6(59,&,8/1$,21$/'((9$/8$5(ù,(;$0,1$5(

GHID
DE EVALUARE LA

DISCIPLINELE SOCIO-UMANE

/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH3VLKRORJLH(FRQRPLH)LORVRILH

%8&85(ù7,
2000
Autori: SURIJU,)ORULQD2 HW
prof. NicolHWD/L RLX
SURI6RULQ6SLQHDQX'REURW

Coordonator: SURIJU,)ORULQD2 HW

Procesul de elaborare a acestui ghid de evaluare a parcurs mai multe etape,

FRUHVSXQ]WRU SURFHVXOXL GH HODERUDUH úL LPSOHPHQWDUH D QRLORU FXUULFXOH OD
GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH vQ vQYPkQWXO OLFHDO ÌQ DFHVW VHQV DXWRULL GRUHVF
VPXOXPHDVFSHQWUXFRQWULEXLLOHDGXVHODHODERUDUHDJKLGXOXLXUPWRULORU
SURI XQLY GU ,RQ 7 5DGX SURI XQLY GU ,RDQ 1HDFúX SURI JU , 6LOYLD
Popescu, lect. univ. Aurel Cazacu.
 CUPRINS

INTRODUCERE 4
CAPITOLUL 1. ,QWURGXFHUHvQSUREOHPDWLFDJHQHUDODHYDOXULL 5
1.1. 3UREOHPHVSHFLILFHDOHHYDOXULL 5
1.2. 5HODLDHYDOXDUHDFXUHQWH[DPHQHOH 7
1.3. Metode de evaluare 9
1.4. &DOLWLOHLQVWUXPHQWHORUGHHYDOXDUH 19
1.5. Tipuri de itemi 23

CAPITOLUL 2. Itemi obiectivi 24

2.1. ,WHPLFXDOHJHUHGXDO 24
2.2. Itemi de tip pereche 30
2.3. ,WHPLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSO 34

CAPITOLUL 3. Itemi semiobiectivi 39

3.1. ,WHPLFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUH 39
3.2. ÌQWUHEULVWUXFWXUDWH 43

CAPITOLUL 4. ,WHPLVXELHFWLYLFXUVSXQVGHVFKLV 50

4.1. Rezolvare de probleme 50
4.2. Itemi de tip eseu 54

CAPITOLUL 5. Metode complementare de evaluare 59

5.1. 2EVHUYDUHDVLVWHPDWLFDDFWLYLWLLúLD 60
comportamentului elevului
5.2. Proiectul 62
5.3. Portofoliul 63
5.4. Autoevaluarea 64

CAPITOLUL 6. Probe de evaluare 66

6.1. Modele orientative 66
%,%/,2*5$),(6(/(&7,9 71
 INTRODUCERE

ÌQ FRQWH[WXO HGXFDLRQDO DFWXDO SUREOHPDWLFD HYDOXULL FDSW R

LPSRUWDQ GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD IDFWRULORU GH GHFL]LH D
VSHFLDOLúWLORU úL PDL DOHV D SUDFWLFLHQLORU ,QIOXHQD HYDOXULL vQ VSHFLDO SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOH[DPHQHORUVHIDFHWRWPDLPXOWUHVLPLWDWkWDVXSUDDFWLYLWLLGH
SUHGDUHFkWúLDVXSUDFHOHLGHvQYDUH3URIHVRUXOFkWúLHOHYXOVXQWFHLGLQWkL
LQWHUHVDL vQ UHDOL]DUHD XQHL HYDOXUL RELHFWLYH ED]DW SH FULWHULL XQLWDUH
FXQRVFXWHúLDSOLFDWHvQSUDFWLFDúFRODUFXUHQW
'LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY SUH]HQWXO JKLG FRQVWLWXLH XQ LPSRUWDQW SXQFW
de sprijin pentru cadrele didactice de specialitate în realizarea cu succes a
DFWLYLWLORU SUHVXSXVH GH GHVIúXUDUHD SURFHVXOXL GH HYDOXDUH D
SHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUvQSUDFWLFDúFRODUFXUHQW8WLOLWDWHDDFHVWXLJKLGHVWH
VXVLQXWúLGHscopurile SHFDUHDFHVWDúLOHSURSXQH
• VIDPLOLDUL]H]H cadrele didactice de specialitate cu problemele specifice
HYDOXULLvQSUDFWLFDúFRODUFXUHQWFkWúLvQVLWXDLHGHH[DPHQ
• V GHVFULH PHWRGH úL LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH XWLOL]DELOH vQ SUDFWLFD
úFRODUFXUHQW
• VH[SOLFHPHWRGRORJLDSURLHFWULLGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHLWHPL
• V SUH]LQWH H[HPSOH de WLSXUL GH LWHPL WHVWH úL EDUHPH GH FRUHFWDUH D
acestora;
• V LQIRUPH]H SH WRL FHL LQWHUHVDL SURIHVRUL HOHYL SULQL HWF DVXSUD
SUREOHPDWLFLL JHQHUDOH D HYDOXULL SHUIRUPDQHORU HOHYLORU DVXSUD
LPSRUWDQHLúLLPSDFWXOXLDFHVWHLDDVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLGHvQYPkQW
&XPSXWHLIRORVLDFHVWJKLG"
*KLGXOVHFRQFHQWUHD]vQSULQFLSDODVXSUDXQRUDVSHFWHFRQFUHWHFDUH
YL]HD] PHWRGH úL LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH FDOLWLOH DFHVWRUD SURLHFWDUHD
GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GH LWHPL GHVFULHUHD úL H[HPSOLILFDUHD PHWRGHORU
FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH vQ IXQFLH GH VSHFLILFXO GLVFLSOLQHL SUH]HQWDUHD
XQRUWHVWHPRGHOSUHFXPúLDEDUHPHORUGHFRUHFWDUHa acestora.
6SHUPFILHFDUHFDGUXGLGDFWLFYDUHJVLvQWHPDWLFDSURSXVSXQFWH
GH LQWHUHV VXJHVWLL úL REVHUYDLL XWLOH SH ED]D FURUD vúL SRDWH FRQFHSH
DFLXQLOH HYDOXDWLYH YLLWRDUH 'H DVHPHQHD UHFRPDQGP FD SDUFXUJHUHD
JKLGXOXL V ILH IFXW XUPkQG vQ RUGLQH FDSLWROHOH SUH]HQWDWH SULQ FXSULQV
DVWIHO vQFkW FLWLWRUXO V DLE DWkW YL]LXQHD GH DQVDPEOX DVXSUD SUREOHPDWLFLL
JHQHUDOH SUH]HQWDWH FkW úL vQHOHJHUHD ORJLF a elementelor concrete care
decurg din aceasta.

4
 CAPITOLUL 1
,1752'8&(5(Ì1352%/(0$7,&$*(1(5$/
$(9$/85,,

3UREOHPHVSHFLILFHDOHHYDOXULL
ÌQFDGUXOSURFHVXOXLGHvQYPkQWDFWLYLWLOHGHSUHGDUHvQYDUHúLHYDOXDUH
FRQVWLWXLH HOHPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH FDUH VH DIO vQWUR VWUkQV OHJWXU 2ULFH
VFKLPEDUH SURGXV OD QLYHOXO XQHLD GLQWUH DFHVWH DFWLYLWL LQIOXHQHD]
PRGDOLWLOH GH UHDOL]DUH D FHORUODOWH JHQHUkQG R DGHYUDW UHDFLH vQ ODQ
FDUHLPSXQHUHYHQLULOHúLUHYL]XLULOHQHFHVDUH'HDFHHDSUHGDUHDvQYDUHD
HYDOXDUHDWUHEXLHSURLHFWDWHvQDFHODúLWLPS.

Evaluarea, ca activitate în sine, cuprinde trei etape principale:

• PVXUDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU úFRODUH SULQ SURFHGHH VSHFLILFH
XWLOL]kQG LQVWUXPHQWH DGHFYDWH VFRSXOXL XUPULW SUREH
scrise/orale/practice, proiecte, portofolii etc.);
• aprecierea acestor rezultate pe baza unor criterii unitare
EDUHPH GH FRUHFWDUH úL QRWDUH GHVFULSWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ
etc.);
• formularea concluziilor GHVSULQVH vQ XUPD LQWHUSUHWULL
UH]XOWDWHORU RELQXWH vQ YHGHUHD DGRSWULL GHFL]LHL
HGXFDLRQDOHDGHFYDWH

Deci,
HYDOXDUHDUHSUH]LQW«

WRWDOLWDWHD DFWLYLWLORU SULQ FDUH VH FROHFWHD] RUJDQL]HD] úL LQWHUSUHWHD]

GDWHOHRELQXWHvQXUPDDSOLFULLXQRULQVWUXPHQWHGHPVXUDUH

în scopul…

HPLWHULLXQHLMXGHFLGHYDORDUHSHFDUHVHED]HD]RDQXPLWGHFL]LHvQSODQ
HGXFDLRQDO

5
ÌQJHQHUDOHYDOXDUHDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUDUHXUPWRarele IXQFLL:
¾GLDJQRVWLFvQVHQVXOGHDIDFHFXQRVFXWHVLWXDLLOHúLIDFWRULLFDUHFRQGXF
OD RELQHUHD DQXPLWRU UH]XOWDWH DOH HOHYLORU SHQWUX D VWDELOL HYHQWXDOHOH
proceduri de remediere a punctelor critice.
¾ SURJQRVWLF vQ VHQVXO DQWLFLSULL SHUIRUPDQHORU YLLWRDUH DOH HOHYLORU SH
ED]D UH]XOWDWHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH úL DO SODQLILFULL VHFYHQHORU XUPWRDUH DOH
DFWLYLWLLGHvQYDUH'HRELFHLDFHDVWIXQFLHDHYDOXULLVHDVRFLD]FHOHL
GHGLDJQR]ILLQGFRPSOHPHQWDUH
¾ de certificareDQLYHOXOXLGHFXQRúWLQHúLDELOLWLDOHOHYLORUODVIkUúLWXOXQHL
SHULRDGHOXQJLGHLQVWUXLUHFLFOXGHvQYPkQWvQYPkQWREOLJDWRULXHWF
¾ GH VHOHFLH D HOHYLORU SHQWUX DFFHVXO vQWUR WUHDSW VXSHULRDU GH
vQYPkQW VDX vQWUXQ SURJUDP VSHFLILF GH LQVWUXLUH JLPQD]LX OLFHX
vQYPkQW VXSHULRU FXUVXUL SRVWXQLYHUVLWDUH FXUVXUL VSHFLDOH vQ GRPHQLL
DUWLVWLFH HWF 5HDOL]DUHD DFHVWHL IXQFLL SHUPLWH FODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKL]DUHD
HOHYLORUvQXUPDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHvQFRQGLLLOHH[LVWHQHLGHRELFHLDXQXL
QXPU OLPLWDW GH ORFXUL SHQWUX IUHFYHQWDUHD FXUVXULORUIRUPHL GH vQYPkQW
respective.
ÌQDIDUDIXQFLLORUJHQHUDOHPHQLRQDWHDQWHULRUHYDOXDUHDPDLvQGHSOLQHúWHúL
o serie de IXQFLLVSHFLILFHGLQWUHFDUHPHQLRQP
¾ IXQFLD PRWLYDLRQDO GH QDWXU V VWLPXOH]H DFWLYLWDWHD GH vQYDUH D
HOHYLORUSULQYDORULILFDUHDRSWLPDODIHHGEDFNXOXLSR]LWLYRIHULWGHFWUHDFWXO
evaluativ în sine;
¾ IXQFLD GH RULHQWDUH úFRODU úL SURIHVLRQDO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FUHLD
HYDOXDUHDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUIXUQL]HD]LQIRUPDLLXWLOHHOHYLORUvQYHGHUHD
DOHJHULLIRUPHLFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGHvQYPkQW
7HRULD úL SUDFWLFD SHGDJRJLF RSHUHD] FX PDL PXOWH FODVLILFUL DOH tipurilor
de evaluare vQ IXQFLH GH GLIHULWH FULWHULL GRPHQLXO vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]
PRPHQWXOPRGXOvQFDUHVHLQWHUSUHWHD]UH]XOWDWHOHHWF&kWHYDGLQWUHFHOH
PDLX]XDOHFODVLILFULVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQFRQWLQXDUH
'XS PRGXO vQ FDUH VH LQWHJUHD] vQ GHVIúXUDUHD SURFHVXOXL GLGDFWLF,
evaluarea poate fi de trei tipuri:
a) HYDOXDUH LQLLDO FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] OD vQFHSXWXO XQXL QRX FLFOX GH
vQYDUH VDX SURJUDP GH LQVWUXLUH vQ VFRSXO VWDELOLULL QLYHOXOXL GH SUHJWLUH
DO HOHYLORU 3ULQ LQWHUPHGLXOHYDOXULL LQLLDOH VH LGHQWLILF QLYHOXO DFKL]LLLORU
HOHYLORU vQ WHUPHQL GH FXQRúWLQH FRPSHWHQH úL DELOLWL vQ VFRSXO
DVLJXUULL SUHPLVHORU DWLQJHULL RELHFWLYHORU SURSXVH SHQWUX HWDSD GH

6
 vQYPkQWUHVSHFWLY,QIRUPDLOHRELQXWHvQXUPDUHDOL]ULLXQHLHYDOXri
LQLLDOH VSULMLQ SODQLILFDUHD DFWLYLWLORU YLLWRDUH DOH SURIHVRUXOXL GLQ
SHUVSHFWLYD DGHFYULL DFHVWRUD OD SRVLELOLWLOH HOHYLORU VDX D LQLLHULL GDF
este cazul, a unor programe de recuperare.
b) HYDOXDUHDIRUPDWLYvQVRHúWHvQWUHJXOSDUFXUVGLGDFWLFUHDOL]kQGXVHSULQ
YHULILFUL VLVWHPDWLFH DOH WXWXURU HOHYLORU DVXSUD vQWUHJLL PDWHULL 'LQ DFHVW
PRWLY HIHFWHOH VDOH DPHOLRUDWLYH DVXSUD DFWLYLWLL GH vQYDUH VXQW
considerabile, oferind permanent posibilitatea de raportare la obiectivele
RSHUDLRQDOH SURSXVH úL GH HYLGHQLHUH D SURJUHVXOXL vQUHJLVWUDW GH OD R
VHFYHQ OD DOWD D LQVWUXLULL ÌQ FD]XO HYDOXULL IRUPDWLYH IHHGEDFNXO
RELQXWHVWHPXOWPDLXWLOúLHILFLHQWDMXWkQGDWkWHOHYXOFkWúLSURIHVRUXOV
vúLDGDSWH]HDFWLYLWDWHDYLLWRDUHODVSHFLILFXOVLWXDLHL
c) HYDOXDUHD VXPDWLY VH UHDOL]HD] GH RELFHL OD VIkUúLWXO XQHL SHULRDGH
PDL OXQJL GH LQVWUXLUH GH H[HPSOX FDSLWRO VHPHVWUX DQ úFRODU FLFOX GH
vQYPkQWHWFRIHULQGLQIRUPDLLXWLOHDVXSUDQLYHOXOXLGHSHUIRUPDQDO
HOHYLORU vQ UDSRUW FX RELHFWLYHOH GH LQVWUXLUH SURSXVH (YDOXDUHD VXPDWLY
VHFRQFHQWUHD]PDLDOHVDVXSUDHOHPHQWHORUGHSHUPDQHQDOHDSOLFULL
XQRU FXQRúWLQH GH ED] DOH GHPRQVWUULL XQRU DELOLWL LPSRUWDQWH
GREkQGLWH GH HOHYL vQWUR SHULRDG PDL OXQJ GH LQVWUXLUH &DUDFWHUXO
DPHOLRUDWLYDOHYDOXULLVXPDWLYHHVWHUHODWLYUHGXVHIHFWHOHUHVLPLQGXVH
GXSRSHULRDGPDLvQGHOXQJDWGHUHJXOSHQWUXVHULLOHYLLWRDUHGHHOHYL

'DFVHXUPUHúte drept criteriu cine UHDOL]HD] HYDOXDUHDDFHDVWD SRDWHIL

de trei tipuri:
a) HYDOXUL LQWHUQH DWXQFL FkQG DFLXQHD HYDOXDWLY HVWH HIHFWXDW GH
FWUH DFHHDúL SHUVRDQLQVWLWXLH FDUH HVWH LPSOLFDW GLUHFW úL vQ
DFWLYLWDWHDGHLQVWUXLUHGHH[HPSOXSURIHVRUXOGHODFODV
b) HYDOXUL H[WHUQH vQ FDUH VH LPSOLF R SHUVRDQLQVWLWXLH DOWD GHFkW
cea care a asigurat realizarea procesului didactic.

1.2. 5HODLDHYDOXDUHFXUHQWH[DPHQH
(YDOXDUHDFXSULQGHGRX SULLPSRUWDQWH
• HYDOXDUHDFXUHQW
• examenele
7RWXúL vQWUH FHOH GRX SUL H[LVW R OHJWXU VWUkQV GH FRQGLLRQDUH
UHFLSURF
În mod normal, HYDOXDUHDFXUHQWWUHEXLHVVSULMLQHH[DPHQHOH prin:

7
 Î PRGDOLWLOH GH HYDOXDUH (strategii, tehnici, instrumente) care sunt
XWLOL]DWHvQSUDFWLFDúFRODUODFODV
Î SUHJWLUHD SURIHVRULORU vQ GRPHQLXO HYDOXULL vQ VHQVXO DELOLWULL
DFHVWRUDvQDSOLFDUHDGLIHULWHORULQVWUXPHQWHúLPHWRGH
Î familiarizarea elevilor FX WLSXUL GH LWHPL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX GXS
PRGHOXO FHORU FDUH YRU IL GDWH OD H[DPHQ SUHFXP úL FX EDUHPXO GH
corectare a acestora;
Î utilizarea rezultatelor sale SDULDO VDX vQ WRWDOLWDWH vQ FDGUXO
examenelor.

'LQ DFHDVW XOWLP SHUVSHFWLY UHODLD HYDOXULL FXUHQWHFRQWLQXH FX

examenele poate urma trei modele posibile (A. Stoica, 2000, pg. 60):
MODELUL I
ÌQ FD]XO DFHVWXL PRGHO H[LVW R ]RQ FRPXQ DWkW HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH FkW úL
H[DPHQHORU FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH DX R
DQXPLW SRQGHUH vQ VWDELOLUHD QRWHL ILQDOH OD H[DPHQ $FHDVW ]RQ
FRPXQLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHXWLOL]DUHDDFHORUPHWRGHúLLQVWUXPHQWHGHHYDOXDUH
FDUH SRW IL DSOLFDWH OD FODV QHFHVLWkQG XQ WLPS PDL OXQJ GH HODERUDUH úL GH
OXFUX úL FDUH WHVWHD] FDSDFLWL LPSRUWDQWH DOH HOHYLORU GDU JUHX GH
GHPRQVWUDW vQ VLWXDLD GH H[DPHQ H[HPSOX VLVWHPXO GH vQYPvQW GLQ
Anglia).

EVALUARE

EXAMENE
&217,18

MODELUL II
ÌQ DFHVW FD] HYDOXDUHD FRQWLQX QX VH DIO vQ QLFL XQ IHO GH UHODLH FX
examenele, UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH QHILLQG OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUDUH vQ

8
cadrul examenelor H[HPSOH VLVWHPHOH GH vQYPkQW GLQ 5RPkQLD
Moldova).

EVALUARE
EXAMENE
&217,18

MODELUL III
În acest caz, UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH VXQW vQ WRWDOLWDWH OXDWH vQ
considerare în cadrul examenelor GH H[HPSOX VLVWHPHOH GH vQYPkQW
GLQ6SDQLDúL3RUWXJDOLD

EVALUARE
&217,18
EXAMENE

'LQDFHDVWSHUVSHFWLYSHQWUXLQWHJUDUHDHYDOXULLFXUHQWHFXH[DPHQHOHVH
pot aplica GRXVWUDWHJLL
a) XQD SURYLQH GLQVSUH H[DPHQH úL VH UHIHU OD GLYHUVLILFDUHD IRUPHORU úL
PHWRGHORUGHWHVWDUHvQFDGUXODFHVWRUDvQDúDIHOvQFkWXQHOHWHKQLFLFDUH
VHXWLOL]HD]vQHYDOXDUHDFXUHQWVILHWUDQVIHUDWHH[DPHQHORU
b) FHD GHD GRXD SRUQHúWH GLQVSUH SDUWHD HYDOXULL FXUHQWH SULQ YDORUL]DUHD
rezultatelor acesteia în cadrul examenelor.

