and workstations. Knock before entering
anyone’s cabin. Respect each other’s privacy.
3. Put your hand phone in the silent or vibrating mode at the workplace. Loud
ring tones are totally unprofessional and also disturb other people.
4. Don’t open anyone else’s notepads registers or files without his permission.
5. It is bad manners to sneeze or cough in public without covering your mouth.
Use a handkerchief or tissue for the same.Popping chewing gums in front of co
workers is simply not expected out of a professional.
6. Stay away from nasty politics at the workplace. Avoid playing blame games.

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 7. Keep your workstation clean and tidy. Throw unwanted paper in dustbin and
keep files in their respective drawers. Put a label on top of each file to avoid
unnecessary searching.
8. Never criticize or make fun of any of your colleagues. Remember fighting leads
to no solution. There are several other ways to express displeasure. Sit with your
colleagues, discuss issues face to face and decide on something which is mutually
acceptable.
9. Take care of your pitch and tone at the workplace. Never shout on anyone or
use foul words. It is unprofessional to lash out at others under pressure. Stay calm
and think rationally.
10. Never attend meetings or seminars without a notepad and pen. It is little
tough to remember each and everything discussed in the meeting. Jot down the
important points for future reference. Wait for your turn to speak.
11. Pass on information to all related recipients in the desired form. Communicate
through written modes of communication preferably through emails. Keep your
reporting boss in the loop. Make sure your email signatures are correct.
12. Reach office on time. One must adhere to the guidelines and policies of the
organization. Discipline must be maintained at the workplace.
13. No organization likes to have a shabbily dressed employee. Shave daily and do
not use strong perfumes.
14. Never wear revealing clothes to work. Body piercing and tattoo are a strict no
no at the workplace. Females should avoid wearing heavy jewellery to work.

Don’t pass lewd comments to any of your fellow workers.

1. While having lunch together, do not start till the others have received their food.
Make sure your spoon and fork do not make a clattering sound. Eat slowly to avoid
burping in public.

Respect your fellow workers and help them whenever required.

It is unethical to share confidential data with external parties and any other individual
who is not related to the organization. Data in any form must not be passed to anyone
outside the organization.

Office Stationery is meant to be used only at work. Taking any office property back home
is equivalent to stealing.

2. Make sure you turn off the monitor while you go out for lunch or tea breaks.
Switch off the fans, lights, printer, fax machine, scanner before you leave for the day.

Don’t bring your personal work to office. Avoid taking kids to office unless and until
there is an emergency.

3. Park you car at the space allocated to you. Don’t park your vehicle at the entrance
as it might obstruct someone’s way.
4. Never ever drink while you are at work. Smoke only at the smoking zones.

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Do not leave the restroom with taps on.

Female Employees should stick to minimal make up.

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WORKPLACE ETIQUETTE

Work etiquette is a code that governs the expectations of social behavior in a workplace.
This code is put in place to "respect and protect time, people, and processes."[1] There is no
universal agreement about a standard work etiquette, which may vary from one environment
to another. Work etiquette includes a wide range of aspects such as body language, good
behavior, appropriate use of technology, etc. Part of office etiquette is working well with
others and communicating effectively.

Dress codeed

An example of business casual

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Dress codes are often enforced in the workplace to "dress in a manner appropriate to their
responsibilities."[2] They also allow for a "aesthetical recognition" between members and non-
members.[3] Commonly, employers won't specifically have a dress code, rather the dress code
is regulated through norms and perpetuated through its employees.[4] Business casual is a
commonly used term when describing what kind of clothing is appropriate for the workplace.
However, specific clothing regulations varies from profession to profession.[4] An example
would be how in an office workplace, it is not appropriate for employees to wear denim jeans
and a T-shirt.
Clothing is not the only thing that dress codes may regulate. Oftentimes, dress codes regulate
accessories such as jewelry and hats. For instance, with the exception of religious
headgear,[5] most dress codes deem it inappropriate to wear hats in the workplace. Casual
Fridays are sometimes allowed in certain workplaces, which allows the employee to wear
jeans or a casual shirt that is inoffensive to others.

Communication and healthy work relationships

Proper "business etiquette and manners" are a very key role in building relationships in the
workplace.[6] In order to maintain healthy work relationships, employees must be team
players, this means having "transparency, [being] caring and empathetic
understanding."[7] Also, using proper body language is important in the workplace. An
employee presenting themselves in a manner that shows respect demonstrates to those above
them that they always maintain professionalism. Something as simple as a handshake speaks
volumes about a person. "Good handshakes" have been found to be integral for maintaining
professionalism and demonstrating respect. Guides emphasize to "grip the other person's
hand firmly, shake three times, and let go."[6] Maintaining eye contact is a good skill to
always remember as eye contact shows interest in the person speaking. Being civil is also
very crucial, so as to avoid "negative workplace communication."[8] One should avoid using
foul language, especially if it is a continuous problem. People should also be aware of their
health and be considerate of others, by not coming into work sick; this can affect everyone
else's health as well. People shouldn't boast about their salaries, or on the contrary, complain
all of the time. It is important to be aware of your very own actions. [9]Getting into a heated
argument or even physical violence in the workplace is not only inappropriate, but can result
in getting fired as most workplaces have a "zero-tolerance" policy on workplace violence of
any kind.[10]

Using Technology
Technology also is an important and emerging resource the workplace. However, since it is a
more recent development in the workplace, not many rules have been implemented regarding
its limits. In terms of cellphones, it is up to the company to regulate cellphone usage.
However, if you work in certain professions, such as construction, it is against Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations to "engage in any practice or activity
that diverts his/her attention while actually engaged in operating the equipment, such as the
use of cellular phones" and using it could lead to suspension or termination.[11]
In terms of other technology, such as computers, online etiquette is just as vital to
maintaining healthy relationships and professionalism. It is important to make sure when
writing emails, memos, or using any form of communication that isn't face-to-face to be clear
and concise so there will be no confusion between coworkers.[6] However, many workplaces
consider it unsuitable for the workplace to use technology at work in order to use social
media platforms or play games. Many employers use disciplinary action to prevent

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employees from using technology inappropriately. Inappropriate use of technology can be but
is not limited to, blogging, instant messaging (IM), using your email for anything not work
related, or texting.

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BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

Etiquette is not some forgotten society nuance – it can be a useful business skill. Here are a
few tips…

Business etiquette is a set of rules that govern the way people interact with one another in
business, with customers, suppliers, with inside or outside bodies. It is all about conveying
the right image and behaving in an appropriate way.

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There are five classic business etiquette sins:

1. Not greeting or using a name

When people in business ignore a simple greeting and acknowledgement, they are losing out
on building a relationship and possibly a sale. People feel respected when they are greeted,
and if their name is known and used it is always impressive. Something as simple as eye
contact, a smile, just using some basic social skills in order to make them feel welcome. For
example, say something like: “Good morning, welcome, how can I help you?”, rather than
“Yeah, can I help you?”.

2. Leaving people waiting

Leaving people waiting, especially if they have an appointment, without any kind of
explanation or apology is rude. Waits can be five minutes or in some cases over an hour.
Whichever, a simple apology or explanation, and time frame, is all that is needed.

3. Interrupting
Often people will just barge in and interrupt a conversation or meeting that is occurring
without even apologising to the people involved, which is very impolite, even for a senior
manager with an important issue. Mobile phones can cause problems, with people taking
calls in the middle of meetings, for example. It is good business etiquette to switch a phone
off before the meeting, or if you are waiting on an urgent call from someone, let the people in
the meeting know. Most importantly, wrap up the conversation as quickly as possible.

4. Lack of courtesy and respect

Often a customer making an unusual request will receive quite negative reactions, and will be
treated as if they have no right to make such a request. When someone has a special
requirement or seems demanding, they should still be treated politely and with respect. Rules
can be explained and enforced, but it doesn’t mean it has to be done with attitude.

5. Breaking a confidence
If someone tells you something in confidence, it is not acceptable to go around telling other
people about it. These behaviours create a negative impression of your business. Successful
organisations often have one thing that is embedded into the way the organisation works, and
that is a high standard of business etiquette.

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Rules for good business etiquette
Always use names in a meeting

It is easy to forget people’s names when in a business meeting, and for this reason it is a good
idea to write all the names down (and check their spelling) on a piece of paper in front of you.

It is common to say “treat others as you would like to be treated yourself”. However,
different people have different expectations. You might like to be called by your first name
when being greeted by a service provider, however someone else might prefer to be referred
to more formally – Mr, Ms, or Mrs.

You should not just assume that people like things the same way you do. If in doubt about the
level of formality to use, it is probably better to go for more formality, rather than less, to
avoid offending anyone.

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EMAIL EIQUETTE

What is Email?
Electronic mail, most commonly called email or e-mail since around 1993, is a method of
exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Email operates across
the Internet or other computer networks.

Email is an information and communications technology. It uses technology to communicate

a digital message over the Internet. Users use email differently, based on how they think
about it. There are many software platforms available to send and receive. Popular email
platforms include Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook, and many others.

What is email etiquette?

Email etiquette refers to the principles of behavior that one should use when writing or
answering email messages. It is also known as the code of conduct for email
communication. Email etiquette depends upon to whom we are writing- Friends & Relatives,
Partners, Customers, Superior or Subordinates.

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Why should we follow email etiquette?
We must follow email etiquette in our professional communication because it is a form of
communication which is a reflection of senders and responders. Bad email etiquette reflects
badly on us, and a record of this is kept in mailboxes over which we have no control. Good
email etiquette reflects well on us, improves our public perception and persona and increases
the chance of a prompt and comprehensive response. It’s not hard to maintain good email
etiquette once we know what it is. A company needs to implement etiquette rules for the
following three reasons:

 Professionalism: by using proper email language your company will

convey a professional image.
 Efficiency: emails that get to the point are much more effective than
poorly worded emails.
 Protection from liability: employee awareness of email risks will
protect your company from costly law suits.

