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Compact Wideband Dual Circularly Polarized
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Horn Antenna
Yang Cai, Yingsong Zhang, Zuping Qian, Wenquan Cao, and
Shujie Shi
 to 16.7% with a thin substrate (thickness lower than 0/10)
Abstract—In this communication, a compact circularly
polarized (CP) substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) horn
antenna is proposed and investigated. Through etching a sloping
slot on the common broad wall of two SIWs, mode coupling is
generated between the top and down SIWs and thus a new field
component as TE01 mode is produced. During the coupling
process along the sloping slot, the difference in guide wavelengths
of the two orthogonal modes also brings phase shift between two
modes, which provides possibility for radiating CP wave.
Moreover, the two different ports will generate the electric field
components of TE01 mode with opposite direction, which indicates
the compact SIW horn antenna with dual circularly polarized
property can be realized as well. Measured results indicate that
the proposed antenna operates with a wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR)
bandwidth of 11.8% ranging from 17.6 GHz to 19.8 GHz.
Measured results are in good accordance with the simulated ones.
Index Terms— Dual circular polarization, horn antenna, mode
coupling, substrate integrated waveguide, polarizer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Waveguide horn antenna is one of the simplest and most
widely researched microwave antennas, which builds a bridge
between transmission structure and radiation structure [1].
Despite of the acknowledged advantages, the traditional
waveguide horn antenna with bulky size and heavy weight
exhibits significant limitation in practical use. Recently, the
planar H-plane horn antenna has regained widespread
researches and discussions since the proposal of substrate
integrated waveguide (SIW) technology [2][3].
Benefiting from the two-dimensional (2D) structure of SIW,
the traditional metal H-plane horn antenna can be simply
manufactured by drilling metallic vias into a printed circuit
board (PCB) [4]. The following researchers mainly focused on
solving the mismatch between the narrow aperture of SIW and
free space, which is the fundamental huddle of the planar SIW
horn antenna [5].
Dielectric-loading technology provided a simple and
straightforward solution to widen the operating bandwidth
[6][7]. The extending substrate outside the horn aperture played
as an impedance transformer and the operating bandwidth
could be enhanced to 40% [8][9]. Through partially detaching
the broad walls, the substrate of SIW horn antenna acted as not
only an impedance transformer but also a wave guiding
structure, maintaining wide operating bandwidth as well as
Manuscript received **, 2016. This work was supported in part by the
National Science Foundation of China under Grant 61271103 and Grant
61401506, and in part by the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of
Millimeter Waves, Southeast University China under Grant K201505.
Y. Cai, Y.-S. Zhang, Z.-P. Qian, W.-Q. Cao and S.-J. Shi are with the
College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and
Technology, Nanjing 210007, China (e-mail: caiyang_1991@163.com).
Y.-S. Zhang is also with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail: yszhang@emfield.org).
0018-926X (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
realizing much size reduction [10].
In order to achieve low profile and wide bandwidth for SIW
horn antenna, parallel plates were placed on an extended
substrate and coupling effect between plates generated
additional resonant frequencies, which expanded the bandwidth
[11][12].
Besides, phase-corrected technology for SIW horn antenna
through embedding metal-via arrays was proposed in [13] and
its employment to feed antipodal tapered slot antenna array was
introduced in [14]. Moreover, phase-correction could also be
achieved through adopting the gap SIW structure in [15].
As far as the authors’ knowledge, the previous works just
involved designing SIW horn antennas with linearly polarized
property. However, with the rapid development of modern
wireless communication, there is growing need for circularly
polarized (CP) antenna in satellite communication, radar
system, and etc [16]. Moreover, a dual CP antenna can provide
options of right- and left-hand circular polarization (RHCP and
LHCP), which is very significant for miniaturized systems with
polarization diversity [17]. Since wave-rotation owns its
natural difficulty in SIW end-fire antenna, the reported
literatures mainly relied on using 3D structures. A 3-dB
directional coupler formed by three dimensional (3D) SIW
structure was designed, which provided possibility for
designing CP SIW end-fire antenna [18]. The thick substrate
was adopted to excite vertically polarized wave for SIW
antipodal tapered slot antenna and wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR)
bandwidth could be realized through loading extra polystyrene
rod [19]. The TE01 mode excitation technology was introduced
in [20] and a dual-polarized SIW horn was designed [21]. A
square waveguide polarizer loaded with sloping septum was
studied several decades ago and the inserting septum could
gradually induce a new field component with a phase shift of 90
degrees [22]. Since the invention of the classic waveguide
polarizer, such technology was further exploited to design CP
antennas in metal waveguide [17][23].
In this communication, inspired by the square metallic
waveguide polarizer, a compact wideband SIW horn antenna
with dual circularly polarized characteristic is proposed and
investigated. Through etching a slope-shaped slot on the
common broad wall in the middle of stacked two-layer SIW,
mode coupling proceeds between the top and down SIWs and
an electric field of TE01 mode is generated. The remainder of
the paper is organized into three sections. In Section II, the
configuration of the proposed antenna is illustrated, followed
by explaining the operating mechanism and parameter analysis.
In Section III, photograph of the fabricated antenna is shown
and measured results are compared with simulated results.
Finally, the conclusion is drawn in Section IV. Above all, it is
the first time to design a planar SIW horn antenna with
circularly polarized characteristic. In comparison with the
aforementioned 3D structures [18][19], the proposed antenna
with 2D configuration exhibits great advantage of
compactness.
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Fig. 2. Illustration of electric field propagation fed by port 1 involving odd and
Fig. 1. Geometrical configuration of the proposed antenna. (a) Three even mode analysis.
dimensional view, (b) anatomy view.