1.3. Metode de evaluare

7HRULDúLSUDFWLFDHYDOXULLGLVFULPLQHD]vQWUHPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOHGHHYDOXDUH
úLFHOHFRPSOHPHQWDUH
Metodele WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH DX FSWDW DFHDVW GHQXPLUH GDWRULW
FRQVDFUULLORUvQWLPSFDILLQGFHOHPDLGHVXWLOL]DWH'LQDFHDVWFDWHJRULHIDF
parte:

9
 • probele orale;
• probele scrise;
• probele practice.
Pentru asigurarea unui consens din punct de vedere conceptual vom adopta în
FRQWLQXDUHXUPWRDUHDGHILQLLHGHOXFUX1.
3URE = orice LQVWUXPHQWGHHYDOXDUHSURLHFWDWDGPLQLVWUDWúLFRUHFWDWGH
FWUHSURIHVRU

Probele orale UHSUH]LQW PHWRGD GH HYDOXDUH FHO PDL GHV XWLOL]DW OD FODV
'DWRULWILGHOLWLLúLYDOLGLWLLORUVF]XWHDFHVWHSUREHQXVXQWUHFRPDQGDELOHvQ
VLWXDLL GH H[DPHQ ÌQV vQ HYDOXDUHD OD FODV DFHVWHD vúL GHPRQVWUHD]
valoarea mai ales în cazul disciplinelor care presupun demonstrarea unor
FDSDFLWL úL DELOLWL GLILFLO GH VXUSULQV SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO SUREHORU VFULVH GH
H[HPSOXFDSDFLWDWHDGHFRPXQLFDUHYHUEDO
AvantajeleXWLOL]ULLSUREHORURUDOHYL]HD]
- IOH[LELOLWDWHD úL DGHFYDUHD LQGLYLGXDO D PRGXOXL GH HYDOXDUH SULQ
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDDOWHUQDWLSXOvQWUHEULORUúLJUDGXOORUGHGLILFXOWDWHvQIXQFLHGH
FDOLWDWHDUVSXQVXULORURIHULWHGHFWUHHOHY
- SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D FODULILFD úL FRUHFWD LPHGLDW HYHQWXDOHOH HURUL VDX
QHvQHOHJHULDOHHOHYXOXLvQUDSRUWGHXQFRQLQXWVSHFLILF
- IRUPXODUHDUVSXQVXULORUXUPUHúWHORJLFDúLGLQDPLFDXQXLGLVFXUVRUDO
FHHD FH RIHU PDL PXOW OLEHUWDWH GH PDQLIHVWDUH D RULJLQDOLWLL HOHYXOXL D
FDSDFLWLLVDOHGHDUJXPHQWDUHHWF
- QXvQXOWLPXOUkQGWLSXOGHLQWHUDFLXQHGLUHFWFUHDWvQWUHHYDOXDWRUúL
HYDOXDW SURIHVRU úL HOHY HVWH GH QDWXU V VWLPXOH]H PRGXO GH VWUXFWXUDUH D
UVSXQVXULORU GH FWUH HOHY vQFXUDMkQG úL PDQLIHVWUL FH SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD
comportamentului afectiv-atitudinal.
(VWHQHFHVDUvQVVILHDYXWHvQYHGHUHúLlimitele acestor probe, dintre care
PHQLRQP
- GLYHUVHOH FLUFXPVWDQH FDUH SRW LQIOXHQD RELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL GH
H[HPSOXJUDGXOGLIHULWGHGLILFXOWDWHDOvQWUHEULORUGHODXQHOHYODDOWXOYDULDLD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHYDOXDWRUXOXLHWFFHHDFHJHQHUHD]RSXWHUQLF YDULHWDWH
LQWHULQGLYLGXDOúLLQWUDLQGLYLGXDOvQWUHSHUVRDQHOHFDUHHYDOXHD]VDXODDFHODúL
evaluator în momente diferite;

1
 vQ OXFUDUHD ´(YDOXDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU úFRODUH´ FRRUG $ 6WRLFD 
'HILQL LD HVWH SURSXV

10
 - QLYHOXOVF]XWGHYDOLGLWDWHúLILGHOLWDWH
- FRQVXPXO PDUH GH WLPS DYkQG vQ YHGHUH F HOHYLL VXQW HYDOXDL
individual.
'HFL]LD SURIHVRUXOXL GH D XWLOL]D SUREHOH RUDOH vQ DQXPLWH VLWXDLL DOH SUDFWLFLL
úFRODUHFXUHQWHWUHEXLHVVHvQWHPHLH]HSHUDLXQLFDUHLQGH
• RELHFWLYHOHHYDOXULLvQVLWXDLDFRQFUHW
• tipul de evaluare promovat;
• QXPUXOHOHYLORU
• timpul disponibil;
• resursele materiale alocate;
• WLSXO GH LQIRUPDLH SH FDUH SURIHVRUXO GRUHúWH V R RELQ SULQ
UVSXQVXULOHHOHYLORU
• QDWXUDúLVSHFLILFXOGLVFLSOLQHL

Probele scrise VXQW SUDFWLFDWH úL XQHRUL FKLDU SUHIHUDWH GDWRULW XQRUD GLQWUH
avantajeleORULPSRVLELOGHLJQRUDWvQFRQGLLLOHvQFDUHVHGRUHúWHHILFLHQWL]DUHD
SURFHVXOXLGHLQVWUXLUHúLFUHúWHUHDJUDGXOXLGHRELHFWLYLWDWHvQDSUHFLHUH'LQWUH
DFHVWHDPHQLRQP
- HFRQRPLDGHWLPSSHFDUHRUHDOL]HD]vQFDGUXOEXJHWXOXLDORFDWUHODLHL
SUHGDUHvQYDUHHYDOXDUH3UREHOHVFULVHSHUPLWHYDOXDUHDXQXLQXPUPDUHGH
elevi într-un timp relativ scurt.
- DFRSHULUHDXQLWDUFDYROXPúLSURIXQ]LPHSHFDUHRDVLJXUODQLYHOXO
FRQLQXWXOXLHYDOXDW3UREHOHVFULVHIDFSRVLELOHYDOXDUHDWXWXURUHOHYLORUDVXSUD
DFHOHLDúLVHFYHQHFXUULFXODUHFHHDce face comparabile rezultatele elevilor, iar
HYDOXDUHDvQVLQHPDLRELHFWLY
- SRVLELOLWDWHD SURIHVRUXOXL GH D HPLWH MXGHFL GH YDORDUH PXOW PDL
RELHFWLYH vQWHPHLDWH SH H[LVWHQD XQRU FULWHULL GH HYDOXDUH FODU VSHFLILFDWH úL
prestabilite;
- SRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYLORUGHDúLHODERUDUVSXQVXOLQGHSHQGHQWIUQLFLXQ
IHOGHLQWHUYHQLHGLQDIDUUHIOHFWkQGFXQRúWLQHúLFDSDFLWLGHPRQVWUDWHvQWU
un ritm propriu;
- GLPLQXDUHD VWULORU WHQVLRQDOH GH VWUHVV FDUH SRW DYHD XQ LPSDFW
QHJDWLYDVXSUDSHUIRUPDQHLHOHYLORUWLPL]LVDXFXDOWHSUREOHPHHPRLRQDOH

11
Dezavantajul major este presupus de relativa întârziere în timp a momentului
vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] FRUHFWDUHD XQRU JUHúHOL VDX FRPSOHWDUHD XQRU ODFXQH
identificate.

Probele practice VXQW XWLOL]DWH vQ YHGHUHD HYDOXULL FDSDFLWLL HOHYLORU GH a
DSOLFD DQXPLWH FXQRúWLQH WHRUHWLFH SUHFXP úL D JUDGXOXL GH VWSkQLUH D
SULFHSHULORUúLGHSULQGHULORUGHRUGLQSUDFWLF&XWRDWHFDFWLYLWLOHSUDFWLFHRIHU
SRVLELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GHDúL GH]YROWD DWkW FRPSHWHQHOH JHQHUDOH FRPXQLFDUH
DQDOL] VLQWH] HYDOXDUH FkW úL SH FHOH VSHFLILFH DSOLFDWLYH PDQLSXODUHD
datelor, instrumentelor de lucru, interpretarea rezultatelor), evaluarea elevilor
SULQ SUREH SUDFWLFH DWkW vQ VLWXDLL GH H[DPLQDUH FXUHQW FkW úL vQ VLWXDLL GH
H[DPHQHVWHIRDUWHSXLQSXVvQYDORDUH
3HQWUXUHDOL]DUHDFXVXFFHVDXQHLDFWLYLWLSUDFWLFHHVWHQRUPDOFDvQFGHOD
vQFHSXWXODQXOXLúFRODUHOHYLLVILHDYL]DLDVXSUD,1HDFúX$6WRLFD(coord.)
1996, p.76):
• WHPDWLFLLOXFUULORUSUDFWLFH
• modului în care ele vor fi evaluate (baremele de notare);
• FRQGLLLORU FDUH OH VXQW RIHULWH SHQWUX D UHDOL]D DFHVWH DFWLYLWL
DSDUDWHXQHOWHVOLGHVSRUWHWF

$úDFXPPHQLRQDPDQWHULRUPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOHGHHYDOXDUHFRQFHSXWHFD
UHDOL]kQG XQ HFKLOLEUX vQWUH SUREHOH RUDOH VFULVH úL FHOH SUDFWLFH FRQVWLWXLH OD
PRPHQWXO DFWXDO HOHPHQWHOH SULQFLSDOH úL GRPLQDQWH vQ GHVIúXUDUHD DFWXOXL
evaluativ. 3RUQLQG GH OD DFHDVW UHDOLWDWH RELHFWLY VWUDWHJLLOH PRGHUQH GH
HYDOXDUH FDXW V DFFHQWXH]H DFHD GLPHQVLXQH D DFLXQLL HYDOXDWLYH FDUH V
RIHUH HOHYLORU VXILFLHQWH úL YDULDWH SRVLELOLWL GH D GHPRQVWUD FHHD FH úWLX FD
DQVDPEOX GH FXQRúWLQH GDU PDL DOHV FHHD FH SRW V IDF SULFHSHUL
GHSULQGHUL DELOLWL Acest lucru se poate realiza prin utilizarea metodelor
complementare de evaluare.

Principalele metode complementare de evaluare DO FURU SRWHQLDO IRUPDWLY

VXVLQHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDDFWXOXLHGXFDLRQDOSULQVSULMLQXODFRUGDWHOHYXOXLVXQW
• REVHUYDUHDVLVWHPDWLFDDFWLYLWLLúLDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYLORU
• LQYHVWLJDLD
• proiectul;
• portofoliul;

12
 • autoevaluarea.

2EVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF D DFWLYLWLL úL D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU

IXUQL]HD]SURIHVRUXOXLLQIRUPDLLUHOHYDQWHDVXSUDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUVLGLQ
SHUVSHFWLYDFDSDFLWLLORUGHDFLXQHúLUHODLRQDUHDFRPSHWHQHORUúLDELOLWLORU
GH FDUH GLVSXQ DFHúWLD 3HQWUX D DWLQJH DFHVW VFRS SURIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V
XWLOL]H]HXQLQVWUXPHQWDUDGHFYDWRELHFWXOXLREVHUYULLÌQPRGSUDFWLFSURIHVRUXO
DUHODGLVSR]LLHWUHLPRGDOLWLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDDFHVWRULQIRUPDLLYH]LúL1
Gronlund, 1981, pg. 434-450):
• ILúDGHHYDOXDUH
• scara de clasificare
• lista de control/verificare
(VWH LPSRUWDQW GH VXEOLQLDW vQ OHJWXU FX DFHVWH PRGDOLWL GH vQUHJLVWUDUH D
LQIRUPDLLORU IDSWXO F SRW IL XWLOL]DWH DWkW SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL FkW úL D
SURGXVHORU UHDOL]DWH GH HOHYL VXUSULQ]kQG DWkW RELHFWLYri comportamentale ale
GRPHQLXOXLFRJQLWLYFkWúLDOHGRPHQLLDIHFWLYúLSVLKRPRWRU

z )LúD GH HYDOXDUH HVWH FRPSOHWDW GH FWUH SURIHVRU vQ HD

înregistrându-se date factuale despre evenimentele cele mai importante pe
FDUH SURIHVRUXO OH LGHQWLILF vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VDX PRGXO GH DFLXQH DO
HOHYLORUVLIDSWHUHPDUFDELOHSUREOHPHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHHYLGHQLHUHDXQRU
DSWLWXGLQL GHRVHELWH vQWUXQ GRPHQLX VDX DOWXO HWF /D DFHVWHD VH DGDXJ
LQWHUSUHWULOH SURIHVRUXOXL DVXSUD FHORU vQWkPSODWH SHUPLkQGXL DFHVWXLD V
VXUSULQGPRGHOXOFRPSRUWDPHQWDODOHOHYLORUVL
'HFL SURIHVRUXO vQWUR SULP LQVWDQ este cel care decide ce comportament
YD IL REVHUYDW úL vQUHJLVWUDW FRQILJXUkQG DULD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO HYHQWXDOHOH
OLPLWH DOH REVHUYDLLORU vQUHJLVWUDWH JUDGXO GH H[WLQGHUH vQ XWLOL]DUH DO DFHVWRU
REVHUYDLL
Un avantajLPSRUWDQWDODFHVWRUILúHGHHYDOXDUHHVWHDFHODFQXGHSLQGHGH
capacitatea de comunicare a elevului cu profesorul, profesorul fiind cel care
vQUHJLVWUHD] úL LQWHUSUHWHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXO WLSLF VDX DOWH SURGXVH úL
SHUIRUPDQHDOHHOHYXOXL
Un dezavantaj GHFDUHWUHEXLHLQXWVHDPHVWHDFHODDOPDUHOXLconsum de
timp SH FDUH vO LPSOLF WLPSXO QHFHVDU SURIHVRUXOXL VSUH H[HPSOX SHQWUX D
QRWDGHVFULHULOHYHUEDOHDOHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYLORUVLODFDUHVHDGDXJ
IDSWXO F DFHVWH QRWUL QX DX R FRW ULGLFDW GH obiectivitate, ceea ce are
UHSHUFXUVLXQLDVXSUDILGHOLWLLDFHVWRUvQUHJLVWUUL

13
 z Scara de clasificare vQVXPHD] un set de caracteristici
FRPSRUWDPHQWH FH WUHEXLH VXSXVH HYDOXULL vQVRLW GH XQ DQXPLW WLS GH
VFDU GH RELFHL scara Likert 3RWULYLW DFHVWXL WLS GH VFDU HOHYXOXL vL VXQW
prezentate XQ QXPU GH HQXQXUL vQ UDSRUW GH FDUH DFHVWD WUHEXLH VúL
manifeste acordul sau dezacordul, discriminând între cinci trepte: puternic
acord; acord; indecis (neutru); dezacord; puternic dezacord.

Exemplu:

1. Particip cu SOFHUHODDFWLYLWLOHGHOXFUXvQHFKLS
† puternic dezacord † dezacord † neutru † acord † puternic acord
2. Îmi DVXPLPHGLDWUHVSRQVDELOLWLOHFDUHvPLVXQWVWDELOLWHvQFDGUXOHFKLSHL
† puternic dezacord † dezacord † neutru † acord † puternic acord
8Q HOHPHQW HVHQLDO vQ FRQVWUXLUHD XQHL VFri de clasificare îl constituie
UHGDFWDUHDXQXLEXQHQXQODFDUHHOHYXOVSRDWUVSXQGH3ULQXUPDUH
D )LHFDUH HQXQ WUHEXLH V FXSULQG FXYLQWH IDPLOLDUH VXELHFWXOXL XWLOL]kQG
OLPEDMXODFHVWXLDúLQXXQXOSXWHUQLFVSHFLDOL]DWVDXWHKQLF'HFLHQXQXULFXR
VWUXFWXUVLPSO
E )LHFDUH HQXQ V ILH H[SULPDW clar pozitiv sau clar negativ V UHSUH]LQWH
SR]LLLFODUSR]LWLYHVDXQHJDWLYH(VWHELQHFDHQXQXULOHVILHH[SHULPHQWDWH
înainte de introducerea lor în instrument.
F /LVWD ILQDO GH HQXQXUL WUHEXLH V FRQLQ XQ QXPU DSUR[LPDWLY HJDO GH
HQXQXULSR]LWLYHúLQHJDWLYH.
G)LHFDUHHQXQWUHEXLHVSURGXFLQIRUPDLDQHFHVDU. Nu se introduce un
HQXQ GRDU SHQWUX F ³HVWH LQWHUHVDQW GH Y]XW FH UVSXQG VXELHFLL OD HO´
(QXQXO WUHEXLH V IDF UHIHULUH FODU OD DWLWXGLQHD VDX RSLQLD GHVSUH FDUH
GRULPVDIOPLQIRUPDLL

z Lista de control/verificare GHúL SDUH DVHPQWRDUH FX VFDUD GH

FODVLILFDUH FD PDQLHU GH VWUXFWXUDUH XQ VHW GH HQXQXUL FDUDFWHULVWLFL
FRPSRUWDPHQWHHWFVHGHRVHEHúWHGHDFHDVWDSULQIDSWXOFSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
HL GRDU VH FRQVWDW SUH]HQD VDX DEVHQD unei caracteristici, comportament
HWFIUDHPLWHRMXGHFDWGHYDORDUHRULFkWGHVLPSO

ExempluGHVIúXUDUHDXQHLDFWLYLWLH[SHULPHQWDOHvQODERUDWRU
Elevul:
- DXUPDWLQVWUXFLXQLOHVSHFLILFHDFWLYLWLL †Da †Nu

14
- a cerut ajutor atunci când a avut nevoie. †Da †Nu
- DFRRSHUDWFXFHLODOLFROHJLSHQWUXDUHDOL]D
produsul final. †Da †Nu
- a finalizat sarcina de lucru. †Da †Nu
- DIFXWFXUDWODPDVDGHOXFUX †Da †Nu

Un avantaj al listei de control HVWHDFHOD F VH HODERUHD] UHODWLY XúRU, fiind
RELHFWLY vQ HYDOXDUHD DELOLWLORU FDUH SRW IL vQ PRG FODU GLYL]DWH vQ SDúL
specifici.
8Q WLS VSHFLDO GH REVHUYDLH este REVHUYDLD SDUWLFLSDWLY FX LPSOLFDLL
VHPQLILFDWLYH DVXSUD UHODLHL SURIHVRUHOHY GLQ FODV $FHVW WLS GH REVHUYDLH
SUDFWLFDW GH FWUH SURIHVRUXO HVWH vQ HVHQ VXELHFWLY GDU SRDWH VúL
VSRUHDVF SURFHQWXO GH RELHFWLYLWDWH GDF DWHQLD YD IL FRQFHQWUDW DVXSUD
FRQVWUXFLHLúLXWLOL]ULLLQVWUXPHQWHORU
În ceea FH SULYHúWH FRVWXULOH LPSOLFDWH GH DFHDVW PHWRG HD HVWH LHIWLQ GDU
mare consumatoare de timp.

,QYHVWLJDia,FDPHWRGFRPSOHPHQWDUGHHYDOXDUHRIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYXOXL
GH D DSOLFD vQ PRG FUHDWLY FXQRúWLQHOH vQVXúLWH vQ VLWXDLL QRL úL YDULDWH SH
parcursul unei ore sau unei succesiuni de ore de curs.
ÌQ FDGUXO XQHL LQYHVWLJDLL RELHFWLYHOH HYDOXDWH GH H[HPSOX GHILQLUHD úL
vQHOHJHUHD SUREOHPHL LGHQWLILFDUHD SURFHGHHORU GH RELQHUH D LQIRUPDLLORU
FROHFWDUHD úL RUJDQL]DUHD GDWHORU IRUPXODUHD úL WHVWDUHD LSRWH]HORU GHVFULHUHD
PHWRGHORU GH LQYHVWLJDLH D SUREOHPHL HODERUDUHD XQXL VFXUW UDSRUW GHVSUH
UH]XOWDWHOH LQYHVWLJDLHL FDSW VHPQLILFDLL GLIHULWH FRUHODWH FX JUDGXO GH
FRPSOH[LWDWH DO VDUFLQLL GH OXFUX úL FX QDWXUD GLVFLSOLQHL OD FDUH VH DSOLF 8Q
HOHPHQW LPSRUWDQW vQ GHVIúXUDUHD XQHL LQYHVWLJDLL GXS SURLHFWDUHD HL vO
constituie preexperimentarea, ceea FH DVLJXU XQ SOXV GH YDOLGLWDWH
LQVWUXPHQWXOXLGHHYDOXDUHSHFDUHSURIHVRUXOLQWHQLRQHD]VOSURSXQHOHYLORU
VL
$FWLYLWDWHD GLGDFWLF GHVIúXUDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWHL SUDFWLFL HYDOXDWLYH
SRDWHVILHRUJDQL]DWLQGLYLGXDOVDXSHJUXSXULGHOXFUXLDUDSUHFLHUHDPRGXOXL
de realizare DLQYHVWLJDLHLHVWHGHRELFHLGHWLSKROLVWLF
$SRUWXODFHVWXLWLSGHDFWLYLWDWHDVXSUDGH]YROWULLFDSDFLWLORUGHRUGLQDSOLFDWLY
ale elevilor HVWHFRQVLGHUDELOPDLDOHVvQFD]XOUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHORUGH]YROWULL
FDSDFLWLGHDUJXPHQWDUHJkQGLULLORJLFHHWF