Dos…

 Write in a positive tone “When you complete the report.” instead of

“If you complete the report.”
 Be concise and to the point: Do not make an e-mail longer than it
needs to be.
 Address all the questions or concerns to avoid delays: An email reply
must answer all questions, which will not only save yours and you
customer’s time but also your customer will be impressed with your
efficient service.

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 Use proper spelling, grammar & punctuation: Improper spelling,
grammar and punctuation give a bad impression of your company, it
is also important for conveying the message properly.
 Read the email before you send it: It is very important to read the
email before sending as it can prevent it from spelling and
grammatical mistakes and thus, helps you sending a more effective
message.
 Answer all questions, and pre-empt further questions.
 Use a font that has a professional or neutral look.
 People just want to know what you want, so state that, in the first
sentence.
 Provide all supporting information that will help the recipient complete
an action or respond successfully.
 Keep language gender neutral. Apart from using him/her, you can
also use the neutral gender: ''The user should add a signature by
configuring the email program”.
 Use active instead of passive: Try to use the active voice of a verb
wherever possible. For instance, 'We will process your order today',
sounds better than 'Your order will be processed today'.
 Avoid using URGENT and IMPORTANT: Even more so than the
high-priority option, you must at all-time try to avoid these types of
words in an email or subject line.
 Use proper structure & layout: Use short paragraphs and blank lines
between each paragraph. When making points, number them or mark
each point as separate to keep the overview.
 Add disclaimers to your emails: This can help protect your company
from liability.
 Take one last look at your distribution list – is this email necessary
for all recipients.
 Once the email discussion goes beyond 2-3 replies anyway, it’s time
to pick up the phone.
 Check your Inbox just before you leave office.
 Write about one thing
 Stick to one subject, with one request. Once that’s done, you can
send a second one.
 If you write about multiple things, with multiple requests, it is likely
that:
 your email won’t be read or acted on
 the receiver will only do one of those things
 Keep flaming under control

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  Before you send an email message, ask yourself, “would I say this to
this person’s face?”
 Calm down before responding to a message that offends you. Once
you send the message it is gone.
 Read your message twice before you send it and assume that you
may be misinterpreted when proofreading.
 Empathize with the sender’s frustration and tell them they are right if
that is true.

Don’ts …….

 Do not copy a message or attachment without permission: Do not

 copy a message or attachment belonging to another user without
permission of the originator.
 Do not use email to discuss confidential information:Sending an
email is like sending a postcard. If you don't want your email to be
displayed on a bulletin board, don't send it
 Do not take your reader by surprise or press them to the wall.
 Do not wait until the end of the day to introduce a problem or
concern via memo or email.
 Avoid writing a litany of concerns that you have been harboring for
a long period of time.
 Don’t overuse the High Priority function: If you overuse the high
priority option, it will lose its function when you really need it. We
all know the story of the boy who cried wolf. If you overuse the high
priority option, it will lose its function when you really need it.
Besides, even if a mail has high priority, your message will come
across as slightly aggressive if you flag it as 'high priority'. Likewise,
be careful using the words Urgent or Important in the subject line.
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 Never respond if you are upset: Take some time to cool off and
consider appropriate response.
 Don’t Attach unnecessary files- Wherever possible try to compress
attachments and only send attachments when they are productive.
 Don’t forget to attach documents: If you plan to attach a
document, do it as soon as you refer to the document in the email. So
often people forget to attach even when they indicate an attachment,
Wagner says. It pays to attach right away so you don’t have to send a
second email.
 Never Use sarcasm or rude jokes as it a professional/ formal
communication.
 Avoid irrelevant information: It can confuse your reader.
 Avoid using long sentences
 Do not write in capital :WRITING IN CAPITALS MAKES IT
SEEM AS IF YOU ARE SHOUTING. This can be highly annoying
and might trigger an unwanted response in the form of a flame mail.
Never send any email with all text in capitals.
 Do not overuse Reply to All: Only use Reply to all if you really need
your message to be seen by each person who received the original
message.
 Do not use abbreviations: In business emails, do not use
abbreviations such as Plz (please), BTW (by the way) and LOL
(laugh out loud). The same goes for emoticons, such as :-).
 Don’t write a long introduction, don’t tell a story. Skip the nicetie

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TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE

Presenting a professional image, both in person and on the telephone, is very important in the
Office Skills profession. Taking care of your customers over the telephone and making them
feel well informed and appreciated is essential. Whether you are the front office receptionist
or an executive secretary, the follo wing phone tips should always be followed.

1. Speak clearly. A picture paints a thousand words but the caller on the other end of the
phone can only hear you. They cannot see your face or body language. Therefore, taking the
time to speak clearly, slowly and in a cheerful, professional voice is very important.

2. Use your normal tone of voice when answering a call. If you have a tendency to speak loud
or shout, avoid doing so on the telephone.

3. Do not eat or drink while you are on telephone duty. Only eat or drink during your coffee
break or lunch break.

4. Do not use slang words or Poor Language. Respond clearly with “yes” or “no” when
speaking. Never use swear words.

5. Address the Caller Properly by his or her title. (i.e. Good morning Mr. Brown, Good
afternoon Ms. Sanders). Never address an unfamiliar caller by his or her first name.

6. Listen to the Caller and what they have to say. The ability to listen is a problem in general
but it is very important to listen to what the caller has to say. It is always a good habit to
repeat the information back to the client when you are taking a message. Verify that you have
heard and transcribed the message accurately.

7. Be patient and helpful. If a caller is irate or upset, listen to what they have to say and then
refer them to the appropriate resource. Never sn ap back or act rude to the caller.

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8. Always ask if you can put the caller on hold. If you are responsible for answering multiple
calls at once, always ask the caller politely if you may put them on hold. Remember that the
caller could have already waited several minutes before getting connected to you and may not
take lightly to being put on hold. Never leave the person on hold for more than a few seconds
or they may become upset and hang up.

9. Always focus on the call. Try not to get distracted by people around you. If someone tries to
interrupt you while you are on a call, politely remind them that you are on a customer call and
that you will be with them as soon as you are finished.

Making Calls

1. Always identify yourself properly. When calling a clie nt or

customer, whether in person or when leaving a message, always identify yourself properly by
providing your name, company name and contact telephone number. For example, "Good
afternoon Mr. Brown, this is Ms. Brown from Officeskills.org. My telephone number is 408 -
555-1212." Always be aware of confidential information when leaving messages. Also, be
aware of people around you while talking on the phone. Be discreet! Someone next to you
might overhear confidential information that could negatively affe ct your business.

2. Avoid leaving long winded messages. Remember, someone has to listen to your message,
write it down and then act upon it. Your message may be just one of many messages that need
to be handled. It is often a good habit to write down or t ype out your message in advance.
Keep it brief and to the point.

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MEETING ETIQUETTE

A meeting is as successful as the positive contributions of its members. There are various
ways you can contribute in a meeting, sometimes in a formal way (as chair, vice chair or
scribe) and many informal ways through speaking, summarising, guiding a small discussion,
or asking questions to clarify what you have heard.
Here are seven practical steps to a meeting that will make a difference, and a box of ‘handy
hints’ to bring them all together.
• Meetings are for the benefit of all and no one person has the right to dominate or be
disruptive. People should be addressed courteously and should feel comfortable enough to
make their contributions.
• Whilst the Chair is finally responsible for managing the meeting, it is everyone’s
responsibility to make the Chair’s job as smooth as possible for the good of all. The Chair
will aim to ensure that meeting times and agenda items are managed well so that everything
can run to time. They also need to manage contributions, keep contributors from repeating
themselves, and ensure a few individuals do not monopolise the time. This will ensure that
equality and courtesy are maintained.
• Anyone who attends meetings, (whether public or private) should be aware of other
people’s rights to be treated with courtesy. Nobody should feel bullied or insulted or be
verbally attacked by another member. Should one member disagree with another, then there
is a friendly and courteous way to disagree.
• Those wishing to speak should signal their intention to the chair and wait to be invited to
speak. Before speaking, you should construct the points to be made and stick to them,
speaking for as short a time as possible without repetition whilst using clear, acceptable non-
defamatory language. If you fail to make all your points, it may not be possible to have
another chance to speak if a lot of people are waiting, so it is advisable to make a quick note
of bullet points to be made. The chair may need to take a firm line with people who speak
without waiting for an invitation; but the Chair will also need to be aware of any difficulty,
for example sight or hearing impairment, that may affect a person’s perception.
• The Chair has a duty to outlaw disruptive practices, first by warning offenders and then,
should behaviour persist, by asking the meeting if they are happy for the Chair to ask the
offender to leave. This would always be a last resort. August 2011 August 2011
• In group discussion, each participant should make space for all others who so wish, to have
a chance to contribute. Someone giving feedback on behalf of a group, should first check
with others that the summary is an accurate reflection of what was said.