II. ANTENNA DESIGN

A. Antenna Geometry
The geometrical configuration of the dual circularly
polarized SIW horn antenna is depicted in Fig. 1. This antenna
consists of two layers and each layer is set with a feeding port
with width of W1. An arc-corner transition with inner radius of
R1 and outer radius of R2 is adopted to ensure a wide operating
bandwidth. A metal plate lies in the middle of two substrates,
which constitutes the common broad wall for the top and down
SIWs. A right-triangular-shaped slot is etched on the common
broad wall. Such slot is just similar to a slope, which starts from
Fig. 3. Illustration of current distributions fed by port 1 involving odd and even
one side of SIW narrow wall and ends at the other side of SIW
mode analysis (top view).
narrow wall. Through a transition with a length of L1, the
sloping slot ends at the input aperture of horn, which owns the
When port 1 is excited, the input field can be equivalently
same width with feeding SIW. The radiating horn is placed at
decomposed into an odd mode and an even mode fields,
the end of the polarizer with length of L2 and flare angle of .
respectively, as shown Fig. 2. For even mode excitation, the
It should be noted that the narrow walls of the arc-corner
electric fields with the same direction in two SIWs result in
transition can be realized through perforating metallic vias,
reverse currents, as depicted in Fig. 3, which leads to no mode
saving for the planar polarizer and the horn part. It was pointed
coupling and the unchanged TE10 mode at the output. For odd
that the electric field as TE01 mode suffers from severe radiation
mode excitation, the currents flowing in the same direction will
loss due to the presence of the gaps between metallic vias [20].
cause mode coupling between two SIWs and electric field in
The realization of the so-called extended SIW structure relied
horizontal plane is gradually induced. Above all, different
on a substrate with high permittivity, which was of no benefit to
guided wavelengths of two orthogonal modes brings phase shift
design a wideband SIW horn antenna. Therefore, in order to
as well [22]. Finally, through transition in the planar polarizer,
support the propagation of TE01 mode field while achieving a
the condition for radiating CP wave, namely orthogonal electric
wide bandwidth, the narrow walls supporting the propagation
fields with phase shift of about 90° is basically satisfied [24].
of TE01 mode should be continually metallized instead of
Moreover, when port 2 is excited instead, the principle for
metallic vias. For demonstration purposes, all the structures are
realizing CP property (with AR lower than 3 dB) is similar
constructed on a substrate with h = 4.3 mm, r = 2.2 and tan  = while the directions of currents are just reversed in odd mode.
0.001. Then the rotation direction in the horn antenna fed by port 2
B. Mechanism Analysis will be contrary to that fed by port 1. Therefore, dual CP
The mechanism for exciting CP wave in stacked two-layer property can be realized for the proposed antenna when a
SIW is similar to that in [22] but in reverse analyzing direction. different feeding port is selected.