15
Proiectul UHSUH]LQW R DFWLYLWDWH GH HYDOXDUH PDL DPSO GHFkW LQYHVWLJDia.
3URLHFWXOvQFHSHvQFODVSULQGHILQLUHDúLvQHOHJHUHDVDUFLQLLGHOXFUXHYHQWXDO
úLSULQvQFHSHUHDUH]ROYULLDFHVWHLDVHFRQWLQXDFDVSHSDUFXUVXODFkWRUYD
]LOHVDXVSWPkQLWLPSvQFDUHHOHYXODUHSHUPDQHQWHFRQVXOWULFXSURIHVRUXO
úLVHvQFKHLHWRWvQFODVSULQSUH]HQWDUHDvQIDDFROHJLORUDXQXLUDSRUWDVXSUD
UH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHúLGDFHVWHFD]XODSURGXVXOXLUHDOL]DW&DúLLQYHVWLJDia,
SURLHFWXODUHPDLPXOWHHWDSHúLSRDWHILUHDOL]DWLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS
(WDSHOH SURLHFWXOXL SUHVXSXQ GLUHFLRQDUHD HIRUWXULORU HOHYLORU vQ GRX GLUHFLL OD
IHOGHLPSRUWDQWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPHWRGRORJLFúLSUDFWLFFROHFWDUHDGDWHORU
úL UHDOL]DUHD SURGXVXOXL )LHFDUH GLUHFLH FRQLQH HOHPHQWH FDUH FRQIHU
VSHFLILFLWDWHSURLHFWXOXLvQIXQFLHGHGLVFLSOLQDSHFDUHRYL]HD]
3ULQWUHFDSDFLWLOHHOHYLORUSRVLELOGHHYDOXDWSULQLQWHUPHGLXODFHVWHLPHWRGHVH
SRWHQXPHUD$6WRLFD60XVWHD,1997, p.115):
• DGHFYDUHD PHWRGHORU GH OXFUX úL D LQVWUXPHQWDUXOXL DOHV OD RELHFWLYHOH
propuse prin proiect;
• IRORVLUHDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDPDWHULDOHORUúLHFKLSDPHQWHORUGLQGRWDUH
• RIHULUHDXQHLVROXLLFRUHFWHUH]ROYDUHDGHSUREOHPH
• UHDOL]DUHDFXDFXUDWHHDSURGXVXOXLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHKQLF
• SRVLELOLWDWHDJHQHUDOL]ULLSUREOHPHLVROXLHL
• prezentarea proiectului.
Strategia de evaluare a proiectului, care este una de tip holistic, trebuie, la
UkQGXOHLVILHFODUGHILQLWSULQFULWHULLQHJRFLDWHVDXQXFXHOHYLLDVWIHOvQFkWV
HYLGHQLH]HHIRUWXOH[FOXVLYDOHOHYXOXLvQUHDOL]DUHDSURLHFWXOXL

Utilizarea portofoliului FD PHWRG FRPSOHPHQWDU GH HYDOXDUH vQ SUDFWLFD

úFRODU FXUHQW VH LPSXQH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW DWHQLHL úL LQWHUHVXOXL
SURIHVRULORU 3RUWRIROLXO LQFOXGH UH]XOWDWHOH UHOHYDQWH RELQXWH SULQ FHOHODOWH
PHWRGH úL WHKQLFL GH HYDOXDUH SUREH RUDOH VFULVH SUDFWLFH REVHUYDUHD
VLVWHPDWLF D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYXOXL SURLHFWXO DXWRHYDOXDUHD SUHFXP úL
VDUFLQLVSHFLILFHILHFUHLGLVFLSOLQH
3RUWRIROLXOUHSUH]LQWFDUWHDGHYL]LWDHOHYXOXLXUPULQGXLSURJUHVXOGHODXQ
VHPHVWUXODDOWXOGHODXQDQúFRODUODDOWXOúLFKLDUGHODXQFLFOXGHvQYPkQW
la altul.
,PSRUWDQW UPkQH VFRSXO SHQWUX FDUH este proiectat portofoliul, ceea ce va
GHWHUPLQDúLVWUXFWXUDVD$OWXULGHVFRSvQGHILQLUHDXQXLSRUWRIROLXVXQWODIHO
GHUHOHYDQWHFRQWH[WXOúLPRGXOGHSURLHFWDUHDSRUWRIROLXOXL

16
2 IXQFLH LPSRUWDQW SH FDUH R SUHLD SRUWRIROLXO HVWH DFHHD GH LQYHVWLJDUH D
PDMRULWLL SURGXVHORU HOHYLORU FDUH GH RELFHL UPkQ QHLQYHVWLJDWH vQ DFWXO
HYDOXDWLYUHSUH]HQWkQGvQDFHODúLWLPSXQVWLPXOHQWSHQWUXGHVIúXUDUHDvQWUHJLL
JDPH GH DFWLYLWL GLGDFWLFH QX GRDU SUHJWLUHD VWHUHRWLS SHQWUX WHVWH GH
FXQRúWLQHÌQDFHODúLWLPSVDUFLQDHYDOXULLFRQWLQXHHVWHSUHOXDWFXVXFFHVúL
IU WHQVLXQHD SH FDUH DU SXWHDR JHQHUD PHWRGHOH WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH
aplicate frecvent.
3ULQ FRPSOH[LWDWHD úL ERJLD LQIRUPDLHL SH FDUH R IXUQL]HD] VLQWHWL]kQG
DFWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GHD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL XQ VHPHVWUX DQ úFRODU VDX FLFOX GH
vQYPkQWSRUWRIROLXOSRDWHFRQVWLWXLSDUWHLQWHJUDQWDXQHLHYDOXULVXPDWLYH
VDXDXQHLH[DPLQUL

Autoevaluarea SULQ LQIRUPDLLOH SH FDUH OH IXUQL]HD] DUH XQ URO HVHQLDO vQ
vQWUHJLUHDLPDJLQLLHOHYXOXLGLQSHUVSHFWLYDMXGHFLLGHYDORDUHSHFDUHRHPLWH
profesorul.
3HQWUX FD HYDOXDUHD V ILH UHVLPLW GH FWUH HOHY FD DYkQG HIHFW IRUPDWLY
UDSRUWkQGXVHODGLIHULWHFDSDFLWLDOHVDOHvQIXQFLHGHSURJUHVXOUHDOL]DWúLGH
GLILFXOWLOHSHFDUHOHDUHGHGHSúLWHVWHIRDUWHXWLOIRUPDUHDúLH[HUVDUHDOD
HOHYLDFDSDFLWLLGHDXWRHYDOXDUH(OHYLLDXQHYRLHVVHDXWRFXQRDVF$FHVW
IDSWDUHPXOWLSOHLPSOLFDLLvQSODQPRWLYDLRQDOúLDWLWXGLQDO
&DúLSURIHVRUXOFDUHFRQGXFHDFWLYLWDWHDHOHYXODIODWvQVLWXDLDGHvQYDUHDUH
QHYRLHGHDQXPLWHSXQFWHGHUHIHULQFDUHVLGHILQHDVFUROXOVDUFLQDQDWXUD
úL GLUHFLLOH DFWLYLWLL VDOH DMXWkQGXO V FRQúWLHQWL]H]H SURJUHVHOH úL DFKL]LLLOH
IFXWH VúL HODERUH]H VWLOXO SURSULX GH OXFUX V VH SRDW VLWXD SHUVRQDO vQ
UDSRUWFXH[LJHQHOHGHvQYDUH
Un ORF DSDUWH vQ DFHDVW VIHU vO RFXS DXWRHYDOXDUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU GLQ
GRPHQLXO DIHFWLY DO GH]YROWULL SHUVRQDOH $FHVW OXFUX VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOFKHVWLRQDUHORUVFULORUGHFODVLILFDUHHWF

7RDWH DFHVWH PHWRGH FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH DVLJXU R DOWHUQDWLY OD

IRUPXOHOHWUDGLLRQDOHDFURUSUH]HQHVWHSUHSRQGHUHQWRIHULQGDOWHRSLXQL
PHWRGRORJLFHúLLQVWUXPHQWDOHFDUHvPERJHVFSUDFWLFDHYDOXDWLY9DOHQHOHORU
IRUPDWLYH OH UHFRPDQG VXVLQXW vQ DFHVW sens. Este cazul, în special, al
LQYHVWLJDLHL SURLHFWXOXL úL SRUWRIROLXOXL FDUH vQ DIDUD IDSWXOXL F UHSUH]LQW
importante instrumente de evaluare, constituie în primul rând sarcini de lucru a
FURUUH]ROYDUHVWLPXOHD]vQYDUHDGHWLSHXULVWLF

17
Dintre YDOHQHOH IRUPDWLYH ale metodelor complementare de evaluare pot fi
PHQLRQDWH
- RSRUWXQLWDWHD FUHDW SURIHVRUXOXL GH D RELQH QRL úL LPSRUWDQWH
LQIRUPDLL DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL GH SUHJWLUH DO HOHYLORU VL Pe baza
DFHVWRU LQIRUPDLL SURIHVRUXO vúL IXQGDPHQWHD] MXGHFDWD GH
YDORDUH SH FDUH R H[SULP vQWUR DSUHFLHUH FkW PDL RELHFWLY D
SHUIRUPDQHORU HOHYLORU úL D SURJUHVHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH GH FWUH
DFHúWLD
- SRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDDUWDFHHDFHúWLHúLPDLDOHVFHHDFH
úWLHVIDFvQWURYDULHWDWHGHFRQWH[WHúLVLWXDLL
- RIHULUHD XQHL LPDJLQL SHUPDQHQW DFWXDOL]DWH DVXSUD SHUIRUPDQHORU
HOHYLORUvQUDSRUWFXDELOLWLOHúLFDSDFLWLOHSHFDUHDFHúWLDOHGHLQ
SUHFXPúLDXQHLLPDJLQLFkWPDLFRPSOHWHDVXSUDSURILOXOXLJHQHUDO
DOQLYHOXOXLGHDFKL]LLLDOHOHYXOXLDPEHOHvQVSULMLQXOSURIHVRUXOXL
- DVLJXUDUHD XQXL GHPHUV LQWHUDFWLY DO DFWXOXL GH SUHGDUHvQYDUH
adaptat nevoilor de individualizare a sarcinilor de lucru pentru fiecare
HOHY YDORULILFkQG úL VWLPXOkQG SRWHQLDOXO FUHDWLY úL RULJLQDOLWDWHD
acestuia;
- H[HUVDUHD DELOLWLORU SUDFWLFDSOLFDWLYH DOH HOHYLORU DVLJXUkQG R PDL
EXQ FODULILFDUH FRQFHSWXDO úL LQWHJUDUH vQ VLVWHPXO QRLRQDO D
FXQRúWLQHORUDVLPLODWHFDUHDVWIHOGHYLQRSHUDLRQDOH
În termeni generali, metoda HVWH FHD FDUH FRQWXUHD] vQWUHJXO GHPHUV GH
SURLHFWDUH úL UHDOL]DUH D DFLXQLL HYDOXDWLYH GH OD VWDELOLUHD RELHFWLYHORU GH
HYDOXDUHúLSkQODFRQVWUXLUHDúLDSOLFDUHDLQVWUXPHQWXOXLGHHYDOXDUHSULQFDUH
LQWHQLRQP V RELQHP LQIRUPDLLOH QHFHVDUH úL UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX VFRSXULOH
SURSXVH 'LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY instrumentul de evaluare este parte
LQWHJUDQW D PHWRGHL ILLQG FHO FDUH FRQFUHWL]HD] OD QLYHO GH SURGXV RSLXQHD
PHWRGRORJLF D SURIHVRUXOXL SHQWUX PVXUDUHD úL DSUHFLHUHD FXQRúWLQHORU úL
FRPSHWHQHORUHOHYXOXLvQWURVLWXDLHHGXFDLRQDOELQHGHILQLW

&DOLWLOHLQVWUXPHQWHORUGHHYDOXDUH

8WLOL]DUHD WHVWHORU FD SULQFLSDO LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH vQ SUDFWLFD úFRODU
FXUHQWVDXvQVLWXDLHGHH[DPHQSRDWHLQFOXGHXQSRWHQLDOULVFvQPRPHQWXO
vQ FDUH vQ SURLHFWDUHD DFHVWRUD QX VH LQH FRQW GH FDOLWLOH DFHVWXLD FDOLWL
LQGLVSHQVDELOH vQ FRQGLLLOH vQ FDUH VH GRUHúWH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL FRQVLVWHQH D
PVXUULLvQHYDOXDUH7RFPDLGHDFHHDHVWHUHODWLYGLILFLOFDWHVWHOHHODERUDWH

18
GH SURIHVRUL V VDWLVIDF WRDWH DFHVWH FDOLWL WHKQLFH vQ FRQGLLL RSWLPH
GH]DYDQWDMFDUHHVWHvQVvQOWXUDWvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHWHVWHOHVXQWSURGXVH
GH R LQVWLWXLH VSHFLDOL]DW vQ DFHVW VHQV ,QGLIHUHQW GH PHWRGD SULQ FDUH VH
HYDOXHD] XWLOL]DUHD XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH LQVXILFLHQW GH ELQH FDOLEUDW
GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO UHVSHFWULL FDOLWLORU VDOH WHKQLFH DGXFH LPSRUWDQWH
SUHMXGLFLL GHPHUVXOXL LQLLDW UHODWLYL]kQG FRQVLGHUDELO UH]XOWDWHOH úL HIHFWHOH
HYDOXULL
'HVFULHUHDVXFFLQWDDFHVWRUFDOLWLHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQFRQWLQXDUHYH]LúL,
1HDFúX$6WRLFDFRRUGSJ

3ULQFLSDOHOH FDOLWL DOH XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH SH FDUH vO YRP QXPL vQ
continuare test sunt: YDOLGLWDWHDILGHOLWDWHDRELHFWLYLWDWHDúLDSOLFDELOLWDWHD

Validitatea XQXL WHVW HVWH H[SULPDW GH DFXUDWHHD FX FDUH WHVWXO UHVSHFWLY
PVRDUFHHDFHLQWHQLRQHD]VPVRDUHÌQFRQVHFLQDDSUHFLDGDFXQ
WHVW PVRDUD FHHD FH úLD SURSXV V PVRDUH QX VH SRDWH IDFH GHFkW vQ
UHODLH FX VFRSXO WHVWXOXL UHVSHFWLY 3ULPD vQWUHEDUH OD FDUH WUHEXLH V
UVSXQG DXWRUXO XQXL WHVW HVWH FH LQWHQLRQH] V PVRU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
acestui instrument? 3ULPD FRQVWDWDUH SH FDUH R SRDWH IDFH HVWH DFHHD F
WUHEXLH V VH UDSRUWH]H OD FHHD FH HVWH FDSDELO V PVRDUH vQ PRPHQWXO
UHVSHFWLY PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH GH UHJXO SULQ SURLHFWDUHD XQXL WHVW VH FHUH
HOHYLORU V UVSXQG OD DQXPLWH FHULQH úL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX FDUH OL VH GDX
DFHVWRUD VSUH UH]ROYDUH &RQVHFLQD GLUHFW D DFHVWXL IDSW HVWH F FHHD FH
PVXUP VXQW GRDU FRPSRUWDPHQWH (VWH PXOW PDL JUHX GH UHDOL]DW
PVXUDUHDDFHORUDVSHFWHFDUHLQGHLQWHUHVHOHHOHYLORUGHDELOLWLOHDFHVWRUD
VDXGHODWXUDDIHFWLYDWLWXGLQDODSHUVRQDOLWLLHOHYLORU$FHVWHDVSHFWHQXSRW
ILPVXUDWHvQPRGGLUHFW
ÌQFDGUXOXQXLWHVWQXWUHEXLHVH[LVWHHOHPHQWHGHLQWHUIHUHQ'HH[HPSOX
XQ WHVW FDUH PVRDUD JUDGXO GH H[HUVDUH DO XQXL DOJRULWP GH DQDOL]
JUDPDWLFDOQXWUHEXLHVFULVvQWUXQOLPEDMJUHXDFFHVLELOYkUVWHLHOHYLORUVDXV
ULGLFH SUREOHPH GH YRFDEXODU VDX VWLO SHQWUX F vQ DFHVW IHO YRU IL PVXUDWH
DELOLWL GH VWSkQLUH D HOHPHQWHORU GH OLPE úL DELD vQ SODQ VHFXQGDU FHOH
SUHVXSXVHGHDQDOL]DJUDPDWLFDO
3HQWUXFDXQWHVWVILHFRQVLGHUDWYDOLGWUHEXLHVDFRSHUHvQWUHJXOFRQLQXW
DO SURJUDPHL GH H[DPHQ vQWUXQ PRG DGHFYDW LQkQG FRQW GH OXQJLPHD
SRQGHUHD VDX LPSRUWDQD GLIHULWHORU DVSHFWH DOH FRQLQXWXOXL OD FDUH IDFH
referire.

În continuare vom face referire la câteva tipuri de validitate:

• YDOLGLWDWHDGHFRQLQXW
• validitatea de construct

19
 • YDOLGLWDWHDFRQFXUHQW
• YDOLGLWDWHDSUHGLFWLY
• YDOLGLWDWHDGHIDDG

1. 9DOLGLWDWHDGHFRQLQXWUHOHYPVXUDvQFDUHWHVWXODFRSHUvQPRG
XQLIRUPHOHPHQWHOH GH FRQLQXW PDMRUHSH FDUH DFHVWD OH WHVWHD]
$SUHFLHUHD YDOLGLWLL GH FRQLQXW VH IDFH SULQ HVWLPDUHD
FRQFRUGDQHLGLQWUHLWHPLLWHVWXOXLúLRELHFWLYHOHRSHUDLRQDOHGHILQLWH
SHED]DFRQLQXWXULORUHVHQLDOHDOHSURJUDPXOXLGHLQVWUXLUH

2. Validitatea de constructH[SULPDFXUDWHHDFXFDUHWHVWXOPVRDU
XQ DQXPLW FRQVWUXFW VSHFLILFDW GH H[HPSOX LQWHOLJHQD
FUHDWLYLWDWHD VXFFHVXO úFRODU HWF 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVW WLS GH
YDOLGLWDWH YL]HD] FRQFRUGDQD GLQWUH QDWXUD LWHPLORU úL RELHFWLYHOH
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH FRQLQXWXULORU VXSXVH HYDOXULL GHFL UDSRUWXO LWHP
QLYHOXOvQYULL

3. VDOLGLWDWHDFRQFXUHQWIDFHUHIHULUHODFRQFRUGDQDGLQWUHUH]XOWDWHOH
RELQXWH GH XQ HOHY OD XQ WHVW úL XQHOH FULWHULL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW
VLPLODUH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ YDOLGLWDWHD FRQFXUHQW UHIOHFW PVXUD vQ
FDUH VFRUXULOH vQUHJLVWUDWH OD XQ WHVW UHODLRQHD] FX DOWH PVXUUL
UHDOL]DWHDVXSUDDFHORUDúLDELOLWL

4. 9DOLGLWDWHD SUHGLFWLY YL]HD] PVXUD vQ FDUH WHVWXO SRDWH IDFH

SURJQR]D SHUIRUPDQHORU YLLWRDUH DOH HOHYXOXL 5H]XOWDWHOH SUH]HQWH
ale testului sunt utilizate pentru a atinge acest scop. Acest tip de
YDOLGLWDWH YL]HD] HVWLPDUHDGHWHUPLQDUHD FRUHODLHL GLQWUH
SHUIRUPDQD vQUHJLVWUDW OD XQ WHVW FDUH D IRVW DGPLQLVWUDW úL
SHUIRUPDQD OD WHVWH FDUH XUPHD] D IL VXVLQXWH OD DFHHDúL
GLVFLSOLQGHVWXGLXVDXDVXSUDDFHOHLDúLH[WHQVLLFXUULFXODUH

5. 9DOLGLWDWHDGH IDDG )DFH 9DOLGLW\ H[SULP PVXUD vQ FDUH WHVWXO

HVWHUHOHYDQWúLLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXFHLFDUHVXQWWHVWDL'HH[HPSOX
XQ WHVW FDUH HYDOXHD] FRQLQXWXUL GH GLPHQVLXQL GLIHULWH VDX
FRQVLGHUDWHDILGHLPSRUWDQGLIHULWWUHEXLHVH[SULPHDFHVWIDSW
SULQWURSRQGHUHGLIHULWDLWHPLORUSHXQLWLGHFRQLQXWVSHFLILFH
Printre factoriiFDUHLQIOXHQHD]YDOLGLWDWHDXQXLWHVWVHLQFOXG
- LQGLFDLLQHFODUH
- nivelul de dificultate inadecvat al itemilor de test;
- LWHPLLQFRUHFLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHKQLF
- test prea scurt;

20
 - DGPLQLVWUDUHDúLVDXFRUHFWDUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDWHVWXOXL
- LJQRUDUHDYDULDELOHLGHVHPQDWHSULQFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHJUXSXOXLFUXLDL
VHDGPLQLVWUHD]WHVWXO