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• Be open to innovation, and prepared to learn from other groups. Handy hints Here’s a
checklist of activities you could go through at the start of your meeting. They give you a clear
summary of what everyone should expect to be able to do, and how they can expect to be
treated. Agree these at the start to ensure a good event which you will all enjoy. Ask yourself
‘Have I…’
• Read the minutes
• Checked the agenda
• Made notes on what I want to say
• Got written responses to anything I’ve been asked to reply to
• Arranged to be there for the whole meeting Tell yourself ‘I will…..’
• Really listen to what people say
• Leave me own problems at the door
• Compliment the work of at least one member
• Make my criticisms constructively
• Make at least one well prepared contribution
• Enjoy myself

INTRODUCTION.
This document was prepared because members of the AMHE Board are regarded as role
model for the entire membership. Presented below are ethical behavioral guidelines as
established and practiced by well known professional organizations. BACKGROUND &
RATIONALE. As defined, etiquette refers to good manners required by an individual to find
a place in society. It is appropriate for an individual to behave appropriately in a group or in
public to earn and retain respect and appreciation. Meeting Etiquette refers to codes of
behavior an individual ought to follow while attending meetings and discussions.  AMA
uses Sturgis Parliamentary Rules and other organizations utilize Roberts Rules to conduct and
control the meeting processes and avoid disruption. Both set of rules are focused on inherent
orderly processes and presume, without defining parameters of behavioral compliance of
participants.  2007 International Good Practice Guidance provides a set of rules of meeting
behaviors. These rules represent “principles, values, standards” to “ guide decisions,
procedures and systems of an organization in a way that contributes to the welfare of
stakeholders and respects the rights of all constituents affected.”  Meetings are a major
component of AMHE functioning. Members sit together on a common platform to exchange
views and opinions and reach solutions benefitting the association that are mutually
acceptable to all. They all must maintain the decorum of AMHE.  Behavior of participants
at a meeting is important to the success of a meeting.  Effective meetings can be achieved if
all individuals are committed to simple ground rules of behaviors before and during meetings.
 In that vein, the following “Meeting Etiquette Rules” are submitted. PROPOSED
MEETING ETIQUETTE RULES Appropriate etiquette meeting behavior reflects respect for
self, others and the AMHE. Preparation for meeting: review agenda and all applicable
documents. Never be late for meeting unless prior notice given Do not deviate/digress from
key points on agenda Practice cell phone etiquette during meeting. Address all contributions
to the meeting via the Chair Participants should not have meetings within meeting.
Participants should respect each other’s contribution and not interrupt when someone is
speaking. Participants should take turn talking Participants should act in a way that is fair and
unbiased Participants should make sure that their comments do not amount to personal attack
on another individual and should avoid using heated, emotional and value loaded language
and behavior. Participants should avoid acting or speaking in a way that may be perceived as

25
bullying, abusive, discriminatory or derogatory. Individual and personal disputes should not
be allowed to affect conduct within the meeting but should be resolved elsewhere. Any
participant who does not comply with the Meeting Etiquette rules will be asked to leave the
meeting by the Chairperson. Any person excluded from an individual meeting because of
behavior will only be allowed to return to future meetings if they agree to abide by the rules.

26
ATTIRE ASPECTS

27
a set of rules specifying the garb or type of clothing to be worn by a group or by people
under specific circumstances: a military dress code; The restaurant's dress code requires men
to wear jackets and ties at dinner.

FORMAL & INFORMAL DRESSING

Formal wear,
formal attire or full dress is the traditional Western dress code category applicable for the
most formal occasions, such
as weddings, christenings, confirmations, funerals, Easter and Christmas traditions, in
addition to certain audiences, balls, and horse racing events. Formal attire is traditionally
divided into formal day and evening attire; implying morning dress before 6 p.m., and white
tie (dress coat) afterwards.[citation needed] Generally permitted other alternatives, though, are the
most formal versions of ceremonial dresses (including court dresses, diplomatic
uniforms and academic dresses), full dress uniforms, religious clothing, national costumes,
and most rarely frock coats. In addition, formal attire may be instructed to be worn with
official orders and medals.
With background in the 19th century, the protocol indicating particularly men's formal attire
have remained virtually unchanged since the early 20th century, and remains observed so in
certain settings influenced by Western culture: notably around Europe, the Americas,
and Australia, in addition to Japan. For women, although fundamental customs for ball
gowns (and wedding gowns) likewise apply, changes in fashion have been more dynamic.
Optional conventional headgear for men is the top hat, and for women picture hats etc. of a
range of interpretations.

"Formal attire" being the most formal dress code, it is followed by semi-formal attire,
equivalently based around daytime stroller, and evening black tie i.e. dinner suit (tuxedo),
and evening gown for women. The lounge suit and cocktail dress in turn only comes after this

28
level, associated with informal attire. Notably, if a level of flexibility is indicated (for
example "uniform, morning coat or lounge suit", as seen to the royal wedding of Prince Harry
and Meghan Markle in 2018), the host tend to wear the most formal interpretation of that
dress code in order to save guests the embarrassment of out-dressing.
Since the most formal versions of national costumes are typically permitted as exceptions to
the uniformity in Western formal dress code, conversely, since most cultures have at least
intuitively applied some equivalent level of formality, the versatile framework of Western
formal dress codes open to amalgation of international and local customs have influenced its
competitiveness as international standard. From these social conventions derive in turn also
the variants worn on related occasions of varying solemnity, such as
formal political, diplomatic, and academic events, as well as
certain parties including award ceremonies, high school proms, dance events, fraternal orders,
etc.

INFORMAL DRESSING

Informal wear, also called business/corporate/office wear, tenue de ville and (colloquially) dress
clothes, is a Western dress code for clothing typified by a suit with necktie for men, and cocktail
dress or pant suit for women. On the scale of formality, it is considered less formal than semi-formal but
more formal than casual wear, yet retaining availability for more personal expression than semi-
formal dress.
Thus, informal should not be confused with casual wear such as business casual or smart casual despite
that in loose common usage, some people may refer to informal dress as "formal" in contrast with merely
casual. The technical, traditional definition of informal is used in this article.
The informal attire is most commonly used for business events and meetings, job interviews, or in
professions like law and finance. It is a traditional dress code that aims to indicate respect to the situation
and not draw attention.[1]

29
CAMPARISON BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL DRESSSING

Key Difference: Formal is often associated with the conventional or etiquette. It means
to be in accord with the established procedures, forms, conventions or rules. It is also
associated with official norms. On the other hand, informal denotes a non formal style.
It indicates a causal manner characterized by relaxed and friendly attitude.

Formal and informal are antonyms to each other. Formal defines an official style or manner.
On the other hand, informal can be associated with a casual or a friendly manner. Thus,
anything that is associated with the 'formal' attribute is regarded to be in accordance to certain
rules and regulations or based on a standard format.

Informal is just the opposite of formal. Something that is informal need not follow rules or
regulations. It may also not be based on any f the conventional procedures. Informal approach
is a casual type of approach. It is often associated with a friendly manner.

For example, a formal letter is a type of letter that is written according to a standard business
format. This letter is generally written for correspondence between organizations and
customers, etc. On the other hand, an informal letter is written in a friendly manner to friends,
relatives, etc. and there is no fixed format to refer to while writing such a letter. Both the
terms are generally used as adjectives.

30
 Formal Informal

1. Being in
accordance
with the usual
requirements,
customs, etc.;
conventional:
to pay one's
formal respects.
2. Marked by
form or
ceremony: a
formal
occasion.
3. Designed for
wear or use at
occasions or 1. Without formality or ceremony; casual: an informal
events marked visit.
by elaborate 2. Not according to the prescribed, official, or
Definition
ceremony or customary way or manner; irregular; unofficial:
prescribed informal proceedings.
(Dictionary.com)
social 3. Suitable to or characteristic of casual and familiar,
observance: but educated, speech or writing.
The formal 4. (Grammar) characterizing the second singular
attire included pronominal or verbal form, or its use, in certain
tuxedos and
full-length
gowns.
4. Requiring a
type of dress
suitable for
such occasions:
a formal dance.
5. Observant of
conventional
requirements of
behavior,
procedure, etc.,
as persons;
ceremonious.

 They are
planning to host
Examples in  She was wearing an informal dress.
a formal dinner
sentences  It is just an informal letter.
party.
 Dad is an informal term for father.
 A formal
request is to be

31
 made by the
ministers.
 The word ‘shall’
is generally
used in formal
situations.

A formal dress
refers to the dress
that is regarded to
be suitable for
An informal dress refers to a dress that is found to be
events like wedding,
Dress appropriate to be worn in everyday affairs. It is a casual
garden party,
clothing style.
etc. For men, a
formal dress is
generally a business
suit.

A formal language
is language that has An informal language may have grammar or spelling
Language
no grammar or mistakes. It often uses slang words.
spelling mistakes.

A formal
organization is
marked by a set of An informal organization is a network consisting of
Organization rules and personal and social relationships, in which friendships
regulations that are formed within the organization.
must be followed by
the employees.

Formal meetings are

preplanned with a
Informal meetings are generally last minute meetings.
fixed agenda to be
Meetings They have casual discussions. These meetings can take
discussed. It takes
place in restaurants, etc.
place in an official
set-up.

32
DRESS SENSE AND GROOMING SKILLS

A Dress sense is a set of written and, more often, unwritten rules with regard to clothing. Clothing, like
other aspects of human physical appearance, has a social significance, with different rules and expectations
applying depending on circumstance and occasion. Within a single day, an individual may need to navigate
between two or more dress codes. For example, many navigate between a home dress code and a work
dress code; usually this ability is a result of cultural acclimatization.[clarification needed] Different societies and
cultures will have different dress norms, although Western dress codes are widely accepted as valid
internationally.
The dress code has built in rules or signals indicating the message being given by a person's clothing and
how it is worn. This message may include indications of the person's gender, income, occupation
and social class, political, ethnic and religious affiliation, attitude towards comfort, fashion, traditions,
gender expression, marital status, sexual availability, and sexual orientation, etc. Clothes convey other
social messages including the stating or claiming personal or cultural identity, the establishing,
maintaining, or defying social group norms, and appreciating comfort and functionality.
For example, wearing expensive clothes of high quality can communicate wealth or the image of wealth.
The observer sees the expensive clothes, but may misinterpret the extent to which these factors apply to the
wearer. Clothing can convey a social message, even if none is intended: if the receiver's code of
interpretation differs from the sender's code of communication, misinterpretation follows. However clothes
may be worn because they are comfortable and practical, not to convey a message.
In every culture, current fashion governs how clothing is constructed, assembled, and worn to convey a
social message. The rate of change of fashion varies, clothes and its accessories within months or days,
especially in small social groups or in communications media-influenced modern societies. More extensive
changes, requiring more time, money, and effort to effect, may span generations. When fashion changes,
the messages communicated by clothing change.