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L2.
14
The two aspects of the antenna performance (|S11| and gain)
L1=19mm
12 are just two mainstreams on researching SIW horn antennas.
L1=21mm
However, through adopting the relatively thick substrate, those
10 L1=23mm
problems are naturally solved in the designed CP band (with
L1=25mm
AR lower than 3 dB) and the related details will not be shown
AR (dB)

8
L1=27mm
here [8]-[10]. Next, emphasis will be placed on how to design a
6 dual CP SIW horn antenna with desired AR bandwidth. As
4 explained before, the field component of TE01 mode is induced
by the sloping slot and the phase shift is resulted due to the
2 different guide wavelengths along the propagating direction.
0
Therefore, the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is determined by L1,
17 18 19 20 21 22 L2 and .
Frequency (GHz) As shown in Fig. 4, when length L1 of the sloping slot is
Fig. 4. Comparison of ARs at the zenith with different length L1 of sloping slot relatively short, such as L1=19 mm, the coupling effect is not
of the proposed antenna. (W1 = 10.6 mm,  = 20°, L2 = 24 mm, R1 = 13.4 mm. satisfied, which results in poor CP property. A gradually
R2 = 24.5 mm, h = 4.3 mm). increasing coupling length may widen the 3-dB AR bandwidth
14 in some degree. However, when coupling length exceeds 25
°
mm, the 3-dB AR bandwidth is narrower, which is caused by
12 ° the phase shift between two modes. Moreover, the flare angle
° of the horn also affects the CP property of the proposed antenna.
10 ° As depicted in Fig. 5, a relatively large or small flare angle will
°
cause narrow AR bandwidth. A relatively large or small flare
AR (dB)

8
angle will make phase shift deviate greatly from 90 degrees and
6 thus poor CP property is caused. Besides, the seemingly
4
disorganized results in Fig. 6 actually provide important
information for designing CP horn antenna with desired
2 operating band. When the horn length L2 is gradually increased,
despite of the non-obvious CP property, the center frequency of
0 the horn antenna operating with CP property shows a gradually
17 18 19 20 21 22
Frequency (GHz)
increasing trend. Therefore, through adjusting the horn length
Fig. 5. Comparison of ARs at the zenith with different flare angle  of the
L2, a desired operating band can be realized. In conclusion,
proposed antenna. (W1 = 10.6 mm, L1 = 23 mm, L2 = 24 mm, R1 = 13.4 mm. R2 through adjusting these parameters, the phase and magnitude
= 24.5 mm, h = 4.3 mm). imbalance between two modes are shifted accordingly.
L2=18mm
Therefore, a desired CP band can be obtained through
14 optimizing these parameters.
L2=21mm
12 L2=24mm D. Design Guideline
L2=27mm The process to design a desired dual CP SIW horn antenna is
10
L2=30mm concluded as follows:
 Relatively thick substrate (nearly 0/4) with low
AR (dB)

6 permittivity should be selected. With a given substrate,

following basic guidelines, a stacked SIW horn antenna
4 with two layers is prepared.
2
 A sloping slot with length L1 is etched on the common
broad wall of SIWs to initially realize CP property.
0  The horn length L2 is swept to further ensure a desired CP
17 18 19 20 21 22
band. Afterwards, fine tunings of the slot length L1 and
Frequency (GHz) flare angle  are necessary to achieve a wide CP
Fig. 6. Comparison of ARs at the zenith with different length L2 of the
bandwidth.
proposed antenna. (W1 = 10.6 mm,  = 20°, L1 = 23 mm, R1 = 13.4 mm. R2 =
24.5 mm, h = 4.3 mm).
III. SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS
C. Parameter Study
The optimization of the proposed antenna is carried out with
Since the working principle has been explained clearly above, simulation software HFSS and the optimized parameters are
a dual CP SIW horn antenna with desired performance could be listed as, W1 = 10.6 mm, R1 = 13.4 mm, R2 = 24.5 mm, L1 = 25.7
researched through optimizing the related parameters. The CP validate the proposed design, a prototype is fabricated and
property of the proposed antenna is mainly determined by the measured, as shown in Fig. 7. A 0.1-mm-thick prepreg is used
length L1 of the sloping slot, the flare angle , and horn length to bond the two pieces of substrates together [25] and several

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90 90
120 60 120 60
-10 -10

150 -20 30 150 -20 30

180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330

Simulated LHCP Measured LHCP Simulated LHCP Measured LHCP
Simulated RHCP Measured RHCP Simulated RHCP Measured RHCP
240 300 240 300
270 270
(a) (b)
Fig. 10. Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 18.7 GHz of port 1, (a) xy
Fig. 7. Photograph of the proposed antenna plane, (b) yz plane.
0 90 90
120 60 120 60
-5 -10 -10
Simulated |S11| Measured |S11|
Reflection Coefficients (dB)