FidelitateaUHSUH]LQWcalitatea unui test de a produce rezultate constante în

XUPD DSOLFULL VDOH UHSHWDWH. Un test caracterizat printr-un grad ridicat de
ILGHOLWDWH DSOLFDW vQ FRQGLLL LGHQWLFH DFHOXLDúL JUXS GH HOHYL GDU vQ GLIHULWH
RFD]LL WUHEXLH V FRQGXF OD RELQHUHD  DFHORUDúL UH]XOWDWH VDX FX GLIHUHQH
minime).
)LGHOLWDWHD XQXL WHVW DUH OHJWXU GLUHFW FX PRGXO vQ FDUH VH DVLJXU
FRQVLVWHQD PVXUULL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL FRQVLVWHQH SHVWH WLPS GH OD
SHUVRDQODRDOWSHUVRDQGLQWUXQORFvQDOWXO
3HQWUXHVWLPDUHDILGHOLWLLXQXLWHVWVHIRORVHVFXUPWRDUHOHmetode:
a) metoda test-retest FDUH YL]HD] VWDELOLWDWHD  WHVWXOXL UHVSHFWLY
DFHVWD ILLQG DSOLFDW GH GRX RUL DFHOXLDúL JUXS VDX OD GRX JUXSXUL
GLIHULWH GH HOHYL GDU FX DFHOHDúL DELOLWL OD XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS
YDULLQGvQWUHFkWHYDPLQXWHúLFkLYDDQL
b) metoda formelor echivalente FH HYLGHQLD] HFKLYDOHQD WHVWXOXL
UHVSHFWLY SULQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD OD XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS VFXUW D GRX
IRUPHGHWHVWHFKLYDOHQWHDFHOXLDúLJUXSGHHOHYL&HOHGRXIRUPH
GH WHVW WUHEXLH V ILH SDUDOHOH DGLF V FRQLQ DFHODúL QXPU GH
LWHPLDUDQMDLvQDFHODúLIRUPDWGHWHVWVDFRSHUHDFHODúLFRQLQXW
VDLEXQQLYHOGHGLILFXOWDWHVLPLODUúLLQVWUXFLXQLGHDGPLQLVWUDUH
similare.
c) metoda test-retest cu forme echivalenteUHIOHFWDWkWVWDELOLWDWHDFkW
úLHFKLYDOHQDWHVWXOXLvQFDX]6HDGPLQLVWUHD]DFHOXLDúLJUXSGH
HOHYLGRXIRUPHDOHDFHOXLDúLWHVWODXQLQWHUYDOGHWLPSVFXUW
d) PHWRGD vQMXPWLULL HVWH FHD FDUH SXQH vQ YDORDUH FRQVLVWHQD
LQWHUQ D WHVWXOXL $FHVWD VH DSOLF R VLQJXU GDW GXS FH vQ
SUHDODELO D IRVW vPSULW vQ GRX MXPWL HFKLYDOHQWH GH H[HPSOX
LWHPLSDULúLLWHPLLPSDUL
Printre factoriiFDUHLQIOXHQHD]ILGHOLWDWHDPHQLRQP
- lungimea testului &X FkW WHVWXO HVWH PDL OXQJ FX DWkW FUHúWH
fidelitatea sa.
- dispersia scorurilor&XFkWvPSUúWLHUHDVFRUXULORUHVWHPDLPDUH
cu atât testul este mai fidel.
- RSLXQHD DVXSUD WLSXOXL GH LWHP úL FRUHFWLWXGLQHD WHKQLF FX FDUH
LWHPLL UHVSHFWLYL VXQW FRQVWUXLL. Testul format majoritar din itemi
RELHFWLYLDUHRILGHOLWDWHFUHVFXW

21
 - modul în care testul a fost administrat (timpul suficient alocat,
LQVWUXFLXQLOH GH WHVW IXUQL]DWH FRQGLLLOH DVLJXUDWH VSDLX
temperatura, lumina, zgomotul etc.).
- schema de notare 2 VFKHP GH QRWDUH FODU úL ELQH VWUXFWXUDW
FUHúWHILGHOLWDWHDWHVWXOXL

5HODLDGLQWUHYDOLGLWDWHúLILGHOLWDWH

‹)LGHOLWDWHDHVWHRFRQGLLHQHFHVDUGDUQXúLVXILFLHQWSHQWUXYDOLGLWDWH
‹8QWHVWSRDWHILILGHOIU DIL YDOLG GHRDUHFH WHVWXO SRDWH PVXUDDOWFHYD
GHFkWúLDSURSXVVPVRDUH
‹ 'DFXQWHVWQXHVWHILGHOHOQXHVWHQLFLYDOLG
‹ÌQvQFHUFDUHDGHDvPEXQWLILGHOLWDWHDHVWHLPSRUWDQWVQHDVLJXUPF
DFHVWGHPHUVQXDIHFWHD]YDOLGLWDWHDWHVWXOXLUHVSHFWLY
‹ ÌQ VLWXDLD vQ FDUH H[LVW XQ FRQIOLFW vQWUH YDOLGLWDWH úL ILGHOLWDWH DVLJXUDUHD
YDOLGLWLLHVWHFHDFDUHWUHEXLHVDLESULRULWDWH

Obiectivitatea UHSUH]LQW JUDGXO GH FRQFRUGDQ vQWUH DSUHFLHULOH IFXWH GH

HYDOXDWRUL LQGHSHQGHQL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH XQ UVSXQV EXQ SHQWUX ILHFDUH
dintre itemii unui test7HVWHOHVWDQGDUGL]DWHDXRIRDUWHEXQRELHFWLYLWDWH

Aplicabilitatea VDX YDOLGLWDWHD GH DSOLFDUH GHVHPQHD] calitatea unui test

GHDILDGPLQLVWUDWúLLQWHUSUHWDWFXXúXULQ. Printre criteriilevQIXQFLHGHFDUH
VH DSUHFLD] EXQD DSOLFDELOLWDWH D XQXL WHVW VH vQVFULX $XVXEHO úL 5RELQVRQ
1981, p. 687):
- LPSRUWDQDFRQLQXWXOXLSHFDUHWHVWXOvOPVRDU
- FRQFRUGDQD GLQWUHIRUPD úL FRQLQXWXO WHVWXOXL úL QLYHOXO GH YkUVW
al elevului testat;
- FRVWXOúLWLPSXOQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDGPLQLVWUDUHDWHVWXOXL
- RELHFWLYLWDWHDvQQRWDUHúLLQWHUSUHWDUHDUH]XOWDWHORU

1.5. Tipuri de itemi

3HQWUX R vQHOHJHUH PDL EXQ D DFHVWHL SUREOHPDWLFL YRP RSHUD FX
XUPWRDUHDGHILQLLHGHOXFUXDitemului:
Item vQWUHEDUH!IRUPDWXODFHVWHLD!UVSXQVXODúWHSWDW!
7HRULDúLSUDFWLFDHYDOXULLHYLGHQLD]PDLPXOWHFLWHULLSHED]DFURUDSRWIL
FODVLILFDL LWHPLL 8QXO GLQWUH FULWHULLOH FHO PDL GHV XWLOL]DWH este acela al

22
gradului de obiectivitate oferit în corectare ÌQ IXQFLH GH DFHVW FULWHULX
LWHPLLSRWILFODVLILFDLvQWUHLPDULFDWHJRULL
a) itemi obiectivi
b) itemi semiobiectivi
c) LWHPLVXELHFWLYLFXUVSXQVGHVFKLV
Itemii obiectivi WHVWHD] XQ QXPU PDUH GH HOHPHQWH GH FRQLQXW vQWUXQ
interval de timp relativ scurt, asigurând un grad de obiectivitate ridicat în
PVXUDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUúFRODUH
Itemii semiobiectivi SRW DFRSHUL R JDP YDULDW GH FDSDFLWL LQWHOHFWXDOH
FDUHVHGRUHVFDILWHVWDWHRIHULQGvQDFHODúLWLPSSRVLELOLWDWHDGH DXWLOL]D úL
materiale auxiliare utile elevilor în rezolvarea sarcinilor de lucru propuse.
,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL FX UVSXQV GHVFKLV VXQW UHODWLY XúRU GH FRQVWUXLW
SULQFLSDODSUREOHPFRQVWLWXLQGRPRGXOGHHODERUDUHDVFKHPHLGHQRWDUHa
DFHVWRUD FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL YL]HD]
GHPRQVWUDUHDGHFWUHHOHYLvQUVSXQVDRULJLQDOLWLLúLFUHDWLYLWLLORU
7LSXULOH GH LWHPL FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ ILHFDUH GLQWUH FDWHJRULLOH PHQLRQDWH
DQWHULRUYRUILGHVFULVHGHWDOLDWvQFDSLWROHOHXUPWRDUHDOHJKLGXOXL

23
 CAPITOLUL 2
ITEMI OBIECTIVI
,7(0,&8$/(*(5('8$/
2.2. ITEMI DE TIP PERECHE
,7(0,&8$/(*(5(08/7,3/

7HVWHOH vQ VSHFLDO FHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH FRQLQ XQ QXPU GH LWHPL ÌQWUH DFHúWLD R
FDWHJRULHGLVWLQFWRIRUPHD]itemii obiectiviFDUDFWHUL]DLSULQ
- VWUXFWXUDUHDH[SOLFLWDVDUFLQLORUSURSXVHúLFRUHODUHDFXRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUH
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D WHVWD XQ QXPU PDUH GH HOHPHQWH GH FRQLQXW vQWUXQ WLPS UHODWLY
scurt;
- ILGHOLWDWHULGLFDW
- DVLJXUDUHDRELHFWLYLWLLvQHYDOXDUHúLQRWDUH
- DVRFLHUHDFXRVFKHPGHQRWDUHVLPSOXQSXQFWDMFDUHVHDFRUG±vQWRWDOLWDWH±
VDXQXvQIXQFLHGHPDUFDUHDGHFWUHHOHYDUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFWUHVSHFWLYJUHúLW

Obiectivitatea DFHVWRULWHPLDUHvQYHGHUHXUPWRDUHOHDVSHFWH
- RELHFWLYLWDWHDFRQVWUXFLHLLWHPXOXL±FHULQDHVWHH[SOLFLWSXWHUQLFVWUXFWXUDW
úLFRUHODWFXXQRELHFWLYGHHYDOXDUH
- RELHFWLYLWDWHD SHUFHSLHL úL UDSRUWULL OD VDUFLQ GH FWUH VXELHFWXO HYDOXDW ±
VXELHFLGLIHULLH[SULPDFHODúLPRGGHSHUFHSHUHúLUDSRUWDUHODVDUFLQ
- RELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULLQRWULL ± HYDOXDWRUL GLIHULL DFRUG DFHODúL SXQFWDM
SHQWUXDFHHDúLVROXLHDXQXLLWHP

,WHPLL RELHFWLYL SRW IL XWLOL]DL vQ HYDOXDUH OD RULFH GLVFLSOLQ VRFLRXPDQ GDWRULW
specificului lor:
- VXQWDGHFYDLSHQWUXHYDOXDUHDXQRUUH]XOWDWHDOHvQYULLVLWXDWHPDLDOHVvQ
]RQDLQIHULRDUDGRPHQLXOXLFRJQLWLY
- DQWUHQHD]vQPRGSUHSRQGHUHQWFDSDFLWLGHWLSUHSURGXFWLY
- VXQWH[SXúLODULVFXOUVSXQVXULORUGDWHvQPRGDOHDWRULX

Din categoria itemilor obiectivi fac parte:

- LWHPLLFXDOHJHUHGXDODGHYUDWIDOV
- itemii de tip pereche,
- LWHPLLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSO

,7(0,&8$/(*(5('8$/

,WHPLL FX DOHJHUH GXDO SXQ HOHYXO vQ VLWXDLD GH D VHOHFWD UVSXQVXO FRUHFW GLQ GRDU
GRXYDULDQWHSRVLELOHDGHYUDWIDOVGDQXFRUHFWLQFRUHFWDFRUGGH]DFRUG.
Itemii de tip da/nuúLDGHYUDWIDOVVXQWFHOPDLIUHFYHQWIRORVLL

8WLOL]DUHDORUSRDWHILDGHFYDWDWXQFLFkQGSURIHVRUXOGRUHúWHVHYDOXH]H

24
 - FXQRDúWHUHDGHFWUHHOHYDXQRULQIRUPDLLSXQFWXDOHGDWHIDFWXDOHWHUPHQL
GHILQLLLOHJLSULQFLSLLIRUPXOH
- GLIHUHQLHUHDSHFDUHRSRDWHUHDOL]DHOHYXOvQWUHHQXQXULOHIDFWXDOHúLFHOHGH
opinie;
- FDSDFLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D LGHQWLILFD UHODLL GH WLS FDX]HIHFW VXFFHVLXQHD
ORJLFVDXFURQRORJLFDXQRUHYHQLPHQWH

Pentru proiectarea FRUHFW D DFHVWXL WLS GH LWHPL HVWH QHFHVDU UHVSHFWDUHD
XUPWRDUHORUFHULQH*URQOXQGS
- IRUPXODUHDFODUúLSUHFLVDHQXQXOXL
- GDF VH VROLFLW DSUHFLHUHD FX ³DGHYUDW´ VDX ³IDOV´ DWXQFL VH YRU HYLWD
HQXQXULOHIRDUWHJHQHUDOH
- VHOHFWDUHD XQRU HQXQXUL UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GRPHQLXO GH FXQRDúWHUH VDX
FDWHJRULDGHFRPSHWHQHWHVWDWXQHRULHIRUWXOGHDUHDOL]DHQXQXULFDUHV
ILH IU HFKLYRF DGHYDUDWH VDX IDOVH GXFH OD HODERUDUHD GH LWHPL
QHVHPQLILFDWLYL GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HGXFDLRQDO VDX EDQDOL GLQ SXQFW GH
YHGHUHúWLLQLILF
- VH YD HYLWD XWLOL]DUHD HQXQXULORU QHJDWLYH úL vQ VSHFLDO IRORVLUHD GXEOHL
QHJDLL FDUH LQGXFH XQ JUDG vQDOW GH DPELJXLWDWH úL vPSLHGLF vQHOHJHUHD
HQXQXOXLLWHPXOXLGHFWUHHOHY
- VH YRU HYLWD HQXQXULOH OXQJL úL FRPSOH[H SULQ HOLPLQDUHD HOHPHQWHORU
UHGXQGDQWHLQXWLOHvQUDSRUWFXLGHHDSULQFLSDODHQXQXOXLúLFHULQDLWHPXOXL
QX VH YD IRORVL XQ OLPEDM SUHD DFDGHPLF R WHUPLQRORJLH IRDUWH VSHFLDOL]DW
VDXRFRQVWUXFLHOLQJYLVWLFVWXIRDVúLJUHRDLH
- VHYDHYLWDLQWURGXFHUHDDGRXLGHLvQWUXQVLQJXUHQXQFXH[FHSLDFD]XULORU
vQ FDUH VH GRUHúWH HYLGHQLHUHD UHODLHL FDX]HIHFW vQ DFHDVW VLWXDLH FHD
PDLEXQVROXLHHVWHDFHHDGHDXWLOL]DGRDUSURSR]LLLDGHYUDWHúLGHDFHUH
HOHYLORUVGHFLGDGHYUXOVDXIDOVLWDWHDUHODLHLGLQWUHDFHVWHD
- HQXQXULOHDGHYUDWHúLFHOHIDOVHYRUILDSUR[LPDWLYHJDOHFDOXQJLPH
- QXPUXO HQXQXULORU DGHYUDWH úL FHO DO HQXQXULORU IDOVH YRU IL DSUR[LPDWLY
HJDOH GDU QX H[DFW HJDOH GHRDUHFH DFHVWD SRDWH FRQVWLWXL XQ LQGLFLX GXS
FDUHHOHYXOvQFHDUFVJKLFHDVFUVSXQVXOFRUHFW

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW$UJXPHQWúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Obiectiv: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF HQXQXUL FDUH DX VWUXFWXUD ORJLF D XQXL
argument.
(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWHFXDWHQLHILHFDUHGLQHQXQXULOHGHPDLMRVÌQFD]XOvQFDUHDSUHFLH]LFXQ
HQXQDUHVWUXFWXUDORJLFDXQXLDUJXPHQWvQFHUFXLHúWHUVSXQVXO'$GDFDSUHFLH]L
FHQXQXOQXHVWHXQDUJXPHQWvQFHUFXLHúWHUVSXQVXO18

25
 - 2 SURSR]LLH FRJQLWLY HVWH R XQLWDWH GH GLVFXUV FDUH SRDWH IL FDOLILFDW FD
DGHYUDWVDXIDOV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW NU)

- 2 SURSR]LLH FRJQLWLY HVWH R XQLWDWH GH GLVFXUV úL RULFH XQLWDWH GH GLVFXUV
SRDWHILFDOLILFDWFDDGHYUDWVDXIDOVGHFLRULFHSURSR]LLHFRJQLWLYSRDWH
ILDGHYUDWVDXIDOV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW DA)

- 1LFLRSURSR]LLHFRJQLWLYQXSRDWHILúLDGHYUDWúLIDOV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW NU)

- )ORULQHVWHROLPSLFODPDWHPDWLFGHFLSRDWHILVFXWLWGHIUHFYHQvQSHULRDGD
GHSUHJWLUHSHQWUXFRQFXUV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW DA)

(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ HQXQXULOH GH PDL MRV ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHúWH UVSXQVXO $'(95$7 GDF DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLDHVWHJUHúLWvQFHUFXLHúWHUVSXQVXO)$/6

- 8Q DUJXPHQW HVWH R PXOLPH GH SURSR]LLL FRJQLWLYH GHVSUH FDUH VH SRDWH
GHFLGHvQPRGFHUWGDFVXQWDGHYUDWHVDXIDOVH
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW FALS)

- 8Q DUJXPHQW HVWH XQ VHW GH SURSR]LLL FRJQLWLYH vQ FDUH GHVSUH XQHOH GLQWUH
HOH ± SUHPLVHOH ± VH SUHWLQGH F vQWHPHLD] R DOW SURSR]LLH GLQ VHWXO
UHVSHFWLY±QXPLWFRQFOX]LH
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW$'(95$7

- &XYkQWXO³DUJXPHQW´DUHDFHODúLvQHOHVFX³UDLRQDPHQW´VDX³LQIHUHQ´
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW$'(95$7

- 3UH]HQD H[SOLFLW D XQXL LQGLFDWRU ORJLF QX HVWH R FRQGLLH QHFHVDU SHQWUX
H[LVWHQDXQXLDUJXPHQW
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW$'(95$7

26
Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH úL UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL
procesele psihice senzoriale.
Obiectiv: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF vQVXúLUL HVHQLDOH DOH SURFHVHORU
psihice senzoriale.
(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHúWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD)

- 6HQ]DLD HVWH XQ SURFHV SVLKLF HOHPHQWDU FDUH LQIRUPHD] GHVSUH

SURSULHWLOHFRQFUHWHúLVHSDUDWHDOHRELHFWHORUvQFRQGLLLOHDFLXQLLGLUHFWHD
acestora asupra analizatorilor.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- $WkW VHQ]DLD FkW úL SHUFHSLD VXQW LPDJLQL SULPDUH GHRDUHFH UHIOHFW QXPDL
vQVXúLULFRQFUHWHDOHRELHFWHORUúLIHQRPHQHORU
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

- 3ULQvQVXúLULOHHLUHSUH]HQWDUHDVHvQFDGUHD]vQFDWHJRULDSURFHVHORUSVLKLFH
primare.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

- 5HIOHFWDUHDSHUFHSWLYDUHFDUDFWHUGLUHFWQHPLMORFLWvQWLPSFHUHSUH]HQWDUHD
HVWHRUHIOHFWDUHPLMORFLWDUHDOLWLL
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

3HQWUXDULGLFDQLYHOXOGHGLILFXOWDWHDLWHPLORUFXDOHJHUHGXDO FHULQHL GH D LGHQWLILFD

HQXQXULOHDGHYUDWHUHVSHFWLYIDOVHLVHSRWDGXJDGRXFHULQHVXSOLPHQWDUH:
a. VXEOLQLHUHDFXYkQWXOXLFDUHGHWHUPLQFDUDFWHUXOHURQDWDOHQXQXOXL
b. vQORFXLUHDOXLFXXQFXYkQWFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVGHYLQDGHYUDW

(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHúWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD HVWH IDOV
vQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD)ÌQFD]XODILUPDLLORUIDOVH
a. VXEOLQLD]FXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVILHIDOV
b. VFULHvQVSDLXOVSHFLDOPDUFDWFXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVGHYLQDGHYUDW

27
 - 5HIOHFWDUHDRELHFWXOXLvQVHQ]DLHDUHFDUDFWHUIUDJPHQWDUXQLGLPHQVLRQDOúL
nu permite subiectului identificarea lui.
A F ……………………
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- ,PDJLQHDSHUFHSWLYHVWHDQDOLWLFUHIOHFWkQGRELHFWHOHFDUHDFLRQHD]GLUHFW
DVXSUDRUJDQHORUGHVLPFDWRWDOLWLLQWHJUDOH
A F ……………………
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvântul care trebuie subliniat esteDQDOLWLF
cuvântul cu care trebuie înlocuit este VLQWHWLF)

- 3HUFHSLD UHIOHFW vQ PRG QHGLIHUHQLDW vQVXúLULOH RELHFWXOXL vQ WLPS FH

UHSUH]HQWDUHD UHIOHFW vQ PRG SUHSRQGHUHQW vQVXúLULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH
semnificative.
A F …………………...
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- 5HSUH]HQWDUHD HVWH XQ SURFHV GH UHIOHFWDUH QHPLMORFLW D SURSULHWLORU

RELHFWHORU úL IHQRPHQHORU GDWH vQ H[SHULHQD VHQ]RULDO DQWHULRDU D
subiectului.
A F …………………...
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvântul care trebuie subliniat este QHPLMORFLW
cuvântul cu care trebuie înlocuit este PLMORFLW).