33
GROOMING SKILLS

‘First impression is the last impression’: this old adage becomes all the more
relevant in an interview setting. The way a person dresses up for the interview
gives an indication of his suitability for the job. Selection of wrong attire can be
a turn off for the interviewers and may result in you losing the hard earned
opportunity. To avoid such a scenario, let us gain a few insights for dressing up
for an interview
•The attire should be according to the environment and work culture.
•Dress up should be appropriate and comfortable.
•Clothes need not to be expensive but should be clean and well-ironed.
Interview is an important part of the selection process. Even before you get a
chance to showcase your skills, you have already been judged on the basis of
your appearance and clothing. Both the male and the female candidates need to
ensure that they dress up suitably for the occasion.
Attire for male candidates at an interview:
•A two piece matched suit is the safest choice.
•Colours chosen may be black, navy blue and dark grey.
•If the suit is unaffordable, a light coloured full sleeves shirt may be paired with
dark trousers.
•Either a blazer or a full sleeve sweater may be worn as part of the formal
attire.
•A plain tie goes with a suit or a shirt.
•Wear a dark coloured belt and avoid any shiny accessories.
•Dark coloured socks of mid-calf length should be worn so that the skin is not
visible while sitting.
•Black or brown coloured formal shoes may be worn .
•Avoid casual or sports shoes
•Do not try a new look before an interview. Hair cut may be taken a week prior
to the interview. .
•Male candidates should wear a formal watch, if affordable.
Attire for female candidates at an interview:
•Female candidates should dress up according to the culture and environment of
the organisation. Choose trousers paired with shirts with a formal blazer or a
sweater.The female candidates may also opt for a saree or a suit.
•A dark-coloured trouser may be paired with a light coloured formal shirt.
•The suit or the saree chosen should be simple without much embroidery or
other work.
•Make-up should be little with light color lipstick or nail colors. The nails
should be clean and well groomed. The interviewee should have her hair neatly
tied up.
•Dark coloured formal shoes should be paired with trousers.
•Wear flat or lightly heeled chappals with saree or salwar kameez.

34
•High heels are a big no.
•The purse chosen should be simple and small. Don’t carry a flashy purse.
Black and brown colours should be preferred.

35
 E-COMMUNICATION

Electronic Communication (e-communication)

36
Communication of information is one of the very essential requirements of a system. We need to
communicate so many things among various offices and officials. The quicker we pass on the information,
the quicker our job gets done.
We are using different modes of communication. Previously we used to communicate the matters by post,
later when telephones became common, the communication improved a lot. Now list out the disadvantages
of communication by post. Shall we use telephone for communicating all official matters? Make a list of
prons and cons of these.
How best we can over come these dis-advantages?
Think over and make some of your own suggestions.

With the advancement in Science and Technology, the communication has reached our fingertips. We can
communicate to any person in the world sitting in a room with an internet connected computer.
Let us try to understand what e-communication is and how useful it is in our communications.
There are various ways of communicating information one of which is e-communication. E-mail is an
electronic mail function that allows you to exchange messages and information with other people on the
network via your computer. To be able to send e-mail your computer has to be
· Connected to internet
· Have e-mail software, which is normally part of any internet
· Browser such as Internet explorer and Netscape.
e-communication is not a new thing now a day. We have Internet facilities almost in every office. You
might have used it to communicate many things of your own or might have done your office
communications also.

37
Activity
You might have done some communications using e-mail and possess an e-mail ID also. Please recall how
you have used the computer for the purposes of e-communication and try to answer the following
questions.

1. What things are required for you to send e-mail?

2. How to compose a mail?
3. What are the points to be remembered while making a write up?

E-mail E-mail is one of the quick ways of communication, that saves a lot of time. The same content can
be forwarded to many at a time. E-mail sent to a person/office can be read anywhere where there is an
access to internet.
Pre-requisites for E-mail

 a computer connected to internet.

 e-mail Identity.
To create an e-mail ID, proceed as follows.

EMAIL- ID AND COMMUNICATION

Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using
electronic devices. Invented by Ray Tomlinson, email first entered limited use in the 1960s and by the
mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email. Email operates across computer networks, which
today is primarily the Internet. Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both
be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-
and-forward model. Email serversaccept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their
computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to a mail
server or a webmail interface, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
Originally an ASCII text-only communications medium, Internet email was extended by Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) to carry text in other character sets and multimedia content
attachments. International email, with internationalized email addresses using UTF-8, has been
standardized, but as of 2017 it has not been widely adopted.[2]
The history of modern Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET, with standards for
encoding email messages published as early as 1973 (RFC 561). An email message sent in the early 1970s
looks very similar to a basic email sent today. Email had an important role in creating the Internet,[3] and
the conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services.

38
Origin
Computer-based mail and messaging became possible with the advent of time-sharing computers in the
early 1960s, and informal methods of using shared files to pass messages were soon expanded into the first
mail systems. Most developers of early mainframes and minicomputers developed similar, but generally
incompatible, mail applications. Over time, a complex web of gateways and routing systems linked many
of them. Many US universities were part of the ARPANET (created in the late 1960s), which aimed
at software portability between its systems. That portability helped make the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) increasingly influential.
For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system
or the X.400 email system, part of the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP), would
predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in
1995,[26][27] a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, POP3 and IMAP email
protocols the standard.

Operation
The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of events[28] that takes place when sender Alice transmits
a message using a mail user agent (MUA) addressed to the email address of the recipient.

Email operation

1. The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of
the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP), to send the message content to the local mail
submission agent (MSA), in this case smtp.a.org.
2. The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the
message header), in this case bob@b.orgwhich is a fully qualified domain address (FQDA). The
part before the @ sign is the local part of the address, often the username of the recipient, and the

39
 part after the @ sign is a domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully
qualified domain name of the mail server in the Domain Name System (DNS).
3. The DNS server for the domain b.org (ns.b.org) responds with any MX records listing the mail
exchange servers for that domain, in this case mx.b.org, a message transfer agent (MTA) server
run by the recipient's ISP.[29]
4. smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to forward the
message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final message delivery agent (MDA).
5. The MDA delivers it to the mailbox of user bob.
6. Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the Post Office Protocol (POP3) or the Internet
Message Access Protocol (IMAP).

In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system:

 Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as IBM Lotus
Notes or Microsoft Exchange. These systems often have their own internal email format and their
clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The
server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway which also
does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction
may happen completely within a single corporate email system.
 Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a webmail service.
 Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.
 Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly,
or by using a webmail service.
 Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if
the primary is not available.
Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them.
Such MTAs are called open mail relays. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when
network connections were unreliable.[30][31] However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by
originators of unsolicited bulk email and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare,[32] and many
MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays.

40
COMMUNICATION

Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share"[1]) is the act of conveying meanings from
one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.
The main steps inherent to all communication are:[2]

1. The formation of communicative motivation or reason.

2. Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to express).
3. Message encoding (for example, into digital data, written text, speech, pictures, gestures and so
on).
4. Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a
specific channel or medium.
5. Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both intentional and
accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more
receivers.
6. Reception of signals and reassembling of the encoded message from a sequence of received
signals.
7. Decoding of the reassembled encoded message.
8. Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.
The scientific study of communication can be divided into:

 Information theory which studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information in
general;
 Communication studies which concerns human communication;
 Biosemiotics which examines communication in and between living organisms in general.
The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile (such as in Braille)
and haptic, olfactory, electromagnetic, or biochemical.
Human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development
of civilization has been closely linked with progress in telecommunication.

41
When communication occurs, it typically happens in one of three ways: verbal, nonverbal and visual.
People very often take communication for granted. Communicators constantly exchange information,
meaning people always seem to be either receiving or giving information. Understanding the different
methods of exchanging information is important especially in business and professional settings. Many
adults have chosen to go back to school and pursue a communication degree online to ensure they have
strong communication skills for a competitive job market.

1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Verbal communication seems like the most obvious of the different types of communication. It utilizes the
spoken word, either face-to-face or remotely. Verbal communication is essential to most interactions, but
there are other nonverbal cues that help provide additional context to the words themselves. Pairing
nonverbal communication with the spoken word provides a more nuanced message.

2. NONVERBAL CUES SPEAK VOLUMES

Nonverbal communication provides some insight into a speaker’s word choice. Sarcasm, complacency,
deception or genuineness occur within nonverbal communication. These things are often communicated
through facial expressions, hand gestures, posture and even appearance, all of which can convey something
about the speaker. For instance, a disheveled speaker with wrinkled clothes and poor posture would
communicate a lack of confidence or expertise. A speaker with a nice suit, who stood up straight and spoke
clearly, may appear more serious or knowledgeable.

42
3. VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual types of communication include signs, maps or drawings as well as color or graphic design. These
typically reinforce verbal communication, and they help to make a point. Visual aids can help a speaker
remember important topics, give the audience something to look at, and generally help convey the message
being presented.