Simulated |S22| Measured |S22| 150 -20 30 150 -20 30

-10

-15
180 0 180 0

-20

-25 210 330 210 330

Simulated RHCP Measured RHCP Simulated RHCP Measured RHCP
Simulated LHCP Measured LHCP Simulated LHCP Measured LHCP
-30
240 300 240 300
270 270
-35 (a) (b)
17 18 19 20 21 22 Fig. 11. Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 18.7 GHz of port 2, (a) xy
plane, (b) yz plane.
Frequency (GHz)
12 10
Fig. 8. Reflection coefficients of the proposed antenna.
0
10
8
-5
8
-10 6
Gain (dBi)

AR (dB)
-15
Isolation (dB)

Simulated Directivity 4
4
-20

-25 Simulated |S12|

2
2
Measured |S12|
-30 0
0
-35 17 18 19 20

17 18 19 20 21 22 Frequency (GHz)
Frequency (GHz) Fig. 12. Realized gains, directivity, and axial ratios at the zenith versus
Fig. 9. Isolation between two ports of the proposed antenna. frequency.
1.0

aligning screws are further fixed around the substrates.

Moreover, considering thickness of the substrates, waveguide
0.8
feeding method is adopted and symmetrical wedges are
Aperture Efficiency

extended to act as transitions from SIW to WR-42 waveguide

(This waveguide operates from 17.6 GHz to 26.7 GHz with an 0.6
aperture size of 10.6×4.3 mm2) [8][10]. In order to obtain a
wide operating bandwidth and realize a smooth transition to the
feeding waveguide, the thickness of the employed substrate is 0.4
set to be same with the height of the metal waveguide. Simulated
Measured
Fig. 8 shows the reflection coefficients of two different ports.
It is shown that in the frequency range from 17 to 22 GHz, the 0.2
17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0
reflection coefficients of two ports are both below -10 dB and
Frequency (GHz)
despite the asymmetry of antenna configuration for different
Fig. 13. Simulated and measured aperture efficiencies of the proposed antenna.
ports, the results exhibit much similarity. The isolation between

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2554627, IEEE
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two ports is calculated in Fig. 9. The measured isolation is
below -15 dB in the observing band.
The radiation patterns of two different feeding ports at 18.7
GHz are depicted in Figs. 10 and 11, respectively. It is clearly
shown that different feeding port corresponds to different CP
wave, which effectively validates the previous analysis.
Moreover, the measured on-axis discrimination between LHCP
and RHCP patterns is better than -15 dB and this antenna
maintains reasonably good polarization discrimination at main
radiation direction as well. Besides, for a same cutting plane,
the measured LHCP and RHCP patterns show great similarity.
Far field performances versus frequency at the zenith are
calculated in Fig. 12. Measured gain of the antenna varies from
8.1 to 10.3 dBi with a loss of 1.4 dBi variation over the
frequency band from 17.6 to 19.8 GHz. Measured axial ratio of
the antenna over the band is below 3 dB. Good accordance is
observed between simulated and measured results. Aperture
efficiencies of the proposed antenna are calculated in Fig. 13. It
is shown that the proposed antenna with nearly at least 60%
aperture efficiency can be obtained. Such results indicate the
aperture efficiency could still be enhanced through improving
the uniformity of the phase at the aperture of SIW horn antenna.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this communication, a wideband SIW horn antenna with
dual CP radiation performance is proposed. The mechanism for
realizing dual CP characteristics is firstly analyzed by odd and
even mode analysis. Moreover, parameter-study is proceeded
to provide guideline for designing antenna with desired CP
band. Finally, a prototype is fabricated and a wide 11.8% 3-dB
axial ratio bandwidth ranging from 17.6 GHz to 19.8 GHz is
realized. Above all, this communication proposes a method to
design CP SIW horn antenna with planar configuration and will
greatly expand the employment of SIW horn antenna in modern
communication systems. Admittedly, good CP radiation
performance relies on adopting thick substrates, which brings
much high requirement for via-metallization technology as well
as makes the feeding structure bulky. Therefore, further efforts
will be endeavored to realize CP SIW horn antenna on a thin
substrate.
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