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a, a XI-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW)DFWRULLGHSURGXFLH
Obiectiv: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF LQWHUGHSHQGHQD GLQWUH IDFWRULL GH
SURGXFLHúLUHVXUVH
(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHúWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD)

- 2 DFWLYLWDWH HFRQRPLF UDLRQDO FUHHD] SUHPLVH SHQWUX vPEXQWLUHD

FDOLWDWLYúLVWUXFWXUDODUHVXUVHORUSHQWUXFUHúWHUHDORU
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- 2ULFHIDFWRUGHSURGXFLHSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWRUHVXUVúLRULFHUHVXUVSRDWHIL
FRQVLGHUDWXQIDFWRUGHSURGXFLH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

28
 - &D úL UHVXUVHOH IDFWRULL GH SURGXFLH WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDL vQWRWGHDXQD FD ILLQG
OLPLWDLvQUDSRUWFXQHYRLOHFHWUHEXLHVFVDWLVIFXWHFXDMXWRUXOORU
A F
(5VSXQV corect A)

- )DFWRUXO GH SURGXFLH PXQF DUH URO GHWHUPLQDQW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF
GHRDUHFH UHSUH]LQW SRSXODLD DQWUHQDW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF LDU
SRSXODLDHVWHUHVXUVSULPDU
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFWF)

(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ DILUPDLLOH XUPWRDUH ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHúWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD)ÌQFD]XODILUPDLLORUIDOVH
a. VXEOLQLD]FXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVILHIDOV
b. VFULHvQVSDLXOVSHFLDOPDUFDWFXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVGHYLQDGHYUDW

- )LHFDUH FDWHJRULH GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXFLH DUH XQ PRG VSHFLILF GH D VH
PDQLIHVWDvQFDGUXODFWLYLWLLHFRQRPLFHúLGHDVHFRPELQDFXFHOHODOWH
A F…………………..
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- 3PkQWXO FD UHVXUV QDWXUDO SRDWH IL LQFOXV vQ FDWHJRULD UHVXUVHORU
UHJHQHUDELOH QXPDL GDF HVWH FRQVXPDW vQ PRG H[WHQVLY vQ FDGUXO DFWLYLWLL
economice.
A F…………………….
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvântul care trebuie înlocuit este extensiv
cuvântul cu care trebuie înlocuit este intensiv)

- ÌPERJLUHDFRQLQXWXOXLPXQFLLSULQDVLPLODUHDúLXWLOL]DUHDLQIRUPDLHLDUHFD
HIHFWFUHúWHUHDGXUDWHLPXQFLL
A F…………………….
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvântul care trebuie înlocuit este FUHúWHUHD
cuvântul cu care trebuie înlocuit este reducerea)

- )DFWRUXO GH SURGXFLH FDSLWDO HVWH SDUWH D UHVXUVHORU GHULYDWH GHRDUHFH

UHSUH]LQWEXQXULFDUHVHUYHVFGLUHFWODVDWLVIDFHUHDWUHEXLQHORUXPDQH
A F……………………
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvântul care trebuie înlocuit este direct
cuvântul cu care trebuie înlocuit este indirect)

29
Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXO±FDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF VSHFLILFXO DERUGULL ILORVRILFH D
problematicii umanului.
(QXQ 
♦ &LWHúWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHúWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD)

- $VHPHQL úWLLQHL ILORVRILD HODERUHD] GHILQLLL ULJXURDVH úL XQDQLP DFFHSWDWH

DOHRELHFWHORUúLIHQRPHQHORUFHLQWUvQFkPSXOHLGHFHUFHWDUH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

- 0DULOHFRQFHSLLILORVRILFHVXQWWHQWDWLYHGHDLGHQWLILFDúLUHOHYDVSHFLILFLWDWHD
umanului.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- )LORVRILD QX G UVSXQVXUL GHILQLWLYH FL SXQH vQWUHEUL úL FRQVWUXLHúWH
alternative.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- ÌQWUXFkW QDWXUD XPDQ HVWH FRPSOH[ úL FRQWUDGLFWRULH vQ PDQLIHVWULOH HL
VXUSULQGHUHDVSHFLILFLWLLPRGXOXLXPDQGHDILQXHVWHSRVLELOvQWURGHILQLLH
ORJLFVDWLVIFWRDUH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

2.2. ITEMI DE TIP PERECHE

,WHPLLGHWLSSHUHFKHSXQHOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDGHWHUPLQDFRUHVSRQGHQDFRUHFWvQWUH
FXYLQWHSURSR]LLLIUD]HYDORULQXPHULFHVHPQLILFDLLOLWHUHVLPEROXULLQIRUPDLLúD
(OHPHQWHOHvQWUHFDUHWUHEXLHVWDELOLWFRUHVSRQGHQDVXQWGLVWULEXLWHvQGRXFRORDQH
- SULPD FRORDQ FRQLQH HOHPHQWHOH FH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW HQXQXO LWHPXOXL úL
care sunt denumite premise;
- DGRXDFRORDQFRQLQHHOHPHQWHOHFDUHUHSUH]LQWUVSXQVXULOH
,QVWUXF LXQLOHFDUHSUHFHGFHOHGRXFRORDQHVHUHIHUODFULWHULXOVDXFULWHULLOHvQED]D
FURUDWUHEXLHUHDOL]DWDVRFLHUHDvQWUHSUHPLVHúLUVSXQVXUL

$FHúWL LWHPL HYDOXHD] DELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D LGHQWLILFD UHODLD H[LVWHQW vQWUH GRX
HOHPHQWH 'H FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL DFHDVW DELOLWDWH SUHVXSXQH UHFXQRDúWHUHD UHODLHL

30
DGLF DQWUHQHD] FDSDFLWL GH WLS UHSURGXFWLY 8WLOL]DUHD ORU SRDWH IL DGHFYDW DWXQFL
FkQGSURIHVRUXOGRUHúWHVHYDOXH]HFDSDFLWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDVWDELOLFRUHODLLvQWUH

- RDPHQL±UHDOL]UL
- date – evenimente istorice
- WHUPHQL±GHILQL LL
- reguli – exemple
- simboluri – concepte
- autori – opere
- SULQFLSLL±FODVLILFUL
- FRPSRQHQWH±XWLOL]UL

3HQWUX SURLHFWDUHD FRUHFW D LWHPLORU GH WLS SHUHFKH HVWH QHFHVDU UHVSHFWDUHD
XUPWRDUHORUFHULQH*URQOXQGRSFLWS
- utilizarea unui material omogen
- LQFOXGHUHDXQXLQXPULQHJDOGHUVSXQVXULúLSUHPLVHúLLQVWUXLUHDHOHYLORUvQ
OHJWXUFXIDSWXOFXQUVSXQVSRDWHILIRORVLWRGDWGHPDLPXOWHRULVDX
QLFLRGDW
- DUDQMDUHD OLVWHL UVSXQVXULORU vQWUR RUGLQH ORJLF úL HYLWDUHD VLWXDLHL vQ FDUH
RUGLQHD SUH]HQWULL UVSXQVXULORU SRDWH IXUQL]D XQ LQGLFLX SHQWUX HOHY vQ
³JKLFLUHD´FRUHVSRQGHQHLFRUHFWH
- SODVDUHDWXWXURUSUHPLVHORUúLUVSXQVXULORUXQXLLWHPSHDFHHDúLSDJLQ

,WHPLL GH WLS SHUHFKH SHUPLW DERUGDUHD XQXL YROXP FRQVLVWHQW GH LQIRUPDLL vQWUXQ
LQWHUYDOGHWLPSUHODWLYUHGXVSUHFXPúLUDSLGLWDWHDFRUHFWULLúLHYDOXULL
(L QX VXQW UHFRPDQGDL DWXQFL FkQG SURIHVRUXO GRUHúWH HYDOXDUHD XQRU UH]XOWDWH DOH
vQYULLFXFDUDFWHUFRPSOH[úLFUHDWLY

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW'HILQLUHDúLFODVLILFDUHD
Obiectivul:  (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVFDSDUWHQHQD XQHL GHILQLLL ODR DQXPLW
FDWHJRULHVDXWLSGHGHILQLLH
(QXQ 
♦ ÌQFRORDQDGLQVWkQJD$VXQWHQXPHUDWHWLSXULGHGHILQLLHFRORDQDGLQGUHDSWD%
FRQLQH H[HPSOH FRQFUHWH GH GHILQLLL $VRFLD] ILHFDUH GHILQLLH GLQ FRORDQD % WLSXOXL
FRUHVSXQ]WRUGLQFRORDQD$VFULLQGvQVSDLXOGLQVWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPD
FRORDQ$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD%
XQDúLDFHHDúLGHILQLLHSRDWHVDSDULQPDLPXOWRUWLSXULGHGHILQLLH

A B
««GHILQLLHUHDO a. În gramatica limbii române, termenul “parte
««GHILQLLHQRPLQDO GHYRUELUH´GHVHPQHD]ILHFDUHGLQXUP
««GHILQLLHH[WHQVLRQDOWRDUHOHFODVHGHFXYLQWHVXEVWDQWLYXODG

31
««GHILQLLHLQWHQVLRQDOMHFWLYXOQXPHUDOXOSURQXPHOHYHUEXODG
YHUEXOSUHSR]LLDFRQMXQFLDúLLQWHUMHFLD
E6HQXPHúWH³DFLG´RULFHVXEVWDQFDUH
vQURúHúWHKkUWLDGHWXUQHVRO
F7UDLHFWRULDEDOLVWLFHVWHFXUEDFDUHDSDUH
SULQGHSODVDUHDXQXLSURLHFWLOGHODLHúLUHD
GLQHDYDDUPHLSkQODvQWkOQLUHDFXXQ
obstacol.
d. Dreptunghiul este paralelogramul cu
unghiurile drepte.
H8QFRWLGLDQHVWHRSXEOLFDLHFD$GHYUXO
5RPkQLDOLEHU=LXD
I³3DVUH´vQVHDPQYHUWHEUDW]EXUDWRU

5VSXQVFRUHFW: c, d, e… 1
a, b….…2
a, e…….3
b, c…….4.
I HVWH GHILQLLH HURQDW úL GHFL QX WUHEXLH PHQLRQDW
QLFLHUL

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URFHVHOHSVLKLFHúLUROXOORUvQHYROXLDSHUVRQDOLWLL
procesele psihice senzoriale – reprezentarea.
Obiectivul: (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHFULWHULXOvQED]DFUXLDVHSRDWHVWDELOLWLSXO
FUXLDvLDSDULQHRDQXPLWUHSUH]HQWDUH
(QXQ 
♦ ÌQ FRORDQD GLQ VWkQJD $ VXQW HQXPHUDWH FULWHULLOH SH ED]D FURUD VH UHDOL]HD]
FODVLILFDUHD UHSUH]HQWULORU FRORDQD GLQ GUHDSWD % FRQLQH WLSXUL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH
$VRFLD] ILHFDUH WLS GLQ FRORDQD % FULWHULXOXL FRUHVSXQ]WRU GLQ FRORDQD $ VFULLQG vQ
VSDLXOGLQVWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPDFRORDQ$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD
B.

A B
…….1. analizatorul dominant DUHSUH]HQWULUHSURGXFWLYH
…….2. gradul de generalitate EUHSUH]HQWULYL]XDOH
««QLYHOXORSHUDLLORULPSOLFDWH FUHSUH]HQWULDQWLFLSDWLYH
GUHSUH]HQWULLQGLYLGXDOH
HUHSUH]HQWULFKLQHVWH]LFH
IUHSUH]HQWULJHQerale
JUHSUH]HQWULHURQDWH

5VSXQVFRUHFW: b, e…1
d, f….2

32
 a, c…3.
J VH UHIHU OD XQ WLS GH UHSUH]HQWDUH FDUH QX SRDWH IL DVRFLDW QLFL XQXLD GLQ FULWHULLOH
PHQLRQDWH

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a, a XI-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW)RUPHDOHSLHHL
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF IRUPH DOH SLHHL FRQVWLWXLWH vQ
UDSRUWFXGLIHULWHFULWHULLúLFDUDFWHULVWLFLHVHQLDOHDOHORU
(QXQ 
♦ ÌQ FRORDQD GLQ VWkQJD $ VXQW HQXPHUDWH GLIHULWH IRUPH GH SLD FRORDQD GLQ
GUHDSWD%FRQLQHFULWHULLúLGHVFULHULDOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUORU$VRFLD]ILHFDUHGHVFULHUH
GLQ FRORDQD % IRUPHL FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH GH SLD GLQ FRORDQD $ VFULLQG vQ VSDLXO GLQ
VWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPDFRORDQ$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD%

A B
«SLDDFDSLWDOXOXL DVSDLXHFRQRPLFvQFDUHVHvQWkOQHVF
«SLDDPRQRSROLVWLFFHUHUHDúLRIHUWDGHGLVSRQLELOLWL
«SLDDFXFRQFXUHQSHUIHFWEQHúWLSHWHUPHQVFXUW
«SLDDPXQFLLEORFGHvQWkOQLUHúLFRQIUXQWDUHD
«SLDDPRQHWDUSXUWWRULORUFHUHULLúLSXUWWRULORU
«SLDDYDOXWDURIHUWHLGHPXQF
FVSDLXHFRQRPLFvQFDUHLQWHUYHQLD
VWDWXOXLHVWHOHJDOúLQHFHVDU
GPRGHOLGHDOGHSLDFDUHVHUYHúWH
drept reper pentru caracaterizarea
IRUPHORUFRQFUHWHGHSLDDúDFXP
H[LVWHOHvQUHDOLWDWHDHFRQRPLF
HSLDDSHFDUHPRQHGHOHQDLRQDOHDOH
GLIHULWHORUULVHFRPSRUWFDPUIXUL
IVSDLXHFRQRPLFvQFDUHSXUWWRULL
FHUHULLúLDLRIHUWHLVXQWQXPHURúL
fiecare neavând puterea de a
LQIOXHQDSLDDSULQGHFL]LLOHSXQFWXDOH
SHFDUHOHDGRSWGDUvQFDUH
produsele au pierdut caracterul de
omogenitate.
JVSDLXHFRQRPLFFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQ
HJDOLWDWHDFHUHULLúLRIHUWHL
VDWLVIFXWH
h. ansamblul raporturilor care se
FUHHD]GLQvQWkOQLUHDúL
FRQIUXQWDUHDSXUWWRULORUFHUHULLúLDL
ofertei de titluri de valoare.

33
 5VSXQVFRUHFW: h..1; f..2; d..3; b..4; a..5; e..6.
9DULDQWHOHFúLJVXQWHURQDWHúLQXWUHEXLHDVRFLDWHQLFLXQHLIRUPHGHSLD

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXO±FDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul:(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHDXWRULLXQRUSXQFWHGHYHGHUHGHUHIHULQ
în istoria filosofiei privind notele definitorii ale umanului.
(QXQ 
♦ ÌQ FRORDQD $ VXQW PHQLRQDWH IRUPXOUL FH VLQWHWL]HD] QRWHOH GHILQLWRULL DOH
XPDQXOXLvQFRORDQD%VXQWPHQLRQDWHQXPHOHXQRUILORVRIL$VRFLD]ILHFUHLIRUPXODUL
QXPHOHDXWRUXOXLHLVFULLQGvQVSDLXOGLQVWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPDFRORDQ
$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD%

A B
«³ILLQFXJHWWRDUH´ a. Lucian Blaga
«³H[LVWHQvQWUXPLVWHUúLSHQWUXUHYHODUH´E%3DVFDO
….3. “animal social” c. R. Descartes
….4. “homo faber” d. Aristotel
e. H. Bergson
f. J.J.Rousseau

5VSXQVFRUHFW: c..1; a..2; d..3; e..4.

,7(0,&8$/(*(5(08/7,3/

$FHúWLLWHPLVHPDLQXPHVFúLLWHPLFXUVSXQVVHOHFWDWGHRDUHFHHOHYXOQXJHQHUHD]
XQUVSXQVFLDOHJHXQXOGLQWUHUVSXQVXULOHDOWHUQDWLYHOLVWDWHvQLWHP
/D IHO FD úL vQ FD]XO FHORUODOWH WLSXUL GH LWHPL RELHFWLYL LWHPXO FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO SXQH
HOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDDOHJHVHOHFWDGLQWUXQVHWGHUVSXQVXULOLVWDWHSHDFHODSHFDUHvO
FRQVLGHUFRUHFWvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQDGDW

,WHPXO FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWUR SUHPLV úL R OLVW GH YDULDQWH
UHSUH]HQWkQGVROXLLOHLWHPXOXL/LVWDGHYDULDQWHFRQLQHUVSXQVXOFRUHFW±XQXOVLQJXU
± SH FDUH HOHYXO WUHEXLH V vO LGHQWLILFH úL XQ QXPU RDUHFDUH GH DOWH YDULDQWH GH
UVSXQV±LQFRUHFWHGDUSODX]LELOH±QXPLWHdistractori.

ÌQFD]XODFHVWXLLWHPXQJUDGVXSHULRUGHGLILFXOWDWHVHSRDWHRELQHVROLFLWkQGHOHYXOXL
V LGHQWLILFH vQ OLVWD GH YDULDQWH UVSXQVXO LQFRUHFW VLWXDLH vQ FDUH GLVWUDFWRULL VXQW
YDULDQWHGHUVSXQVFRUHFWH

8WLOL]DUHDLWHPXOXLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOHVWHUHFRPDQGDWDWXQFLFkQGSURIHVRUXOGRUHúWH
VHYDOXH]H
a. FXQRúWLQ H:

34
 - FXQRDúWHUHDWHUPLQRORJLHLVSHFLILFHGLVFLSOLQHL
- FXQRDúWHUHDXQRULQIRUPDLLSXQFWXDOHGHQDWXUIDFWXDOVDXWHRUHWLF
- FXQRDúWHUHD PHWRGHORU SURFHGXULORU DOJRULWPLORU GH UH]ROYDUH D XQRU VDUFLQL
concrete
b. vQ HOHJHUHDúLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDSOLFDUH:
- FDSDFLWDWHDGHDLQWHUSUHWDUHODLDFDX]±HIHFW
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LGHQWLILFD DSOLFDLL DOH SULQFLSLLORU HQXQXULORU FX FDUDFWHU
general
- FDSDFLWDWHDGHDDUJXPHQWDDOHJHUHDXQRUPHWRGHúLSURFHGXUL

3UDFWLFDGLGDFWLFHYLGHQLD]IDSWXOFXWLOL]DUHDH[FHVLYDDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLGXFHOD
IDPLOLDUL]DUHD HOHYXOXL FX DFHDVW WHKQLF GH WHVWDUH úL OD PDQLIHVWDUHD XQHL WHQGLQH
UHGXFLRQLVWHVLPSOLILFDWRDUHvQUHDOL]DUHDvQYULL

ProiectareaFRUHFWDLWHPLORUFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOSUHVXSXQHUHVSHFWDUHDXUPWRDUHORU
FHULQH%HWKHOO
- HQXQXO WUHEXLH V VWDELOHDVF R VDUFLQ FODU QHDPELJX úL UHOHYDQW vQ
UDSRUW FX RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH vQWUHEDUHD WUHEXLH IRUPXODW vQ PRG FODU úL
explicit;
- OLPEDMXOXWLOL]DW WUHEXLH V FRUHVSXQG QLYHOXOXL GH YkUVW DO HOHYLORU HYDOXDL
LDUSXQFWXDLDWUHEXLHVILHFRUHFW
- PRGXO GHIRUPXODUH D vQWUHEULL QXWUHEXLH V VXJHUH]H UVSXQVXO FRUHFW VH
YDHYLWDIRORVLUHDXQRULQGLFLSXWHUQLFLvQHQXQ±³QXLDúDF«´±VDXDXQRU
indicii gramaticale)
- vQ IRUPXODUHD vQWUHEULL VH YD HYLWD XWLOL]DUHD QHJDWLYXOXL PDMRULWDWHD
oamenilor nu îl citesc pe “nu”)
- GLVWUDFWRULLWUHEXLHVILHSODX]LELOLúLSDUDOHOL
- UVSXQVXULOHWUHEXLHVILHFRUHFWIRUPXODWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHJUDPDWLFDOúL
logic
- RSLXQLOH WUHEXLH V QX ILH VLQRQLPH VDX RSXVH úL V DLE SH FkW SRVLELO
DFHHDúLOXQJLPH
- QX VH YD IRORVL IRUPXODUHD ³WRDWH FHOH GH PDL VXV´ úL VH YD HYLWD IRUPXODUHD
“nici una din cele de mai sus”
- vQ OLVWD GH DOWHUQDWLYH WUHEXLH V H[LVWH XQ VLQJXU UVSXQV vQ PRG FHUW úL
indiscutabil corect.

,WHPLLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOSUH]LQWQXPHURDVHavantaje întrucât:
- SRWPVXUD WLSXUL YDULDWH GH UH]XOWDWH DOH vQYULL ± GH OD VLPSOH FXQRúWLQH
SkQ OD FDSDFLWL PDL FRPSOH[H LPSOLFDWH vQ vQHOHJHUH úL DSOLFDUH D
FXQRúWLQHORUvQFRQWH[WHQRL
- vQWUR IRUPXODUH FRUHFW HOLPLQ DPELJXLWDWHD úL ULVFXO LQWUHSUHWULORU
subiective ale elevului, respectiv, profesorului evaluator
- DXXQJUDGvQDOWGHILGHOLWDWHúLUHGXFFRQVLGHUDELOULVFXO³JKLFLULL´UVSXQVXOXL
corect
- vQ YDULDQWD ³DOHJH FHD PDL EXQ DOWHUQDWLY´ RIHU SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D HYDOXD
UH]XOWDWHDOHvQYULLvQFRQWH[WHHXULVWLFH

35
Principalele dezavantaje ale acestui tip de itemi – semnificative în raport cu
SDUWLFXODULWLOH úWLLQHORU VRFLRXPDQH úL FRPSHWHQHORU SH FDUH DFHVWH GLVFLSOLQH vúL
SURSXQVOHIRUPH]H±VXQW
- LQHILFLHQD ORU vQ UDSRUW FX VLWXDLLOH FDUH DX FD RELHFWLY UHOHYDUHD DELOLWLL
HOHYXOXLGHDVHOHFWDRUJDQL]DúLXWLOL]DFUHDWLYLQIRUPDLLLGHL
- LPSRVLELOLWDWHDORUGHDFUHDFRQWH[WHFRJQLWLYHFDUHVUHOHYHGHSULQGHULOHGH
FRPXQLFDUHVFULVDOHHOHYLORUGHRUJDQL]DUHVDXSURGXFHUHDXQXLWH[WVFULV
- FDSDFLWDWHD ORU UHGXV GH D HYLGHQLD DELOLWL LPSOLFDWH vQ UH]ROYDUHD GH
probleme.