43
SKYPE

Skype (/skaɪp/) is a telecommunications application software product that specializes in providing video
chat and voice calls between computers, tablets, mobile devices, the Xbox One console, and smartwatches
via the Internet and to regular telephones. Skype additionally provides instant messaging services. Users
may transmit both text and video messages, and may exchange digital documents such as images, text, and
video. Skype allows video conference calls.
Skype implements a freemium business model. Much of the service is free, but Skype Credit or a
subscription is required to call a landline or a mobile phone number. At the end of 2010, there were over
660 million worldwide users, with over 300 million estimated active each month as of August 2015. At
one point in February 2012, there were 34 million users concurrently online on Skype.
First released in August 2003, Skype was created by the Swede Niklas Zennström and the Dane Janus
Friis, in cooperation with Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn, Estonians who developed the
backend that was also used in the music-sharing application Kazaa. In September 2005, eBay acquired
Skype for $2.6 billion. In September 2009, Silver Lake, Andreessen Horowitz, and the Canada Pension
Plan Investment Board announced the acquisition of 65% of Skype for $1.9 billion from eBay, which
attributed to the enterprise a market value of $2.92 billion. Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 for
$8.5 billion. Skype division headquarters are in Luxembourg, but most of the development team and 44%
of all the division's employees are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia.
Skype allows users to communicate over the Internet by voice, using a microphone, by video using
a webcam, and by instant messaging. Skype-to-Skype calls to other users are free of charge, while calls
to landline telephones and mobile phones (over traditional telephone networks) are charged via a debit-
based user account system called Skype Credit. Some network administrators have banned Skype on
corporate, government, home, and education networks, citing such reasons as inappropriate usage of
resources, excessive bandwidth usage and security concerns.
Skype originally featured a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. Skype has been powered entirely
by Microsoft-operated supernodes since May 2012. The 2013 mass surveillance disclosures revealed that
Microsoft had granted intelligence agencies unfettered access to supernodes and Skype communication
content.

44
Throughout 2016 and 2017, Microsoft redesigned its Skype clients in a way that transitioned Skype from
peer-to-peer service to a centralized Azure service and adjusted the user interfaces of apps to make text-
based messaging more prominent than voice calling. Skype for Windows,[18] iOS, Android,[20] Mac] and
Linux[22] received significant, visible overhauls.

History
Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennström, from Sweden, and Janus Friis, from Denmark.[25] The
Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn. The first public
beta version was released on 29 August 2003.
In June 2005, Skype entered into an agreement with the Polish web portal Onet.pl for an integrated
offering on the Polish market. On 12 September 2005, eBay Inc. agreed to acquire Luxembourg-based
Skype Technologies SA for approximately USD2.5 billion in up-front cash and eBay stock, plus potential
performance-based consideration. On 1 September 2009, eBay announced it was selling 65% of Skype to
Silver Lake, Andreessen Horowitz, and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board for US$1.9 billion,
valuing Skype at US$2.75 billion.

45
Usage and traffic

showUsage and traffic

Year International call market share

2005 2.9%

2006 4.4%

2008 8%

2009 12%

2010 13%

2012 33%

2013 36%

2014 40%

In January 2011, after the release of video calling on the Skype client for iPhone, Skype reached a record
27 million simultaneous online users. This record was broken with 29 million simultaneous online users on
21 February 2011] and again on 28 March 2011 with 30 million online users. On 25 February 2012, Skype
announced that it has over 32 million users for the first time ever. By 5 March 2012, it had 36 million
simultaneous online users, and less than a year later, on 21 January 2013, Skype had more than 50
million concurrent users online. In June 2012, Skype had surpassed 70 million downloads on an Android
device.
On 19 July 2012, Microsoft announced that Skype users had logged 115 billion minutes of calls in the
quarter, up 50% since the last quarter.
On 15 January 2014, TeleGeography estimated that Skype-to-Skype international traffic has gone up to
36% in 2013 to 214 billion minutes.

46
SOCIAL NETWORKING

A social networking service (also social networking site, or SNS or social media) is an online platform
which people use to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal
or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.
The social networks are distributed across various computer networks. The social networks are inherently
computer networks, linking people, organization, and knowledge. Social networking services vary in
format and the number of features. They can incorporate a range of new information and communication
tools, operating on desktops and on laptops, on mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones.
They may feature digital photo/video/sharing and "web logging" diary entries online (blogging). Online
community services are sometimes consider ]social-network services by programmers and users, though in
a broader sense, a social-network service usually provides an individual-centered service whereas online
community services are group-centered. Defined as "websites that facilitate the building of a network of
contacts in order to exchange various types of content online," social networking sites provide a space for
interaction to continue beyond in person interactions. These computer mediated interactions link members
of various networks and may help to both maintain and develop new social ties.
Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, digital photos and videos, posts, and to inform others
about online or real-world activities and events with people in their network. While in-person social
networking – such as gathering in a village market to talk about events – has existed since the earliest
development of towns,[citation needed] the Web enables people to connect with others who live in different
locations, ranging from across a city to across the world. Depending on the social media platform,
members may be able to contact any other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have
a connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, and so on. The success of social
networking services can be seen in their dominance in society today, with Facebook having a massive 2.13
billion active monthly users and an average of 1.4 billion daily active users in 2017. LinkedIn, a career-
oriented social-networking service, generally requires that a member personally know another member
in real life before they contact them online. Some services require members to have a preexisting
connection to contact other members.

47
The main types of social networking services contain category places (such as age or occupation or
religion), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation
system linked to trust. One can categorize social-network services into three types:

 socializing social network services used primarily for socializing with existing friends
(e.g., Facebook)
 online social networks are decentralized and distributed computer networks where users communicate
with each other through internet services.
 networking social network services used primarily for non-social interpersonal communication (e.g.,
LinkedIn, a career- and employment-oriented site)
 social navigation social network services used primarily for helping users to find specific information
or resources (e.g., Goodreads for books)
There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and
interests (see the FOAF standard). A study reveals that India recorded world's largest growth in terms of
social media users in 2013.[5] A 2013 survey found that 73% of U.S. adults use social-networking sites.[6]

There is a variety of social networking services available online. However, most incorporate common
features:

 social networking services are Web 2.0, Internet-based applications

 user-generated content (UGC) is the lifeblood of social networking services.
 users create service-specific profiles for the site or app that are designed and maintained by the SNS
organization
 social networking services facilitate the development of online social networks by connecting a user's
profile with those of other individuals or groups.

A challenge of definition
The variety and evolving range of stand-alone and built-in social networking services in the online space
introduces a challenge of definition. Furthermore, the idea that these services are defined by their ability to
bring people together provides too broad a definition. Such a broad definition would suggest that
the telegraph and telephone were social networking services – not the Internet technologies scholars are
intending to describe. The terminology is also unclear, with some referring to social networking services
as social media.

Attempting definition
A recent attempt at providing a clear definition reviewed the prominent literature in the area and identified
four commonalities unique to current social networking services:
(1) social networking services are interactive Web 2.0 Internet-based applications,
(2) user-generated content (UGC), such as user-submitted digital photos, text posts, "tagging",
online comments, and diary-style "web logs" (blogs), is the lifeblood of the SNS organism,
(3) users create service-specific profiles for the site or app that are designed and maintained by the
SNS organization, and
(4) social networking services facilitate the development of social networks online by connecting
a user's profile with those of other individuals or groups.

48
Offline and online social networking services

Differences between offline and online social networking services

Characteristic Offline social network Online social network

Huge number of ties technologically

While the number of cognitively
possible, but average number is
manageable ties is limited to about 150
limited, e.g., Facebook: 395 (Tong et
Degree (Dunbar 2003), most people report having
al. 2008), LinkedIn: 149 (Utz 2016),
centrality 14-56 ties at average (Granovetter
XING: 121 (Buettner 2016c),
1983; van Tilburg 1995; Christakis and
Twitter: 150-250 (Gonçalves et al.
Fowler 2009)
2011; Hofer and Aubert 2013)

Symmetric (e.g., Facebook,

LinkedIn, XING, cf. Buettner
Usually symmetric (reciprocal behavior, cf.
Symmetry (2016d)) and asymmetric (e.g.,
Buettner (2009))
Twitter, cf. Buettner and Buettner
(2016))

Positive (92-97 %) and negative (3-8 %) tie

relationships (Kane et al. 2014) can be
Except through blocking (e.g.,
managed using high sophisticated
Twitter) or hiding (e.g., Facebook)
Affect coordination mechanisms such as
limited support to deal with negative
argumentation and negotiation (Buettner
tie relationships
2006a, 2006b; Landes and Buettner
2012; Buettner 2016a)

9-37 strong ties and 68-131

2-8 strong ties and 12-48 weak/latent ties on
weak/latent ties on average (Levin
Strength average (Granovetter 1983; Christakis and
and Cross 2004; De Meo et al.
Fowler 2009)
2014; Utz 2016)

High because of technological

Dynamic of Low due to manual interaction (Freeman
support (Miritello et al. 2013; Kane
change 1977; Miritello et al. 2013)
et al. 2014)