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW ,PSRUWDQD HOHPHQWHORU GH ORJLF SHQWUX FXQRDúWHUH
FRPXQLFDUHúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Obiectivul : (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGLVWLQJvQWUHFRUHFWLWXGLQHORJLFúLDGHYU
(QXQ 
♦ (VWHSRVLELOFDSULQWURLQIHUHQORJLFFRUHFWVRELQHPRFRQFOX]LHIDOV"
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 1X HVWH SRVLELO GHRDUHFH XQ UDLRQDPHQW FRUHFW FRQGXFH vQWRWGHDXQD OD FRQFOX]LL
DGHYUDWH
b. (VWHSRVLELOQXPDLDWXQFLFkQGFHOSXLQXQDGLQWUHSUHPLVHHVWHIDOV
c. 1X HVWH SRVLELO GHRDUHFH FRUHFWLWXGLQHD ORJLF HVWH LQGHSHQGHQW GH DGHYUXO
SURSR]LLLORUFXFDUHRSHUP
d. (VWHSRVLELOGHRDUHFHUDLRQDPHQWHOHQXSRWILQLFLRGDWSHUIHFWH
(5VSXQVFRUHFW b.)

(QXQ 
♦ 6H SRDWH VXVLQH F R LQIHUHQHVWH ORJLF FRUHFW GHRDUHFH D FRQGXV OD RELQHUHD
XQHLFRQFOX]LLDGHYUDWH"
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 'D GHRDUHFH DGHYUXO FRQFOX]LHL GHSLQGH FX QHFHVLWDWH GH FRUHFWLWXGLQHD ORJLF D
UDLRQDPHQWXOXL
b. 'DGHRDUHFHGDFUDLRQDPHQWXOHVWHLQFRUHFWQXSXWHPGHFLGHDVXSUDDGHYUXOXL
concluziei.
c. 1X GHRDUHFH FRUHFWLWXGLQHD ORJLF HVWH LQGHSHQGHQW GH DGHYUXO SURSR]LLLORU FX
FDUHRSHUP
d. 'DGHRDUHFHDGHYUXOúLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUDLRQDFRUHFWGHSLQGvQPRGDEVROXWXQD
GHFHDODOW
(5VSXQVFRUHFW c.)

36
Disciplina : Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH úL UROXO ORU vQ GH]YROWDUHD SHUVRQDOLWLL
Gândirea
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V LGHQWLILFH FDUDFWHULVWLFL HVHQLDOH DOH
PRGDOLWLORUGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULL
(QXQ 
♦ &DPRGDOLWDWHGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULLDEVWUDFWL]DUHDDUHDQXPLWHSDUWLFXODULWL
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. (VWH R RSHUDLH SUHGRPLQDQW VLQWHWLF SULQ FDUH vQVXúLUL úL UHODLL DEVWUDFWH VXQW
UHXQLWHvQWUXQPRGHOLQIRUPDLRQDOFDUHGHILQHúWHRFODVGHRELHFWH
b. (VWHRRSHUDLHSULQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]WUHFHUHDPHQWDOGHODSDUWLFXODULQGLYLGXDO
concret, la general sau categorial.
c. (VWH IRUPD VXSHULRDU GH DQDOL] VHOHFWLY RULHQWDW SH YHUWLFDO GH OD HOHPHQWH
YDULDELOH OD HOHPHQWH FX JUDGH WRW PDL vQDOWH GH LQYDULDQ GH OD HOHPHQWH
QHHVHQLDOHODHOHPHQWHHVHQLDOHVWDELOHúLFRPXQHXQHLFODVHGHRELHFWH
(5VSXQVFRUHFW c.)

(QXQ 
♦ &XP VH PDQLIHVW PRGDOLWLOH GH RSHUDUH D JkQGLULL vQ UHDOLWDWHD IXQFLRQULL
acesteia?
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 'DWRULWSDUWLFXODULWLORUVDOHILHFDUHPRGGHRSHUDUHVHPDQLIHVWGLVWLQFWvQPRG
GHVLQHVWWWRU
b. 0RGDOLWLOH GH RSHUDUH D JkQGLULL VH PDQLIHVW vQ FXSOXUL úL EORFXUL LQWHUDFLRQLVWH
SURSULHWDWHDGHDRSHUDVLPXOWDQvQVHQVXULRSXVHILLQGVSHFLILFJkQGLULL
c. Capacitatea gândirii de a opera în sensuri opuse decurge tocmai din
LQFRPSDWLELOLWDWHDGLIHULWHORUHLPRGDOLWL
(5VSXQVFRUHFW b.)

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a si a XI-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW Costul
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GLVWLQJ vQWUH GLIHULWHOH FDWHJRULL GH FRVWXUL
DQWUHQDWHGHDFWLYLWDWHDHFRQRPLF
(QXQ 
♦ Care dintre cheltuielile enumerate mai jos nu fac parte din categoria costurilor
variabile?
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. &KHOWXLHOLOHSHFDUH OH DQWUHQHD] WUDQVSRUWXO EXQXULORU GH OD SURGXFWRU ODXQLWDWHD
de desfacere.
b. &KHOWXLHOLOHFDUHDXOHJWXUQHPLMORFLWFXSURFHVXOGHIDEULFDLHDEXQXULORU
c. &KHOWXLHOLOHRFD]LRQDWHGHVFKLPEDUHDWHKQRORJLHLGHIDEULFDLH
d. &KHOWXLHOLOHFRQFUHWL]DWHvQVDODULLOHSHUVRQDOXOXLDQJDMDWvQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLH

37
 (5VSXQVFRUHFW c.)

(QXQ 
♦ &DUHGLQWUHFKHOWXLHOLOHHQXPHUDWHPDLMRVIDFSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFRVWXULORUIL[HIU
DILvQVúLHOHPHQWHGHFDSLWDOIL["
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXFRPEXVWLELOXOúLHQHUJLDSHQWUXSURGXFLH
b. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXFRPEXVWLELOXOúLHQHUJLDSHQWUXLOXPLQDWXOúLvQFO]LUHDXQLWLL
c. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXVDODULLOHSHUVRQDOXOXLDQJDMDWvQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLH
d. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXPDWHULLSULPHúLPDWHULDOH
e. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXDPRUWL]DUHDPDúLQLORUXWLODMHORULQVWDODLLORU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW b.)

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXO±FDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GLVWLQJ vQWUH GUHSWXULOH QHJDWLYH úL GUHSWXULOH
pozitive ale omului.
(QXQ 
♦ &DUH GLQWUH XUPWRDUHOH GUHSWXUL vQVFULVH vQ 'HFODUDLD XQLYHUVDO D GUHSWXULORU
omului sunt drepturi negative?
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 'UHSWXOODHGXFDLH
b. 'UHSWXOODvQJULMLUHPHGLFDO
c. Dreptul la libera stabilire a domiciliului
d. Dreptul la libera exprimare a opiniei.
(5VSXQVFRUHFW d.)

(QXQ 
♦ 'UHSWXULOHQHJDWLYHVHGHRVHEHVFGHGUHSWXULOHSR]LWLYHSULQDFHHDF
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWúLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 6H UHIHU OD DQXPLWH IRUPH GH GLVFULPLQDUH VSHFLILFH vQ PRG GHRVHELW VRFLHWLL
moderne.
b. $X vQ YHGHUH vQ VSHFLDO DVLJXUDUHD FRQGLLLORU SHQWUX HOLPLQDUHD GHILQLWLY D
GLVFULPLQULLUDVLDOH
c. 1XVXQWDFFHSWDWHvQPRGXQDQLPúLLQFOXVHFDDWDUHvQ&RQVWLWXLL
d. ÌQ OHJWXU FX HOH VH SUHVXSXQH F H[HUFLWDUHD ORU HVWH FX DWkW PDL GHSOLQ FX FkW
VWDWXOHVWHPDL³DEVHQW´GLQYLDDLQGLYL]LORUFURUDOHUHYLQ
(5VSXQVFRUHFW d.)

38
 CAPITOLUL 3
ITEMI SEMIOBIECTIVI

3.1. ,7(0,&85638166&857'(&203/(7$5(
Ì175(%5,6758&785$7(

Itemii semiobiectivi VXQW DFHD FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL FDUH VROLFLW HOHYXOXL FRQVWUXLUHD
SDULDOVDXWRWDODDXQXLUVSXQVODVDUFLQDGHILQLWvQHQXQXOLWHPXOXL
În general, itemii semiobiectivi VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQDFHHDF
- SRWWHVWDDJDPODUJGHFDSDFLWLLQWHOHFWXDOHúLUH]XOWDWHDOHvQYULL
- SODVHD]HOHYXOLQWURVLWXDLHFRJQLWLYDFXXQJUDGGHFRPSOH[LWDWHPDLULGLFDW
GHFkWUHXúHVFVRIDFLWHPLLRELHFWLYL
- permit utilizarea unor materiale auxiliare.
8WLOL]DUHDDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLSRDWHvQFXUDMDHOHYXOvQDSURIXQGDUHDQRLXQLORUvQYDWH
FUHúWHUHDYLWH]HLGHRSHUDUHFXDFHVWHDDFODULWLLFRQFL]LHLúLDFXUDWHHLH[SULPULL

,7(0,&85638166&857'(&203/(7$5(

$FHúWLLWHPLVROLFLWHOHYXOVIRUPXOH]HXQUVSXQVVFXUWVDXVFRPSOHWH]HRDILUPDLH
vQDúDIHOvQFkWDFHDVWDVGREkQGHDVFVHQVúLYDORDUHGHDGHYU
În cadrul lor:
- VDUFLQDHVWHSXWHUQLFVWUXFWXUDW
- UVSXQVXO FHUXW HOHYXOXL HVWH VWULFW OLPLWDW FD VSDLX IRUP úL FRQLQXW FKLDU
GHFWUHVWUXFWXUDvQWUHEULLVDUFLQLL
- OLEHUWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDUHRUJDQL]DLQIRUPDLDSULPLWúLGHDRIHULUVSXQVXOvQ
IRUPDGRULWHVWHOLPLWDW
- UVSXQVXOFRUHFWGHPRQVWUHD]QXGRDUFXQRDúWHUHFLúLFDSDFLWDWHDHOHYXOXL
GHRUJDQL]DUHDFXQRúWLQHORUHVHQLDOL]DUHHODERUDUHúLIRUPXODUHDGHFYDW

,WHPLLFXUVSXQVVFXUWVROLFLWHOHYXOXLHODERUDUHDUVSXQVXOXLVXEIRUPDFRQFLVDXQHL
SURSR]LLLIUD]HXQHRUL GRDU FXYkQW VLPERO QXPU &HOPDL DGHVHD HL DXIRUPDXQHL
vQWUHEUL
,WHPLLGHFRPSOHWDUHVROLFLWHOHYXOXLJVLUHDFXYkQWXOXLVDXVLQWDJPHLFDUHFRPSOHWHD]
DILUPDLD FRQLQXW vQ HQXQ FRQIRUP VHQVXOXL DFHVWHLD &HO PDL DGHVHD HL DX IRUPD
XQHLDILUPDLLLQFRPSOHWH

Pentru proiectareaFRUHFWDLWHPLORUFXUVSXQV VFXUW GH FRPSOHWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU

UHVSHFWDUHDXUPWRDUHORUFHULQH
- IRUPXODUHD HQXQXOXL LWHPXOXL úL D VDUFLQLL WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW vQ DúD IHO vQFkW
UVSXQVXOQHFHVDUVSRDWILVFXUWúLSUHFLV
- ILHFDUHLWHPWUHEXLHVDLEXQVLQJXUUVSXQVFRUHFW
- VSDLXOOLEHUIXUQL]DWSHQWUX UHGDFWDUHD UDVSXQVXOXL WUHEXLH VILH VXILFLHQW GH
PDUH DVWIHO vQFkW HOHYXO FDUH DUH XQ VFULV PDL PDUH V QX VH VLPW
GH]DYDQWDMDW ID GH HOHYXO FX XQ VFULV PDL PUXQW úL V VXJHUH]H GDF
UDVSXQVXODúWHSWDWFRQLQHXQVLQJXUFXYkQWVDXPDLPXOWH

39
 - GDF UDVSXQVXO SRDWH IL IRUPXODW vQ OLPEDMH GLIHULWH DWXQFL WUHEXLH SUHFL]DW
H[SOLFLWH[SULPDUHDDúWHSWDWQXPHULFOLWHUDOJUDILFVLPEROLFHWF
- HVWHGHGRULWVVHHYLWHXWLOL]DUHDXQRUWH[WHGLQPDQXDOHSHQWUXDQXvQFXUDMD
PHPRUDUHDPHFDQLFúLvQYDUHDGHWLSUHSURGXFWLY

AvantajeleLWHPLORUFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUHGHFXUJGLQDFHHDF
- SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD XQRU FDSDFLWL GH QLYHO VXSHULRU FHORU LPSOLFDWH vQ VLPSOD
UHFXQRDúWHUHúLUHDFWXDOL]DUH
- VROLFLWFRHUHQúLFRQFL]LXQHvQHODERUDUHDUVSXQVXOXL
- SHUPLWHYDOXDUHD XQXL QXPU UHODWLY VHPQLILFDWLY GH FXQRúWLQH VWUXFWXUDWH vQ
GHSULQGHULúLFDSDFLWL
- VDUFLQD VWUXFWXUDW úL UVSXQVXO FRQFLV FHUXW SHUPLW HYLWDUHD LQIOXHQHL DOWRU
DELOLWL FDUH DU LQWHUIHUD FX FHD HYDOXDW úL DU GXFH OD GLVWRUVLRQDUHD
HYDOXULL
- VHHODERUHD]UHODWLYXúRUúLUDSLG
- VHFRUHFWHD]úLVHQRWHD]FXXQJUDGVXILFLHQWGHRELHFWLYLWDWH±GDFOLVH
DVRFLD]RVFKHPGHQRWDUHDGHFYDW

Dezavantaje: GLQFDX]DSDUWLFXODULWLORUORULWHPLLFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUHQX
VXQWUHFRPDQGDLSHQWUXHYDOXDUHDFDSDFLWLORULQWHOHFWXDOHVXSHULRDUH±UH]ROYDUHDGH
SUREOHPH DQDOL]D VLQWH]D IRUPXODUHD GH DUJXPHQWH IRUPXODUHD GH VROXLL SRVLELOH úL
H[SULPDUHDRSLXQLLSHUVRQDOH
'HDVHPHQHDFDSDFLWDWHDGHDIRUPXODXQUVSXQVVFXUWúLFRQFLV±QHFHVDUvQPXOWH
VLWXDLL±WUHEXLHDVRFLDWFXFDSDFLWDWHDGHDGH]YROWDXQGLVFXUVGHDFRQVWUXLVLWXDLL
GH FRPXQLFDUH FRPSOH[H GH H[SULPDUH OLEHU úL FUHDWLY 'H DFHHD XWLOL]DUHD DFHVWXL
WLS GH LWHPL vQ FDGUXO HYDOXULL OD GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH WUHEXLH SRQGHUDW FX
SUXGHQ

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW$QDOL]DORJLFDDUJXPHQWHORU±UDSRUWXULvQWUHSURSR]LLL
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF UDSRUWXO ORJLF vQ FDUH VH DIO
GRXSURSR]LLLH[SULPDWHvQOLPEDMQDWXUDOúLVDXORJLF
(QXQ 
♦ (QXPHUFHOHSDWUXWLSXULIXQGDPHQWDOHGHSURSR]LLLFDWHJRULFH

1…………………………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………………………
3…………………………………………………………………………
4…………………………………………………………………………

(5VSXQVFRUHFW3URSR]LLHXQLYHUVDODILUPDWLY
3URSR]LLHXQLYHUVDOQHJDWLY
3URSR]LLHSDUWLFXODUDILUPDWLY

40
3URSR]LLHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY
)LHFUXLUDVSXQVFRUHFWLVHDVRFLD]XQQXPUGHSXQFWH2UGLQHDHQXPHUULLQXDUH
VHPQLILFDLH

(QXQ 
♦ )LHXUPWRDUHOHGRXSURSR]LLL

7RLHOHYLLFDUHDXRELQXWPHGLDJHQHUDOVXQWDúWHSWDLODGLUHFLXQHDúFROLL
8QLLHOHYLFDUHDXRELQXWPHGLDJHQHUDOQXVXQWDúWHSWDLODGLUHFLXQH

,GHQWLILFUDSRUWXOORJLFvQFDUHVHDIOFHOHGRXSURSR]LLLúLQRWHD]OvQVSDLXOOLEHUGH
mai jos.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(QXQ 
♦ &RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLDILUPDLLDGHYUDWH

a. 'RXSURSR]LLLVHDIOvQUDSRUWGHFRQWUDGLFLHGDFQXSRWILvPSUHXQ««««««
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b. 'RXSURSR]LLLVHDIOvQUDSRUWGHFRQWUDULHWDWHGDFQXSRWILVLPXOWDQ«««««
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c. 'RXSURSR]LLLVHDIOvQUDSRUWGHVXEFRQWUDULHWDWHGDFQXSRWILVLPXOWDQ««««
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d. ÌQWUXQUDSRUWGHVXEDOWHUQDUHVHSRWDIODGRXSURSR]LLLFDUHDX««««««««
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(5VSXQVFRUHFWDQLFLIDOVHQLFLDGHYUDWHEDGHYUDWHGDUSRWILVLPXOWDQIDOVHF
IDOVHGDFHHDúLFDOLWDWH

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URFHVHOHSVLKLFHúLUROXOORUvQHYROXLDSHUVRQDOLWLL±
PRWLYDLD
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDUDFWHUL]H]H SURFHVHOH SVLKLFH PRWLYDLRQDOH
GLQSHUVSHFWLYDUROXOXLORUvQPDQLIHVWDUHDSHUVRQDOLWLL
(QXQ 
♦ (QXPHUFHOHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHSULQFDUHPRWLYDLDvúLUHDOL]HD]UROXOUHJODWRU
1……………………………………………………………………………………………
2……………………………………………………………………………………………
3……………………………………………………………………………………………

(5VSXQVFRUHFWIXQFLDGHVHOHFWDUHDFWLYDUHúLGHFODQúDUHIXQFLDGHRULHQWDUH
±GLUHFLRQDUHIXQFLDGHVXVLQHUH±SRWHQDUH

41
(QXQ 
♦ 1XPHúWH QLYHOXO GH LQWHQVLWDWH DO LPSXOVXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO FDUH DVLJXU HILFLHQD
PD[LPDDFWLYLWLLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(5VSXQVFRUHFWRSWLPXPPRWLYDLRQDO

(QXQ 
♦ &RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLDILUPDLLDGHYUDWH
a. &D OHJH GH ED] D RUJDQL]ULL úL IXQFLRQULL VLVWHPXOXL GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH PRWLYDLD
este……………………………………………………………………………………………..
b. ÌQOLPLWHUH]RQDELOHIUXVWUDUHDvQGHSOLQHúWH««««««««««««««««««
c. 5HIXODUHD HVWH SURFHVXO GH vQOWXUDUH GLQ ]RQD SUHRFXSULORU FRQúWLHQWH D
LPSXOVXULORUúLGRULQHORUFDUH««««««««««««««««««««««««
d. 5HSULPDUHD HVWH SURFHVXO YLROHQW GH UHWUDJHUH vQ ]RQD LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL D GRULQHORU
LPSXOVXULORUVDXWHQGLQHORUFDUH«««««««««««««««««««««««

(5VSXQV FRUHFW D FDX]D LQWHUQ D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL E XQ URO SR]LWLY F QX SRW IL
VDWLVIFXWHvQVLWXDLDGDWGVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHLQGH]LUDELOHVDXLQDFFHSWDELOHVRFLDO

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DúLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW5HODLDFHUHUHRIHUWSUHSUHXO
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF FRUHODLL HFRQRPLFH VHPQLILFDWLYH
vQWUHPRGLILFDUHDUDSRUWXOXLFHUHUHRIHUWúLPRGLILFDUHDSUHXOXL
(QXQ 
♦ (QXPHUDLFHOHSDWUXFDWHJRULLGHFDX]HHFRQRPLFHFDUHSRWGHWHUPLQDPRGLILFDUHD
SUHXOXLGHHFKLOLEUX
1…………………………………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………………………………
3…………………………………………………………………………………
4…………………………………………………………………………………

(5VSXQVFRUHFW: 1. modificarea cererii; 2. modificarea ofertei; 3. modificarea costului

WRWDOPHGLXPRGLILFDUHDSUHXULORUDOWRUEXQXUL

(QXQ 
♦ &RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLDILUPDLLDGHYUDWH
a. 0RGLILFDUHD FHUHULL úL PRGLILFDUHD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH DIO vQ
UHODLH««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
b. 0RGLILFDUHD RIHUWHL úL PRGLILFDUHD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH DIO vQ
UHODLH««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
c. 0RGLILFDUHD FRVWXOXL WRWDO PHGLX úL PRGLILFDUHD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH DIO vQ
UHODLH««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

42
d. ,QWHUYHQLD GLUHFW D DXWRULWLORU SXEOLFH DVXSUD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH UHDOL]HD]
prin…………………………………………………………………………………………..…

(5VSXQV FRUHFW D SR]LWLY E QHJDWLY F QHJDWLY G IL[DUHD XQRU QLYHOXUL VDX
SODIRDQHGHSUH

(QXQ 
♦ 1XPHúWHYROXPXOGHWUDQ]DFLLSHSLDFUXLDvLFRUHVSXQGHSUHXOGHHFKLOLEUX
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(5VSXQVFRUHFW: cantitatea de echilibru).

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXO±FDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul:(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHQRWHGHILQLWRULLDOHXPDQXOXLDúDFXPVXQW
HOHHYLGHQLDWHvQFDGUXOXQRUFRQFHSLLILORVRILFHPRGHUQHúLFRQWHPSRUDQH
(QXQ 
♦ 1XPHúWHILORVRIXOvQFRQFHSLDFUXLDQRWDGHILQLWRULHDXPDQXOXLHVWHH[LVWHQDvQWUX
PLVWHUúLSHQWUXUHYHODUH
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

(5VSXQVFRUHFW: Lucian Blaga).

♦ &RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLSURSR]LLLDGHYUDWH
a. Pentru Descartes, nota definitorie a omului este faptul de a fi
…………………………………………………………………………….
b. Pentru Bergson, nota definitorie a omului este faptul de a fi
…………………………………………………………………………….
c. Pentru Blaga, nota definitorie a omului este faptul de a fi
…………………………………………………………………………….

(5VSXQVFRUHFWDUHVFRJLWDQVVDXILLQFXJHWDWRDUHEKRPRIDEHUVDXFUHDWRUGH
XQHOWHFH[LVWHQDvQWUXPLVWHUúLSHQWUXUHYHODUH

Ì175(%5,6758&785$7(

ÌQWUHEULOHVWUXFWXUDWHVXQWLWHPLFDUHFRQLQPDLPXOWHVDUFLQLGHOXFUXSXQkQGHOHYXOvQ
VLWXDLD GH D FRQVWUXL UVSXQVXULOH úL GH D DOHJH PRGDOLWLOH GH IRUPXODUH D DFHVWRUD
(OHUHDOL]HD]WUHFHUHDGHODLWHPLLRELHFWLYLúLVHPLRELHFWLYL±FXWRDWHFRQVWUkQJHULOHORU
±FWUHLWHPLLOLEHUL

O vQWUHEDUHVWUXFWXUDWHVWHIRUPDWGLQWUXQQXPUYDULDELOGHVHFYHQH±VXEvQWUHEUL
FDUHSRWDYHDIRUPDXQRULWHPLRELHFWLYLVHPLRELHFWLYLVDXHVHXVFXUW±DFURUFRHUHQ

43
úLVXFFHVLXQHGHULYGLQWUXQHOHPHQWFRPXQLGHHIDSWSULQFLSLXOHJHUDLXQHLQWHUQ
a problematicii vizate).

6FKHPDXQXLLWHPGHWLSvQWUHEDUHVWUXFWXUDWHVWHXUPWRDUHD%HWKHOO*

Material / Stimul
WH[WGDWHVWDWLVWLFHGLDJUDPJUDILFLPDJLQHHWF

6XEvQWUHEUL

Date suplimentare

6XEvQWUHEUL

Proiectarea FRUHFW D XQXL LWHP GH WLS LQWUHEDUH VWUXFWXUDW SUHVXSXQH UHVSHFWDUHD
XUPWRDUHORUFHULQH6WRLFD$(coord.), 1996):
- VXFFHVLXQHD VXEvQWUHEULORU WUHEXLH V DVLJXUH FUHúWHUHD WUHSWDW D JUDGXOXL
GH GLILFXOWDWH UVSXQVXULOH DúWHSWDWH VXQW PDL VLPSOH OD vQFHSXW LDU
FRPSOH[LWDWHDúLGLPHQVLXQHDORUFUHVFVSUHILQDO
- ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH V VROLFLWH XQ UVSXQV FDUH V QX GHSLQG GH
UVSXQVXO OD VXEvQWUHEDUHD SUHFHGHQW ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH V ILH
DXWRFRQLQXW
- VXEvQWUHEULOH WUHEXLH V ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX PDWHULDOXOVWLPXOXO XWLOL]DW
DVWIHOvQFkWDFHVWDVFRQVWLWXLHXQVXSRUWvQUH]ROYDUHDVDUFLQLORU
- ILHFDUHVXEvQWUHEDUHWUHEXLHVWHVWH]HXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHRELHFWLYH
- ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH V ILH XUPDW GH XQ VSDLX OLEHU VXILFLHQW SHQWUX
FRQVHPQDUHDGHFWUHHOHYDUVSXQVXOXL

ÌQWUHEULOH VWUXFWXUDWH SHUPLW RSHUDLRQDOL]DUHD XQHL VDUFLQL PDL FRPSOH[H SULQ

RUJDQL]DUHD SDUFXUJHULL DFHVWHLD GH FWUH HOHY FHHD FH PUHúWH FRQVLGHUDELO
RELHFWLYLWDWHDHYDOXULL
3ULQVWUXFWXUDUHDvQWUHEULLDFHVWWLSGHLWHPLSHUPLW
- WHVWDUHDXQHLYDULHWLGHFXQRúWLQHFRPSHWHQHDELOLWL
- JUDGDUHDFRPSOH[LWLLúLGLILFXOWLL
- SDUFXUJHUHDSURJUHVLYDXQHLXQLWLGHFRQLQXWúLFUHDUHDFRQGLLLORUSHQWUX
FDHYDOXDUHDVGHDúDQVHWXWXURUHOHYLORUGDUVúLGLVFULPLQH]HODYkUI

'LILFXOWLOHSHFDUHOHFRPSRUWvQWUHEULOHVWUXFWXUDWHVXQWOHJDWHGHIDSWXOF

44
 - materialele auxiliare (stimulul) sunt relativ greu de proiectat
- XQHRUL UVSXQVXO OD R VXEvQWUHEDUH GHSLQGH GH UVSXQVXO OD VXEvQWUHEDUHD
DQWHULRDU
- SURLHFWDUHDORUQHFHVLWPDLPXOWWLPS

Exemple
'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWTipuri de argumentare
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V XWLOL]H]H LQVWUXPHQWHOH WHRUHWLFH vQVXúLWH
pentru a stabili validitatea unui argument.
(QXQ 
♦ )LHXUPWRUXODUJXPHQW
1LFL XQ IDSW LQWHQLRQDW QX HVWH JDI 8QHOH JUHúHOL VXQW JDIH 'HFL XQHOH JUHúHOL VXQW
IDSWHQHLQWHQLRQDWH

1. ,GHQWLILFDLWHUPHQXOPDMRUWHUPHQXOPLQRUúLWHUPHQXOPHGLX
Termenul major este……………………………………………….
Termenul minor este……………………………………………….
Termenul mediu este………………………………………………
2. 8WLOL]kQGOHJLOHJHQHUDOHDOHVLORJLVPXOXLGHFLGHLGDFDUJXPHQWXOHVWHYDOLGVDXQX
- Da, este valid deoarece……………………………………………………………...
- Nu, nu este valid deoarece…………………………………………………………..
3. 'DFDUJXPHQWXOQXHVWHYDOLGLQGLFDLHURDUHDFRPLV
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

(5VSXQVFRUHFW:
1. Termenul major este IDSW LQWHQLRQDW termenul minor este JUHúHOL termenul mediu
este gafe.
'DHVWHYDOLGGHRDUHFHUHVSHFWWRDWHOHJLOHJHQHUDOHDOHVLORJLVPXOXL

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URFHVHOHSVLKLFHúLUROXOORUvQHYROXLDSHUVRQDOLWLL±0RWLYDLD
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- V FDUDFWHUL]H]H PRWLYDLD GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD IXQFLLORU SH FDUH DFHDVWD OH
vQGHSOLQHúWHvQFDGUXOFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
- VFDUDFWHUL]H]HVWUXFWXULDOHPRWLYDLHLPRWLYHOH
- V DQDOL]H]H UROXO RSWLPXPXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO vQ RELQHUHD SHUIRUPDQHL vQ
activitate.
(QXQ 
♦ 0RWLYDLD HVWH DFHD FRPSRQHQW SVLKLF SULQ FDUH VH UHIOHFW úL VH VHPQDOL]HD]
VWULOH GH QHFHVLWDWH DOH VXELHFWXOXL úL FDUH VHOHFWHD] úL DFWLYHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWH
adecvate de satisfacere (“cauza interna” a comportamentului).

45
(DHVWHGHFLRSkUJKLHLPSRUWDQWDDXWRUHJOULLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
D(QXPHUDLFHOHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHDOHPRWLYDLHLSUHFL]kQGWRWRGDWPRGXOvQFDUH
VHPDQLIHVWILHFDUHGLQWUHHOH
1……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
E(QXQDLQRWHOHGHILQLWRULLDOHPRWLYHORU
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
F&DUHVXQWFHOHWUHLVLWXDLLSRVLELOHJHQHUDWHGHLQWHUDFLXQHDPRWLYHORUúLFRQVHFLQHOH
acestora în planul comportamentului?
1……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d. Care sunt cele doua situatii in care se poate vorbi de optimum motivational si efectele
lor asupra performantei in activitate?
1……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(5VSXQVFRUHFW
D  IXQFLD GH VHOHFWDUH DFWLYDUH úL GHFODQúDUH ± VH GHVIúRDU SH ED]D DQDOL]HL
VHPQDOHORULQIRUPDLHLGHVSUHVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWHIXQFLDGHRULHQWDUH±GLUHFLRQDUH
±VHGHVIúRDUSHED]DDQDOL]HLLQIRUPDLLORUFXSULYLUHODRELHFWXOGHVDWLVIDFHUHDVWULL
GH QHFHVLWDWH úL FX SULYLUH OD VFRSXO DFLXQLL  IXQFLD GH VXVLQHUH ± SRWHQDUH ± VH
GHVIúRDUSHED]DDQDOL]HLLQIRUPDLLORUSULYLQGFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVLWXDLHLH[WHUQHvQFDUH
XUPHD]VILHVDWLVIFXWVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH
EUHDFWXDOL]ULúLWUDQVSXQHULvQSODQVXELHFWLYDVWULORUGHQHFHVLWDWHSRWILFRQúWLHQWH
VDXLQFRQúWLHQWHDVLJXUHIHFWXDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGHVDWLVIDFHUH
PRELOXOFDUHGHFODQúHD]VXVLQHHQHUJHWLFúLRULHQWHD]DFLXQHDDXGRXVHJPHQWH
XQXOHQHUJL]DQWúLXQXOGLQDPRJHQ

46
FVLWXDLDGHRSWDUHGHUHLQHUHDXQRUDúLGHUHVSLQJHUHDDOWRUDSRDWHJHQHUDVWUL
GHIUXVWUDUHVLWXDLDGHFRRSHUDUHvQWUHVFPRWLYDLDúLHILFLHQDDFWLYLWLLVLWXDLD
GHFRQIOLFWGLPLQXHD]PRWLYDLDúLSRDWHGXFHODLQVWDODUHDXQRUFRPSOH[HGXQWRDUH
SHUVRQDOLWLL
G  GLILFXOWDWHD VDUFLQLL HVWH SHUFHSXW FRUHFW PRGXODUHD LQWHQVLWLL PRWLYDLHL GXS
JUDGXO GH GLILFXOWDWH D VDUFLQLL úL VXFFHV vQ DFWLYLWDWH  GLILFXOWDWHD VDUFLQLL HVWH
SHUFHSXW LQFRUHFW ± VXEDSUHFLDW VDX VXSUDDSUHFLDW LQWHQVLWDWH QHDGHFYDW D
VXSRUWXOXLPRWLYDLRQDOHúHFVDXLQVDWLVIDFLH

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DúLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URGXFWRUXOvQWUHSULQ]WRUXO±FRVWXULSURGXFWLYLWDWHSURILW
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
VGHILQHDVFFHOHWUHLFRQFHSWH
- V HYLGHQLH]H FRUHODLL HFRQRPLFH VHPQLILFDWLYH vQWUH FRVW SURGXFWLYLWDWH
profit
- VHVWLPH]HHYROXLDFRVWXOXLSURGXFWLYLWLLSURILWXOXL vQ FRQWH[WH HFRQRPLFH
date.
(QXQ 
♦ )LHXUPWRDUHOHIRUPXOH
a. CT = CM + CS
b. W = Q / Fi
c. Pr = CA – CT

1. 'HILQLLLQGLFDWRULLDOHFURUIRUPXOHVXQWPHQLRQDWHODSXQFWHOHDEF
a……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ÌQFRQGLLLOHvQFDUHSLDDQXSHUPLWHFUHúWHUHDSUHXOXLGHYkQ]DUHFDUHHVWHVROXLD
RSWLPSHQWUXPDMRUDUHDSURILWXOXL"
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
  &RQVWUXLL XQ H[HPSOX FRQFUHWXWLOL]kQG YDORUL QXPHULFH SHQWUX D LOXVWUD VLWXDLD vQ
FDUH FUHúWHUHD SURGXFWLYLWLL GXFH OD FUHúWHUHD VDODULLORU úL SURILWXOXL FKLDU vQ FRQGLLLOH
PHQLQHULLFRQVWDQWHVDXUHGXFHULLSUHXOXLGHYkQ]DUH
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

47
&HHYROXLHHVWHGHSUHVXSXVFYDDYHD
DSURILWXOvQVLWXDLDFUHúWHULLSURGXFWLYLWLL"
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ESURGXFWLYLWDWHDvQVLWXDLDUHGXFHULLFKHOWXLHOLORUFXPXQFDYLHSHXQLWDWHDGHSURGXV"
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
FFRVWXOvQVLWXDLDUDLRQDOL]ULLFRQVXPXULORUPDWHULDOH"
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(5VSXQVFRUHFW:
'HILQLLLOHFHUXWH
2. Reducerea costului.
 3UHVXSXQHP F vQ 71 XQ vQWUHSULQ]WRU UHDOL]HD] R SURGXFLH ]LOQLF GH  EXFL
SURGXV;3UHXOSHEXFDWHVWHGHXP GHFL FLIUD GH DIDFHUL ]LOQLF HVWH GH 
XP'LQDFHDVWDXPUHSUH]LQWFRVWXOWRWDOLDUXPUHSUH]LQWSURILWXO&RVWXO
VHFRPSXQHGLQXPFDSLWDOFRQVXPDWGLQFDUHXPFDSLWDOFLUFXODQWúLXP
DPRUWL]DUHD FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ úL  XP VDODULL ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGLLL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD JOREDO
PHGLHHVWHGH &70  XPUDWDUHQWDELOLWLLHVWH[
3HEXFDWVWUXFWXUDFRVWXOXLVHSUH]LQWDVWIHOXP&FEXF XP
u.m. Acf / 10 buc = 2 u.m.; 40 u.m. s / 10 buc. = 4 u.m.; profitul: 20 u.m. / 10 buc. = 2
XP3UHVXSXQHPFvQ72DXORFXUPWRDUHOHPRGLILFULSURGXFLDFUHúWHFXGHFL
4 EXFFKHOWXLHOLOHFXFDSLWDOXOFLUFXODQWFUHVFSURSRULRQDOFXSURGXFLDVDODULLOH
FUHVF FX  GHFL V   XP ÌQ DFHDVW VLWXDLH VWUXFWXUD FRVWXOXL XQLWDU YD IL 
u.m. Cc / 15 buc. = 2 u.m.; 20 u.m. Acf / 15 buc. = 1,33 u.m.; 50 u.m. s / 15 buc. = 3,33
u.m.. Deci costul unitar (CTM) va fi 100 CT / 15 Q = 6,66 u.m.; productivitatea medie
JOREDO HVWH    LDU UDWD UHQWDELOLWLL HVWH  SURILW  &7 [   
Deci, salariile au crescut de la 40 u.m. la 50 u.m., masa profitului de la 20 u.m. la 50,1
XPLDUSUHXOGHYkQ]DUHSRDWHVUPkQFRQVWDQWVDXFKLDUVVHUHGXF
DFUHúWHEFUHúWHFVFDGH

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXO±FDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VLGHQWLILFHúLVIRUPXOH]HSUREOHPDILORVRILFDERUGDWvQWUXQWH[W
- VLGHQWLILFHFRQFHSWXO±FKHLHGLQWUXQWH[WúLVHQXQHQRWHOHOXLGHILQLWRULL
- VUHIRUPXOH]HDGHFYDWSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHVXVLQXWvQWUXQWH[W
(QXQ 
♦ 6HGXUPWRUXOWH[W
³'DUFHVXQWSULQXUPDUH"8QOXFUXFHFXJHW&HHVWHDFHVWD"8QXOFDUHVHvQGRLHúWH
vQHOHJH DILUP QHDJ YURLHúWH QX YURLHúWH vQWRWGHDXQD LPDJLQHD] úL VLPWH« 3ULQ
XUPDUHGLQVLPSOXOIDSWFúWLXGHH[LVWHQDPHDúLREVHUYWRWGHDXQDFDEVROXWQLPLF
DOWFHYDQXDSDULQHILULLVDX HVHQHL PHOH vQ DIDU GH IDSWXO F VXQWILLQ FXJHWWRDUH
vQFKHL SH GUHSW F HVHQD PHD FRQVW vQ DFHHD GRDU F VXQW ILLQ FXJHWWRDUH´ ( R.
Descartes, Meditationes de prima philosophia).

48
1. ,GHQWLILFDLúLIRUPXODLSUREOHPDILORVRILFSHFDUHRDERUGHD]WH[WXO
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ,GHQWLILFDLFRQFHSWXOFKHLHGLQWH[WúLHQXQDLQRWHOHOXLGHILQLWRULL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. )RUPXODLvQFXYLQWHSURSULLSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHH[SULPDWGHDXWRUXOWH[WXOXL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(5VSXQVXOFRUHFW:
1. Ce este omul?
 5HV FRJLWDQVOXFUX FH FXJHWILLQ FXJHWWRDUH H[SULP HVHQD XPDQ DWULEXWXO
FXJHWULL DUH R H[LVWHQ LQGHSHQGHQW GH FRUS HVWH FRJQRVFLELO ± ³RELHFWXO³ GH
FXQRVFXWHVWHFKLDUVXELHFWXOFXQRVFWRU
)RUPXODUHDDGHFYDW

49
 CAPITOLUL 4
,7(0,68%,(&7,9,&8563816'(6&+,6

4.1. REZOLVAREA DE PROBLEME

4.2. ITEMI DE TIP ESEU

,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL VDX FX UVSXQV GHVFKLVDXGUHSW SULQFLSDO FDUDFWHULVWLF IDSWXO F

WHVWHD] RULJLQDOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL FUHDWLYLWDWHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH SHUVRQDOL]DUH D
FXQRúWLQHORU(LVXQWvQPRGVSHFLDOUHFRPDQGDLSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDHYDOXULLODúWLLQHOH
VRFLRXPDQH GDWH ILLQG SDUWLFXODULWLOH DFHVWRUD SUHFXP úL QDWXUD FRPSHWHQHORU
JHQHUDOHúLVSHFLILFHSHFDUHvúLSURSXQVOHIRUPH]HODHOHYL

&X WRDWH F DFHúWL LWHPL SDU UHODWLY XúRU GH FRQVWUXLW H[LJHQHOH IRUPXOULL FRUHFWH D
FHULQHLúLDEDUHPXOXLGHFRUHFWDUHúLQRWDUHVXQWIRDUWHVWULFWHHOHWUHEXLHVSUHYLQ
DFHDVXELHFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVRUXOXLFDUHFRQGXFHODHYDOXDUHDQHSURIHVLRQDODUELWUDUúL
ODSXQHUHDHOHYXOXLvQVLWXDLDGHDILQHGUHSWLW

4.1. Rezolvarea de probleme

5H]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH VDX GH VLWXDLL SUREOHPDWLFH ± LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ JUXS ±
FRQVWLWXLH R PRGDOLWDWH SULQ FDUH SURIHVRUXO SRDWH FUHD VLWXDLL GH vQYDUH FH GH]YROW
FUHDWLYLWDWHD JkQGLUHD GLYHUJHQW LPDJLQDLD FDSDFLWDWHD GH WUDQVIHU GH JHQHUDOL]DUH
VDXúLGHFRQFUHWL]DUHDLQIRUPDLLORUúLSURFHGXULORU

&DSDFLWDWHD GH D UH]ROYD SUREOHPH QX HVWH vQQVFXW HD VH GH]YROW SURJUHVLY SULQ
vQYDUHH[HUVDUH ILLQG VLWXDW OD QLYHOXO VXSHULRU DO FDSDFLWLORU FRJQLWLYH úL
presupunând chiar anumite caracteristici generale de personalitate pe care elevul le
GREkQGHúWHVDXDUWUHEXLVOHGREkQGHDVFvQSURFHVXOHGXFULLIRUPULLVDOH
'HDFHHDXWLOL]DUHDUH]ROYULLGHSUREOHPHFDPHWRGGHHYDOXDUHWUHEXLHVLQFRQW
GHH[SHULHQDGHOXFUXDHOHYLORUFXDFHDVWPHWRGFRPSOH[LWDWHDSUREOHPHORUWUHEXLH
V FUHDVF SURJUHVLY SH PVXU FH HOHYLL DFXPXOHD] úL LQWHUQDOL]HD] H[SHULHQD
VSHFLILF