49
History

Most popular social networking sites by country

Facebook
Twitter
VKontakte
QZone
Odnoklassniki
Telegram
no data

The potential for computer networking to facilitate newly improved forms of computer-mediated
social interaction was suggested early on Efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated
communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet, ARPANET, LISTSERV,
and bulletin board services (BBS). Many prototypical features of social networking sites were also
present in online services such as America Online, Prodigy, CompuServe, ChatNet, and The WELL.
Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities
such as Theglobe.com (1995), Geocities (1994) and Tripod.com (1995). Many of these early
communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms, and
encouraged users to share personal information and ideas via personal webpages by providing easy-to-
use publishing tools and free or inexpensive webspace. Some communities – such
as Classmates.com – took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email
addresses. PlanetAll started in 1996.
In the late 1990s, user profiles became a central feature of social networking sites, allowing users to
compile lists of "friends" and search for other users with similar interests. New social networking
methods were developed by the end of the 1990s, and many sites began to develop more advanced
features for users to find and manage friends. Open Diary, a community for online diarists, invented
both friends-only content and the reader comment, two features of social networks important to user
interaction.
This newer generation of social networking sites began to flourish with the emergence
of SixDegrees.com in 1997, followed by Open Diary in 1998, Mixi in 1999, Makeoutclub in
2000, Hub Culture and Friendster in 2002, and soon became part of the Internet mainstream.
However, thanks to the nation's high Internet penetration rate, the first mass social networking site was
the South Korean service, Cyworld, launched as a blog-based site in 1999 and social networking
features added in 2001. It also became one of the first companies to profit from the sale of virtual
goods. Friendster was followed by MySpace and LinkedIn a year later, and eventually Bebo.
Friendster became very popular in the Pacific Islands. Orkut became the first popular social
networking service in Brazil (although most of its very first users were from the United States) and
quickly grew in popularity in India (Madhavan, 2007). Attesting to the rapid increase in social
networking sites' popularity, by 2005, it was reported that Myspace was getting more page views
than Google. Facebook, launched in 2004, became the largest social networking site in the world in
early 2009. Facebook was first introduced as a Harvard social networking site, expanding to other
universities and eventually, anyone. The term social media was introduced and soon became
widespread.

50
Features
Typical features
According to Boyd and Ellison's (2007) article, "Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of
Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life", social networking sites share a variety of technical features
that allow individuals to: construct a public/semi-public profile, articulate a list of other users that they
share a connection with, and view their list of connections within the system. The most basic of these are
visible profiles with a list of "friends" who are also users of the site. In an article entitled "Social Network
Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship," Boyd and Ellison adopt Sunden's (2003) description of
profiles as unique pages where one can "type oneself into being". A profile is generated from answers to
questions, such as age, location, interests, etc. Some sites allow users to upload pictures, add multimedia
content or modify the look and feel of the profile. Others, e.g., Facebook, allow users to enhance their
profile by adding modules or "Applications". Many sites allow users to post blog entries, search for others
with similar interests and compile and share lists of contacts. User profiles often have a section dedicated
to comments from friends and other users. To protect user privacy, social networks typically have controls
that allow users to choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and
so on.

Additional features
There is a trend towards more interoperability between social networks led by technologies such
as OpenID and OpenSocial. In most mobile communities, mobile phone users can now create their own
profiles, make friends, participate in chat rooms, create chat rooms, hold private conversations, share
photos and videos, and share blogs by using their mobile phone. Some companies provide wireless
services that allow their customers to build their own mobile community and brand it; one of the most
popular wireless services for social networking in North America and Nepal is Facebook Mobile.

51
APTITUDE APETIZER

An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level. Outstanding

aptitude can be considered "talent". An aptitude may be physical or mental. Aptitude is inborn potential to
do certain kinds of work whether developed or undeveloped. Ability is developed knowledge,
understanding, learned or acquired abilities (skills) or attitude. The innate nature of aptitude is in contrast
to skills and achievement, which represent knowledge or ability that is gained through learning.
According to Gladwell (2008) and Colvin (2008), often it is difficult to set apart an outstanding
performance due merely to talent or stemming from hard training. Talented people as a rule show high
results immediately in few kinds of activity,[4] but often only in a single direction or genre.

Intelligence and aptitude

Aptitude and intelligence quotient are related, and in some ways differing views of human mental ability.
Unlike the original idea of IQ, aptitude often refers to one of the many different characteristics which can
be independent of each other, such as aptitude for military flight, air traffic control, or computer
programming. This approach measures a variety of separate skills, similar to the theory of multiple
intelligences and Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory and many other modern theories of intelligence. In general,
aptitude tests are more likely to be designed and used for career and employment decisions, and
intelligence tests are more likely to be used for educational and research purposes. However, there is a
great deal of overlap between them, and they often measure the same kinds of abilities. For example,
aptitude tests such as the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery measure enough aptitudes that they
could also serve as a measure of general intelligence.
A single construct such as mental ability is measured with multiple tests. Often, a person's group of test
scores will be highly correlated with each other, which makes a single measure useful in many cases. For
example, the U.S. Department of Labor's General Learning Ability is determined by combining Verbal,
Numerical and Spatial aptitude scores. However, many individuals have skills that are a lot higher or lower
than their overall mental ability level. Aptitude subtests are used intra-individually to determine which
tasks that individual is more skilled at performing. This information can be useful for determining which
job roles are the best fits for employees or applicants. Often, before more rigorous aptitude tests are used,
individuals are screened for a basic level of aptitude through a previously-completed process, such
as SAT scores, GRE scores, GATE scores, degrees, or other certifications.

52
Combined aptitude and knowledge tests
Tests that assess learned skills or knowledge are frequently called achievement tests. However, certain
tests can assess both types of constructs. An example that leans both ways is the Armed Services
Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), which is given to recruits entering the armed forces of the United
States. Another is the SAT, which is designed as a test of aptitude for college in the United States, but has
achievement elements. For example, it tests mathematical reasoning, which depends both on innate
mathematical ability and education received in mathematics.
Aptitude tests can typically be grouped according to the type of cognitive ability they measure:

1. Fluid intelligence: the ability to think and reason abstractly, effectively solve problems and think
strategically. It’s more commonly known as ‘street smarts’ or the ability to ‘quickly think on your
feet’. An example of what employers can learn from your fluid intelligence is your suitability for
the role for which you are applying
2. Crystallised intelligence: the ability to learn from past experiences and to apply this learning to
work-related situations. Work situations that require crystallised intelligence include producing
and analysing written reports, comprehending work instructions, using numbers as a tool to make
effective decisions, etc.

53
Quantitative Verbal Aptitude & Reasoning

Verbal reasoning is understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in

words. It aims at evaluating ability to think constructively, rather than at simple
fluency or vocabularyrecognition.

Verbal reasoning intelligence tests

Verbal reasoning tests of intelligence provide an assessment of an individual's ability to think, reason and
solve problems in different ways.
Verbal reasoning tests are often used as entrance examinations by schools, colleges and universities to
select the most able applicants. They are also used by a growing number of employers as part of the
selection/recruitment process.
Large graduate training schemes are increasingly using verbal reasoning tests (verbals) to distinguish
between applicants. The types of verbals candidates face in these assessments are typically looking to
assess understanding and comprehension skills.

Criticism of verbal reasoning tests

Some have criticised verbal reasoning tests due to their lack of precision - many questions arguably having
more than one answer. For example, a question which asks:
"When will Joe Bloggs retire?"
may expect the testee to respond with the answer "Joe Bloggs will retire at 65" based on the following two
sentences (taken from a preceding paragraph - the format of most verbal reasoning tests):
"Joe Bloggs currently works as a civil servant"
and
"Those in the civil service generally retire at 65"
However, though the two sentences make it probable that Joe Bloggs will retire at 65, it is still a logical
possibility that he will continue to work beyond this point, or that he will retire early and live off savings.
As a result, it is possible to be penalized for having too discerning a critical faculty. Additionally, a number
of questions ask testees to decide what the central focus of the preceding paragraph is, however, the
options provided often afford more than one arguable response. As such, critics suggest that standard IQ
tests; or numerical reasoning tests, are preferable due to their precision.

54
Types
Proposition
reasoning, a proposition is a statement that expresses a judgement, opinion or fact about something. A
proposition does not have to be a true statement, but it does have to be a statement that is empirically
provable as either true or false using data. A simple statement such as "sharks are dangerous" is a form of
proposition.[1]

Premise
A premise is a proposition that will justify or induce a conclusion. In other words, a premise is an
assumption that something is true.
For example, a statement such as "John has no car and therefore won't be able to go to work today," has
two premises which induce the conclusion that John won't be at work. The first premise is that "John has
no car". The second premise is implicit, and can be explicitly stated as "John cannot go to work today
unless he has a car". The logical conclusion following from these two premises, then, is that John won't be
able to go to work today.

Syllogism
A syllogism is an argument that consists of premises in order to arrive at a truth. For example, "Mary is a
woman. All women have hair, therefore Mary has hair". The validity of a syllogism also depends on how
truthful or factual the premises are.

Verbal analogies
Verbal analogies are comparisons between two subjects or concepts based on their relations (ex.
similarities). An example of a verbal analogy is, "A car to a garage is like a ship to a shipping dock".

Verbal reasoning in recruitment

Verbal reasoning tests are often used during recruitment for positions in many industries, such as banking,
finance, management consulting, mining and accounting. The tests are used as an efficient way to short list
candidates for later stages of the recruitment process, such as interview. When used in recruitment, the
tests normally include a series of text passages regarding a random topic. Then there will be a series of
statements regarding the passages. The candidate must then determine if the statement is true, false or they
can't tell (it's ambiguous). The candidate is not expected to know anything about the topics, and the answer
is to be based purely on the information in the passage.[2]

LSA
The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is a classic measure that evaluates the verbal reasoning ability of
participants who are applying to a graduate law school. The multiple choice sections are broken up into
three parts:

 Reading Comprehension – ability to understand complex language material like paragraphs or

passages and able to answer questions regarding them.[3]
 Analytical reasoning – ability to understand relationships in language material like statements or
passages and being able to draw reasonable conclusions from them.[3]
 Logical reasoning – Using critical thinking to assess and complete an argument given on the test

55
ATTITUDE BUILDING

Recognize that change takes time. Think of building a positive attitude in the same way that you think
of building strength or developing fitness. It's an endeavor that takes consistent effort. Identify and nurture your
strongest qualities. Focus on your strengths to help create more positive emotional experiences.

POSITIVE ATTITUDE

A positive attitude is the guide to leading a positive life. Maintaining a positive attitude through the ups
and the downs is important to every aspect of life: your social status, your work, your health and your
relationships. If you’re feeling down and having a particularly negative outlook on the way things are
going, just remember that attitude is everything and a positive attitude will lead you out of the darkest of
times.

A positive attitude brings positive opportunities.

Positive people are easily approachable and more likeable than someone who is constantly looking at the
negative side of things. In terms of networking opportunities, you are more likely to meet uplifting and
beneficial individuals if you have a winning attitude and positive presence about you. A positive person is
open to expanding their social circle to open the door to great opportunities.

56
A positive attitude can land you the job.
If you go into an interview with a negative outlook, you’re more likely to underperform and fail to
accurately represent yourself. Keep your head high and maintain a positive outlook on the job process and
you’ll be even more prepared to nail that interview. A positive attitude will help you shake the nerves and
leave you relaxed and easy to talk to. Employers are looking for employees who will not only contribute
good work, but also illuminate an uplifting energy to coworkers in the office.
A positive attitude will help you quickly bounce back from a sickness.
Just as a support system improves the healing process, a positive attitude will work in the same ways to
help you feel better faster. Your attitude really does affect your health.
A positive attitude makes your presence enjoyable.
Honestly, who wants to be around a Debbie Downer? People in your social circle, as well as professionals
you are networking with, will be more inclined to spend time with you if you bring a positive attitude to
the conversation. People enjoy being in the presence of others who have the ability to lift them up when
they are feeling down with a happy demeanor – be that person!
A positive attitude will lead you to a successful life.
Winston Churchill said, “If you’re going through hell, keep going.” Everyone deals with setbacks at some
point in their life, but it’s important to keep your eyes on the prize and keep trucking. Hard work, high
energy and a positive outlook will guide you towards great success, despite the challenges you meet along
the way.

57
GREAT PERSONALITIES

SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE

Born: January 23, 1897

Place of Birth: Cuttack, Orissa

Parents: Janakinath Bose (father) and Prabhavati Devi (mother)

Spouse: Emily Schenkl

Children: Anita Bose Pfaff

Education: Ravenshaw Collegiate School, Cuttack; Presidency College, Calcutta; University of

Cambridge, England

Associations: Indian National Congress; Forward Bloc; Indian National Army

Movements: Indian Freedom Movement

Political Ideology: Nationalism; Communism; Fascism-inclined;

Religious Beliefs: Hinduism

Publications: The Indian Struggle (1920–1942)

Death: August 18, 1945

Memorial: Renk?ji Temple, Tokyo, Japan; Netaji Bhawan, Kolkata, India

58
 Subhash Chandra Bose was one of the most celebrated freedom fighters of India. He was a charismatic
influencer of the youth and earned the epithet ‘Netaji’ by establishing and leading the Indian National
Army (INA) during India’s struggle for independence. Although initially aligned with the Indian
National Congress, he was ousted from the party due to his difference in ideology. He sought assistance
from Nazi leadership in Germany and Imperial forces in Japan during the World War II, to overthrow
the British from India. His sudden disappearance post 1945, led to surfacing of various theories,
concerning the possibilities of his survival.

Childhood & Early Life

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January, 1897 in Cuttack (Orissa) to Janakinath Bose
and Prabhavati Devi. Subhash was the ninth child among eight brothers and six sisters. His father,
Janakinath Bose, was an affluent and successful lawyer in Cuttack and received the title of "Rai
Bahadur". He later became a member of the Bengal Legislative Council.

Subhash Chandra Bose was a brilliant student. He passed his B.A. in Philosophy from the Presidency
College in Calcutta. He was deeply influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings and was known for
his patriotic zeal as a student. In an incident where Bose beat up his professor (E.F. Otten) for his racist
remarks, brought him notoriety as a rebel-Indian in eyes of the government. His father wanted Netaji to
become a civil servant and therefore, sent him to England to appear for the Indian Civil Service
Examination. Bose was placed fourth with highest marks in English. But his urge for participating in
the freedom movement was intense and in April 1921, he resigned from the coveted Indian Civil
Service and came back to India. In December 1921, Bose was arrested and imprisoned for organizing a
boycott of the celebrations to mark the Prince of Wales' visit to India.

During his stay in Berlin, he met and fell in love with Emily Schenkl, who was of Austrian origin. Bose
and Emily were married in 1937 in a secret Hindu ceremony and Emily gave birth to a daughter Anita
in 1942. Shortly after the birth of their daughter, Bose left Germany in 1943 to come back to India.
Subhas Chandra Bose abandoned an intended career in the Indian civil service to support Mohandas K.
Gandhi and the Indian National Congress (INC) in the cause of Indian independence from Great Britain.
However, he later found Gandhi's nonviolent movement too moderate, attacked Gandhi for negotiating with the
British authorities, and organized a Socialist Independence of India League in 1928.

He also became a labor leader, organized strikes, and was elected president of the All India Trade Union
Congress (1929–31). When Gandhi suspended his satyagraha (truth, force, nonviolent protest) campaign against
the British in 1933, Bose and the left-wing members of the INC called for Gandhi's suspension from
the organization and its reorganization.

A showdown between Gandhi and Bose in 1937 resulted in the first contested election for president of the INC,
which Bose won in 1938. He became an open admirer of Adolf Hitler and took on the title Netaji, which means
leader in Hindi, in emulation of the German Nazi leader.

59
His policies so severely fractured the INC that it could not function, compelling him to resign. He broke off
relations with the INC and Gandhi as a result and formed the Forward Bloc Party. Whereas Gandhi and the INC
advocated noncooperation with the British government when World War II broke out, Bose sponsored
terrorism, sabotage, and assassination.

His party was banned, and he fled India, arriving in Berlin via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. He was
welcomed by Hitler, who provided him with a radio facility to broadcast anti-British propaganda to India.

Bose arrived in Japan in mid-1943 in a German Uboat. He proceeded to Japanese-occupied Malaya and helped
organize the "Indian National Army," which consisted of 40,000 soldiers from among the 45,000 Indian
prisoners of war captured in Malaya and Singapore.

However, command and control of that army remained in Japanese hands. In October 1943 Bose announced the
creation of a Provisional Government of Free India and assumed the titles of head of state, prime minister, and
minister of war and foreign affairs.

The people he supposedly controlled were the 2 million ethnic Indians who were living in Japanese-occupied
Malaya and Singapore. However, the Japanese initially put Bose on the Andaman Islands. In November 1943
Bose and other Japanese puppets met in Tokyo in the Greater East Asia Conference.

This conference marked the high point of Japan's "New Order" in Asia and the Greater East Asia CoProsperity
Sphere it created and controlled. Bose's "government" was moved to Rangoon in Burma in 1944 as the
Japanese-controlled Indian army advanced across the Indian border. It was turned back and surrendered in
Rangoon in May 1945.

Bose escaped with his Japanese patrons, fleeing to Indochina, and when Japanese forces collapsed there he
left Saigon for Taiwan on the last Japanese plane, which crashed on landing. Captured officers who served
under Bose were tried and convicted but were given suspended sentences.

60
MARY KOM
Chungneijang Mary Kom Hmangte (born 1 March 1983), better known as Mary Kom is
an Indian Olympic boxer from Manipur.She is the only woman to become World Amateur Boxing
champion for a record six times, and the only woman boxer to have won a medal in each one of the seven
world championships. Nicknamed Magnificent Mary, she is the only Indian woman boxer to have qualified
for the 2012 Summer Olympics, competing in the flyweight (51 kg) category and winning the bronze
medal.She has also been ranked as No. 1 AIBA World Women's Ranking Light Flyweight category. She
became the first Indian woman boxer to get a Gold Medal in the Asian Games in 2014 in Incheon, South
Korea and is the first Indian Woman Boxer to win Gold at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
On 26 April 2016, Kom was nominated by the President of India as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the
upper house of the Indian Parliament. In March 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports,
Government of India, appointed Mary Kom along with Akhil Kumar as national observers for
boxing.Mary Kom won the Gold Medal In Asian Boxing Championship. She defeated Kim Hyang-miof
North Korea in the title match.

Early life
Kom was born in Kangathei village, Moirang Lamkhai in Churachandpur district of rural Manipur in
Northeastern India. She came from a poor family. Her parents, Mangte Tonpa Kom and Mangte Akham
Kom were tenant farmers who worked in jhum fields. They named her Chungneijang. Kom grew up in
humble surroundings, helping her parents with farm related chores, going to school and learning athletics
initially and later boxing simultaneously. Kom's father was a keen wrestler in his younger days. She was
the eldest of three children - she has a younger sister and brother.
Kom studied at the Loktak Christian Model High School at Moirang up to her sixth standard and thereafter
attended St. Xavier Catholic School, Moirang, up to class VIII. During this time, she took a good amount
of interest in athletics, especially javelin and 400 metres running. It was at this juncture, Dingko Singh, a
fellow Manipuri returned from the 1998 Bangkok Asian games with a gold medal. Kom recollects that this
had inspired many youngsters in Manipur to try boxing, and she too thought of giving it a try.
After standard VIII, Kom moved to Adimjati High School, Imphal, for her schooling for class IX and X,
but was unable to pass the matriculation exam. Not wishing to reappear for them, she quit her school and
gave her examination from NIOS, Imphal and graduation from Churachandpur College.
In school, Kom participated in all types of sports including volleyball, football and athletics. It was the
success of Dingko Singh that inspired her to switch from athletics to boxing in 2000. She started her
training under her first coach K. Kosana Meitei in Imphal. When she was 15, she took the decision to leave
her hometown to study at the Sports academy in the state capital Imphal. In an interview with the BBC,
Meitei remembered her as a dedicated hardworking girl with a strong will power, who picked up the basics
of boxing quickly. Thereafter she trained under the Manipur State Boxing Coach M. Narjit Singh, at
Khuman Lampak, Imphal. Kom kept her interest in boxing a secret from her father, himself an ex-wrestler,
as he was concerned that boxing would hurt Kom's face and spoil her chances of marriage. However, he
learnt of it when Kom's photo appeared in a newspaper after she won the state boxing championship in
2000. After three years, her father began to support Kom's pursuits in boxing as he grew convinced of her
love of boxing.

61
Achievements

hideInternational Titles[53]

Year Place Weight Competition Location

2001 48 AIBA Women's World Championships Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA

2002 45 AIBA Women's World Championships Antalya, Turkey

2002 45 Witch Cup Pécs, Hungary

2003 46 Asian Women's Championships Hisar, India

2004 41 Women's World Cup Tønsberg, Norway

2005 46 Asian Women's Championships Kaohsiung, Taiwan

2005 46 AIBA Women's World Championships Podolsk, Russia

2006 46 AIBA Women's World Championships New Delhi, India

2006 46 Venus Women's Box Cup Vejle, Denmark

2008 46 AIBA Women's World Championships Ningbo, China

2008 46 Asian Women's Championships Guwahati, India

2009 46 Asian Indoor Games Hanoi, Vietnam

2010 48 AIBA Women's World Championships Bridgetown, Barbados

2010 46 Asian Women's Championships Astana, Kazakhstan

62
2010 51 Asian Games Guangzhou, China

2011 48 Asian Women's Cup Haikou, China

2012 41 Asian Women's Championships Ulan Bator, Mongolia

2012 51 Summer Olympics London, United Kingdom

2014 51 Asian Games Incheon, South Korea

2017 48 Asian Women's Championships Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

2018 45-48 Commonwealth Games Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

2018 45-48 AIBA Women's World Championships New Delhi, India

National

 Gold – 1st Women Nat. Boxing Championship, Chennai 6–12.2.2001

 The East Open Boxing Champ, Bengal 11–14 December 2001
 2nd Sr World Women Boxing Championship, New Delhi 26–30 December 2001
 National Women Sort Meet, N. Delhi 26–30 December 2001
 32nd National Games, Hyderabad 2002
 3rd Sr World Women Boxing Champ, Aizawl 4–8.3.2003
 4th Sr WWBC, Kokrajar, Assam 24–28 February 2004
 5th Sr WWBC, Kerala 26–30 December 2004
 6th Sr WWBC, Jamshedpur 29 November-3.12.2005
 10th WNBC, Jamshedpur lost QF by 1–4 on 5 October 2009

63
Awards and recognitions
Mary Kom set a new standard in amateur boxing without ever competing in professional boxing. In 2015,
Kom became the first amateur to surpass several professional athletes in India in earnings, endorsements
and awards. She is the first amateur athlete to win the Padma Bhushan.

 The International Boxing Association (AIBA) awarded Mary Kom with the first AIBA Legends
awards for "promising boxing career"
 The International Boxing Association (AIBA) announced Mary Kom as the brand ambassador
for 2016 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships
 Padma Bhushan (Sports), 2013
 Arjuna Award (Boxing), 2003
 Padma Shri (Sports), 2006
 Contender for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, 2007
 People of the Year- Limca Book of Records, 2007
 CNN-IBN & Reliance Industries' Real Heroes Award 14.4. 2008 Mon
 Pepsi MTV Youth Icon 2008
 ‘Magnificent Mary’, AIBA 2008
 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, 2009
 International Boxing Association's Ambassador for Women's Boxing 2009 (TSE 30 July 2009 Thur)
 Sportswoman of the year 2010, Sahara Sports Award
For the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics

 ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) cash award from the Rajasthan Government

 ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) cash award and two acres of land from the Manipur Government
 ₹20 lakh (US$28,000) cash award from the Assam Government
 ₹10 lakh (US$14,000) cash award from the Arunachal Pradesh Government
 ₹10 lakh (US$14,000) cash award from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)
 ₹40 lakh (US$56,000) cash award from the North Eastern Council

64
RABINDRANATH TAGORE

R abindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was the youngest

son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new
religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the
ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads. He was
educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal
schooling, he did not finish his studies there. In his mature years, in addition to his
many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which
brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in
social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he
tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. From time to time he participated in the
Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary
way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend.
Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few
years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India.
Tagore had early success as a writer in his native Bengal. With his translations of
some of his poems he became rapidly known in the West. In fact his fame attained
a luminous height, taking him across continents on lecture tours and tours of
friendship. For the world he became the voice of India’s spiritual heritage; and for
India, especially for Bengal, he became a great living institution.

Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was first of all a poet.
Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are Manasi (1890) [The Ideal
One], Sonar Tari (1894) [The Golden Boat], Gitanjali (1910) [Song
Offerings], Gitimalya (1914) [Wreath of Songs], and Balaka(1916) [The Flight of
Cranes]. The English renderings of his poetry, which include The
Gardener(1913), Fruit-Gathering (1916), and The Fugitive (1921), do not
generally correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali; and in spite of
its title, Gitanjali: Song Offerings (1912), the most acclaimed of them, contains
poems from other works besides its namesake. Tagore’s major plays
are Raja (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar (1912) [The Post
Office], Achalayatan(1912) [The Immovable], Muktadhara (1922) [The Waterfall],

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and Raktakaravi (1926) [Red Oleanders]. He is the author of several volumes of
short stories and a number of novels, among them Gora (1910), Ghare-
Baire (1916) [The Home and the World], and Yogayog (1929) [Crosscurrents].
Besides these, he wrote musical dramas, dance dramas, essays of all types, travel
diaries, and two autobiographies, one in his middle years and the other shortly
before his death in 1941. Tagore also left numerous drawings and paintings, and
songs for which he wrote the music himself.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book
series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this
document, always state the source as shown above.
Rabindranath Tagore died on August 7, 1941.

Award: Nobel Prize in Literature (1913)

Rabindranath Tagore, who composed the National Anthem of India and won the Nobel
Prize for Literature, was a multitalented personality in every sense. He was a Bengali poet,
Brahmo Samaj philosopher, visual artist, playwright, novelist, painter and a composer. He
was also a cultural reformer who modified Bengali art by rebuffing the strictures that
confined it within the sphere of classical Indian forms. Though he was a polymath, his
literary works alone are enough to place him in the elite list of all-time greats. Even today,
Rabindranath Tagore is often remembered for his poetic songs, which are both spiritual
and mercurial. He was one of those great minds, ahead of his time, and that is exactly why
his meeting with Albert Einstein is considered as a clash between science and spirituality.
Tagore was keen in spreading his ideologies to the rest of the world and hence embarked
on a world tour, lecturing in countries like Japan and the United States. Soon, his works
were admired by people of various countries and he eventually became the first non-
European to win a Nobel Prize. Apart from Jana Gana Mana (the National Anthem of
India), his composition ‘Amar Shonar Bangla’ was adopted as the National Anthem of
Bangladesh and the National Anthem of Sri Lanka was inspired by one of his works.

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A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian scientist who
served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil
Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and
science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and
military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work
on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal
organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since
the original nuclear test by India in 1974.
Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya
Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's
President",he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He
was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from
an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands including national-level dignitaries
attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state
honours.

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the
pilgrimage centre of Rameswaramon Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in
the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque;his mother
Ashiamma was a housewife.His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth
between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi. Kalam was the youngest of four brothers
and one sister in his family. His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous
properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and
the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a
result, the family acquired the title of "Mara Kalam Iyakkivar" (wooden boat steerers), which over the
years became shortened to "Marakier." With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914,

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however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the
ancestral home. By his early childhood, Kalam's family had become poor; at an early age, he sold
newspapers to supplement his family's income.
In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who
had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics. After completing his
education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint
Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated
in physics in 1954. He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of
Technology. While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of
progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three
days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress
and asking you to meet a difficult deadline" He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter
pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.

Awards and honours

Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities.The Government of India honoured him with
the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his
role as a scientific advisor to the Government In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour,
the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in
India. In 2013, he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society "to
recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".
Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that
his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state
government further instituted the "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award," constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a
certificate and ₹500,000 (US$7,000). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day,
beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the
humanities or the welfare of students.
On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression
series.
The Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at
DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015, the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.
Researchers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), had discovered a new bacterium on the filters
of the International Space Station (ISS) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

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CONCLUSION

In the process of making this SDRN Record, I have done a lot of research which has helped

me improve my Communication Skills immensely. The activities and learning in Skill Based

Communication classes made me realize my position in Interpersonal Skills and helped me

rectify my mistakes.

The positive outcome of this subject is that, it prepared me for the outside competitive world

and made me confident in my own way. I can now speak fluently and effectively and can also

comprehend various English accents which I realize, is going to be definitely useful in my

near future.

I thereby conclude this SDRN Record Note by showing my utmost gratitude to my Skill

Based Communication Faculty, Mrs.Ch.Anusha for helping me out in the successful

completion of this record.

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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

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