Comportamentele evaluate prin rezolvarea de probleme sunt (Stoica, A. (coord.), 1996):

- vQHOHJHUHDSUREOHPHL
- FXWDUHDúLLGHQWLILFDUHDLQIRUPDLLORUQHFHVDUHUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHL
- IRUPXODUHDúLWHVWDUHDLSRWH]HORU
- VHOHFWDUHDúLGHVFULHUHDPHWRGHLPHWRGHORUGHUH]ROYDUH
- aplicarea metodei/metodelor în contextul concret
- HODERUDUHDXQXLVFXUWUDSRUWDVXSUDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWH
- interpretarea rezultatelor
- JHQHUDOL]DUHDúLVDXWUDQVIHUXOSURFHGXULORUúLWHKQLFLORUGHUH]ROYDUH

50
Pentru proiectarea FRUHFW D LWHPLORU WLS UH]ROYDUH GH SUREOHPH HVWH QHFHVDU
UHVSHFWDUHDXQRUFHULQHJHQHUDOHúLVSHFLILFH
a. FHULQHJHQHUDOH
- SUREOHPDVDXVLWXDLDSUREOHPWUHEXLHVILHDGHFYDWQLYHOXOXLGHYkUVWúL
GHSUHJWLUHDHOHYLORU
- FRUHODUHD FRQLQXWXOXL SUREOHPHL úL PRGDOLWLORU GH UH]ROYDUH FX RUJDQL]DUHD
DFWLYLWLLGLGDFWLFH±UH]ROYDUHLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS
- SUREOHPD úL DFWLYLWDWHD GH UH]ROYDUH V ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX FRQLQXWXULOH
GLVFLSOLQHLúLFXRELHFWLYHOHFXUULFXODUH
- HYDOXDUHDDFWLYLWLLúLDUH]XOWDWHORUVILHUHOHYDQWSHQWUXHOHYúLVSURGXF
LQIRUPDLL XWLOH SHQWUX HYDOXDWRU DFHDVWD SUHVXSXQH DVRFLHUHD LWHPXOXL FX R
VFKHPFODUGHQRWDUHFDUHVFRQLQFULWHULLH[SOLFLWHGHGXVHGLQRELHFWLYH
- XWLOL]DUHDvQFDGUXODFWLYLWLLDXQRUPDWHULDOHVXSRUWFDUHVVSULMLQHSURFHVXO
GHVROXLRQDUHDSUREOHPHL
b. FHULQHVSHFLILFH
- RELQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUSULQSURFHGXULYDOLGHúLYHULILFDELOH
- posibilitatea de a se utiliza metode alternative de rezolvare
- SUH]HQWDUHDvQUDSRUWXOILQDODLSRWH]HLGHOXFUXUDLRQDPHQWHORUPRGXOXLGH
RSHUDUHúLDLQVWUXPHQWHORUFDUHDXIRVWXWLOL]DWH

AvantajeleXWLOL]ULLDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLSRWILVLQWHWL]DWHDVWIHO
- vQFXUDMHD]JkQGLUHDSURGXFWLYFUHDWLYHXULVWLF
- DQWUHQHD]DELOLWLOHGHFRPXQLFDUHFRRSHUDUHOXFUXvQHFKLS
- DQWUHQHD]LQGHSHQGHQDGHJkQGLUHVSLULWXOFULWLFUHIOH[LY
- vQFXUDMHD] GH]YROWDUHD FDSDFLWLL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH DXWRUHIOH[LYLWDWHD
FDSDFLWDWHDGHDRSWDúLGHDJkQGLvQWHUPHQLGHRSWLP
- RIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDDQDOL]HLHURULLúLDUROXOXLHLvQFXQRDúWHUH
- SHUPLWHYDOXDUHDFDSDFLWLLGHUDLRQDUHIOH[LELOúLRSHUDQW

Dezavantaje:
- H[LVW R DQXPLW VXELHFWLYLWDWH vQ HYDOXDUH vQ VSHFLDO vQ FD]XO SUREOHPHORU
FDUHVROLFLWUH]ROYDUHDvQWHUPHQLGHRSWLPVDXGH]LUDELO
- QHFHVLWXQHRULWLPSvQGHOXQJDWSHQWUXSURLHFWDUHúLQRWDUH
- QHFHVLWXQHRULWLPSvQGHOXQJDWSHQWUXDGPLQLVWUDUHúLUH]ROYDUH
- GDFDFWLYLWDWHDDIRVWRUJDQL]DWvQIRUPDOXFUXOXLvQHFKLSVKHPDGHQRWDUH
WUHEXLH LQGLYLGXDOL]DW DGHFYDW UROXOXL úL VDUFLQLORU FRQFUHWH SH FDUH ILHFDUH
membru al echipei le-a avut.

&RUHFWDUHDúLDSUHFLHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUWUHEXLHVYL]H]HDWkWSURFHVXOGHUH]ROYDUHFkWúL
UH]XOWDWXOSURSULX]LV3URIHVRUXOYDLQHVHDPDGH
- PRGXO vQ FDUH D IRVW DERUGDW SUREOHPD VWUDWHJLD XWLOL]DW vQ VSHFLDO vQ
VLWXDLDOXFUXOXLvQHFKLS
- XWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWDGHFYDWDPHWRGHLXWLOL]DUHDPDLPXOWRUPHWRGH
- PVXUDvQFDUHDIRVWRELQXWUH]XOWDWXOFRUHFWúLDIRVWYHULILFDW
- interpretarea rezultatului
- H[WLQGHUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDSUREOHPHLSURFHGXULLGHUH]ROYDUHVROXLHL

51
Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWTipuri de argumentare
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWILJXULOHúLPRGXULOHVLORJLVWLFH
- VGLVWLQJvQWUHVLORJLVPHYDOLGHúLVLORJLVPHQHYDOLGH
- VRSWH]HSHQWUXRDQXPLWPHWRGGHSUREDUHDYDOLGLWLLVLORJLVPXOXL
- VDSOLFHPHWRGDúLVGHFLGDDVXSUDUH]XOWDWXOXLDSOLFULLHL
- VVHVL]H]HHURULvQFRQVWUXLUHDVLORJLVPHORU
(QXQ 
♦ &RQVWUXLL PRGXULOH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VLORJLVPHORU FDUH VXQW YDOLGH VXE ILHFDUH GLQ
XUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLL

a. 3UHPLVDPDMRUHVWHDILUPDWLY
b. 3UHPLVDPDMRUHVWHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY
c. 3UHPLVDPLQRUHVWHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY
d. &RQLQHQXPDLGRLWHUPHQLGLVWULEXLLILHFDUHGHGRXRUL

$FWLYLWDWHDVHGHVIúRDUvQPRGLQGLYLGXDO

Schema de evaluare:
- H[SOLFDUHDLPSRVLELOLWLLDQXPLWRUFRPELQDLLvQFRQGLLLOHILHFUHLFHULQH
- LGHQWLILFDUHDúLFRQVWUXLUHDFRUHFWDILJXULLúLPRGXOXLVLORJLVWLFFRUHVSXQ]WRU
ILHFUHLFHULQH
- DSOLFDUHDFRUHFWDPHWRGHLGHSUREDUHDYDOLGLWLLDOHVH
- GHPRQVWUDUHDYDOLGLWLLQHYDOLGLWLL
- formularea argumentelor pentru care un anumit mod este nevalid.

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH úL UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL ±
0RWLYDLD
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VLQWHUSUHWH]HGDWHIDFWXDOHGLQSHUVSHFWLYDFXQRúWLQHORUWHRUHWLFHGREkQGLWH
- VGLVWLQJvQWUHGLIHULWHOHIRUPHDOHPRWLYDLHLúLPDQLIHVWULOHORU
- VIRUPXOH]H GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH OD SUREOHPD DEVHQHL LQWHUHVXOXLPRWLYDLHL
SHQWUXvQYDUH
(QXQ 
♦ $FWLYLWDWHDVHGHVIúRDUDvQWUHLHWDSH
- vQ SULPD HWDS HOHYLL UVSXQG LQGLYLGXDO vQ VFULV OD XUPWRDUHOH GRX
vQWUHEUL

52
 -
&kQGvQYODSVLKRORJLHGHFHvQY"
&kQGQXvQYODSVLKRORJLHGHFHQXvQY"
- vQ D GRXD HWDS SURIHVRUXO IRUPHD] JUXSH GH FkWH  HOHYL ILHFDUH JUXS
DYkQGXUPWRDUHOHVDUFLQL

a. JUXSDLUVSXQVXULOHODFHOHGRXvQWUHEULFRQIRUPIRUPHLGHPRWLYDLHvQ
FDUHVHvQFDGUHD]ILHFDUH
b. LGHQWLILFDLIRUPDGHPRWLYDLHGRPLQDQW
c. IRUPXODL GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD VXSRUWXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO
DGHFYDWúLFUHúWHUHDSHUIRUPDQHLvQvQYDUH
- vQ FHD GHD WUHLD HWDS ILHFDUH JUXS vúL YD GHVHPQD XQ UDSRUWRU FDUH YD
SUH]HQWD PRGXO vQ FDUH VD UHDOL]DW DFWLYLWDWHD GH UH]ROYDUH D VDUFLQLL úL
VROXLLOHSURSXVH

$FWLYLWDWHD VH LQFKHLH FX R GLVFXLH IURQWDO DVXSUD VROXLLORU SURSXVH úL

SRVLELOLWLORUGHDSOLFDUHDORU

Schema de evaluareYDLQHFRQWGH
- FRUHFWLWXGLQHD JUXSULL UVSXQVXULORU FRQIRUP IRUPHL GH PRWLYDLH vQ FDUH VH
vQFDGUHD]ILHFDUH
- FRUHFWLWXGLQHDLGHQWLILFULLGRPLQDQWHLPRWLYDLRQDOH
- FDUDFWHUXODGHFYDWúLIH]DELODOVROXLLORUSURSXVH
3URIHVRUXO YD DSUHFLD FDOLWDWHD FRPXQLFULL úL FRQOXFUULL vQ FDGUXO JUXSXOXL SUHFXP úL
capacitatea raportorului de a reflecta adecvat evenimentele petrecute în timpul
UH]ROYULLVDUFLQLLvQJUXS

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DúLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URGXFWRUXOvQWUHSULQ]DWRUXO±FRVWXULSURGXFWLYLWDWHSURILW
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWFRQFHSWHLQGLFDWRULúLIRUPXOHGHFDOFXO
- VHVL]H]H FRUHODLLOH GLQWUH LQWHUSUHWDUHD PDWHPDWLF úL LQWHUSUHWDUHD
HFRQRPLFDXQXLIHQRPHQ
- VLGHQWLILFHFDX]HDOHXQXLIHQRPHQHFRQRPLF
- VIRUPXOH]HSUHGLFLLSULYLQGHYROXLDXQXLIHQRPHQvQFRQGLLLGDWH
(QXQ 
♦ ÌQDQXORILUPGHFRQIHFLLúLDUHDOL]DWDFWLYLWDWHDvQXUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLL
- cifra de afaceri = 120 mil. u.m.
- costurile materiale = 50 mil. u.m., din care 10% costuri fixe
- costurile salariale = 50 mil. u.m., din care 5% costuri fixe
- YROXPXOIL]LFDOSURGXFLHL WEXQRDUHFDUH;
- QXPUGHOXFUWRULDQJDMDLvQVHFLLOHGLUHFWSURGXFWLYH 
ÌQDQXOQXPUXOOXFUWRULORUGLQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLHVHUHGXFHFXSURGXFLD
IL]LF FUHúWH FX  DQWUHQkQG FUHúWHUHD FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH

53
GLUHFWH ÌQWUXFkW UDWD LQIODLHL vQ LQWHUYDOXO UHVSHFWLY D IRVW QHJOLMDELO ILUPD QX PRGLILF
QLFLSUHXOXQLWDUQLFLVDODULXOLQGLYLGXDO

&HULQH
a. &DOFXODL
UDWDUHQWDELOLWLLUHDOL]DWvQúL
QLYHOXOSURGXFWLYLWLLPXQFLLvQúL
b. &RPSDUDL GLQDPLFD UDWHL UHQWDELOLWLL FX GLQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLWLL PXQFLL úL IRUPXODL
FRQFOX]LLOHODFDUHFRQGXFHFRPSDUDLD
c. 'HWHUPLQDLHYROXLDSRQGHULLFRVWXULORUPDWHULDOHFRVWXULORUVDODULDOHFRVWXULORUIL[HúL
costurilor variabile în totalul costului.
d. ,GHQWLILFDL HOHPHQWXO FX SRQGHUHD FHD PDL PDUH úL IRUPXODL GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH
pentru reducerea lui.
e. &H HYROXLH HVWH GH SUHVXSXV F YRU DYHD FRVWXULOH PDWHULDOH vQ VLWXDLD FUHúWHULL
GLILFXOWLORUGHDFFHVODUHVXUVH"

$FWLYLWDWHDVHSRDWHGHVIúXUDLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS

Schema de evaluare:
- FDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDUDWHLUHQWDELOLWLLvQILHFDUHGLQFHLGRLDQL
- FDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDQLYHOXOXLSURGXFWLYLWLLvQILHFDUHGLQFHLGRLDQL
- FRPSDUDUHDGLQDPLFLLFHORUGRLLQGLFDWRULFRQGXFHODFRQFOX]LDOHJWXULLGLUHFWH
GLQWUHUHQWDELOLWDWHúLSURGXFWLYLWDWH
- GHWHUPLQDUHDFRUHFWDSRQGHULLILHFUXLHOHPHQWDOFRVWXOXLúLDHYROXLHLOXL
- LGHQWLILFDUHD HOHPHQWXOXL FX FHD PD PDUH SRQGHUH VROXLLOH SURSXVH WUHEXLH
V VH UHIHUH OD VFKLPEUL GH QDWXUD FDOLWDWLY vQ RUJDQL]DUHD úL GHVIúXUDUHD
DFWLYLWLLQXYRUILDFFHSWDWHVROXLLFDUHGHPRQVWUHD]FHOHYXOQXJkQGHúWH
HFRQRPLFFLDSOLFDOJRULWPLPDWHPDWLFLFKLDUGDFDFHVWHDVXQWFRUHFWH
- UVSXQVXO FRUHFWWUHEXLH V HYLGHQLH]H OHJWXUD GLQWUH GLIHULWHOH FDWHJRULL GH
UHVXUVHúLHOHPHQWHOHLQFOXVHvQFRVWXULOHPDWHULDOH

4.2. ITEMI DE TIP ESEU

ÌQ FDGUXO GLVFLSOLQHORU VRFLRXPDQH HYDOXDUHD FDSDFLWLORU FRJQLWLYH VXSHULRDUH FX

FRPSOH[LWDWH ULGLFDW VH UHDOL]HD] vQ PRG SUHSRQGHUHQW FX DMXWRUXO itemilor de tip
non-obiectiv; eseurile±FRPSXQHULOHGHPRQVWUDLLOH³FXWH]´GHVFULHULOH±UHSUH]LQW
XQ LQVWUXPHQW DGHFYDW úL IUHFYHQW XWLOL]DW GHRDUHFH UVSXQGH vQWUR PDUH PVXU
SDUWLFXODULWLORUGLVFLSOLQHORUVRFLRXPDQHúLFRPSHWHQHORUJHQHUDOHúLVSHFLILFHSHFDUH
DFHVWHDvúLSURSXQVOHIRUPH]HODHOHYL

Itemul de tip eseu SXQHHOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDFRQVWUXLXQUVSXQVOLEHUvQFRQIRUPLWDWH

FX XQ VHW GDW GH FHULQH FX FkW FHULQHOH VXQW PDL SUHFLV IRUPXODWH úL PDL H[SOLFLW
LOXVWUDWH vQ VFKHPD GH QRWDUH FX DWkW FUHúWH ILGHOLWDWHD HYDOXULL úL QRWULL JUDGXO GH
RELHFWLYLWDWHvQUDSRUWFXPDLPXOLHYDOXDWRULúLVDXFXPDLPXOWHHYDOXULVXFFHVLYH

54
3ULQWUHRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHFURUDOLVHSRDWHDVRFLDFDLQVWUXPHQWDGHFYDWHVHXOVH
QXPU
- DELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D DFWXDOL]D RUJDQL]DUHRUJDQL]D úL VWUXFWXUD vQ PRG
RULJLQDOLQIRUPDLLLGHL
- DELOLWDWHDGHDXWLOL]DvQPRGDGHFYDWOLPEDMXOúLGHDSUREDXQVWLOSHUVRQDO
- DELOLWDWHD GH D LQWHUSUHWD LQIRUPDLL úL GH D H[SULPD XQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
personal.

(VHXO SHUPLWH GHFL HYDOXDUHD DERUGULL JOREDOH D XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX vQ FDUH
FXQRúWLQHOH JUDGXO GH vQHOHJHUH úL FDSDFLWDWHD GH DSOLFDUH D FXQRúWLQHORU LQFOXVLY
PVXUDúLPRGXOvQFDUHvQYDUHDFXQRDúWHUHDDXIRVWSHUVRQDOL]DWHFRQWULEXLQGDVWIHO
OD IRUPDUHD UHDO D SHUVRQDOLWLL HOHYXOXL VH vQWUHSWUXQG úL VH PDQLIHVW vQ PRG
integrat.

7LSXULOHGHHVHXULVHGHOLPLWHD]GXSGRXFULWHULL
1. GXSGLPHQVLXQLOHUVSXQVXOXLDúWHSWDW
a. HVHX FX UVSXQV UHVWUkQV PLQLHVHXO ± vQ FDUH SULQWUH FHULQHOH HQXQXOXL
HVWH SUHFL]DW úL GLPHQVLXQHD PD[LP DGPLV D UVSXQVXOXL DúWHSWDW QXPU
PD[LPGHFXYLQWHQXPUPD[LPGHSDUDJUDIHQXPUPD[LPGHUkQGXUL
b. HVHX FX UVSXQV H[WLQV ± OD FDUH VLQJXUD OLPLW FH RSHUHD] HVWH DFHHD D
timpului de lucru maxim admis.
2. GXSWLSXOUVSXQVXOXLDúWHSWDW
a. eseu structurat sau semistructurat – vQFDUHSULQ FHULQH H[SOLFLWH LQGLFLL VDX
VXJHVWLLUVSXQVXOHOHYXOXLHVWHRUJDQL]DWVWUXFWXUDWRULHQWDWRUGRQDW
b. eseu liber – vQ FDUH RULJLQDOLWDWHD úL FUHDWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL VH SRW PDQLIHVWD
maximal.

ProiectareaLWHPLORUGHWLSHVHXSUHVXSXQHDSOLFDUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLL D FUHL UHVSHFWDUH

PDMRUHD]HILFLHQDHYDOXULLúLFDUDFWHUXOHLIRUPDWLYDVWIHO
- se recurge la evaluarea prin acest tip de item numai atunci când obiectivul de
evaluare avut în vedere nu este compatibil cu nici un alt tip de item;
- RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH SURSXV WUHEXLH V IDF SDUWH GLQ FDWHJRULD FHORU GH
PD[LP FRPSOH[LWDWH ± V YL]H]H FDSDFLWL GH WUDQVIHU úL GH H[SULPDUH vQ
termeni personali;
- VDUFLQDGHOXFUXWUHEXLHIRUPXODWvQPRGFODUULJXURVúLVXFFLQWvQWHUPHQLGH
SHUIRUPDQDúWHSWDW
- HQXQXO LWHPXOXL WUHEXLH vQVRLW GH FRQILJXUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL DúWHSWDW ±
elementele sau conceptele-cheie, caracteristici particulare dorite ale
UVSXQVXOXL DOWHUQDWLYH SRVLELOHDGPLVH DFHDVW FRQILJXUDUH DQXQ
“rezolvarea”, respectiv schema de notare cu care se va opera);
- VFKHPDGHQRWDUHVHSRDWHFRQVWUXLILHDFRUGkQGXQQXPUGHSXQFWHILHFUHL
FHULQH ILH JOREDO KROLVWLF ILH DVRFLLQG XQ QXPU GH SXQFWH ILHFUXL QLYHO GH
UVSXQV

ÌQ RULFDUH GLQ YDULDQWHOH VDOH LWHPXO GH WLS HVHX SUH]LQW avantajul de a se adecva
HYDOXULLODGLVFLSOLQHOHVRFLRXPDQHvQWUXFkWSHUPLWH

55
 - RELQHUHDGHFWUHSURIHVRUDXQHLLPDJLQLJOREDOHVLQWHWLFHDFDSDFLWLORUGH
WUDQVIHUúLFRQVWUXFLHSHUVRQDODHOHYXOXL
- HYDOXDUHD FUHDWLYLWLL RULJLQDOLWLL JkQGLULL FULWLFH IOH[LELOLWLL IRUHL
DUJXPHQWDWLYHúLFRHUHQHLGHJkQGLUHDHOHYXOXL
- LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD HYDOXULL DGHFYDUHD HL OD PRGXO LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQDO vQ FDUH
HOHYXOVHUDSRUWHD]ODVDUFLQFRQLQXW

ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS vQV QX WUHEXLH RPLVH dezavantajele úL ULVFXULOH SH FDUH OH SUH]LQW
evaluarea prin eseu:
- GLILFXOWDWHD FRQVWUXLULL XQHL VFKHPH GH QRWDUH FDUH V DVLJXUH
ILGHOLWDWHDRELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL ± vQ DEVHQD FUHLD HYDOXDUHD UPkQH
LUHOHYDQW±GDUFDUH V QX FRQVWUkQJ HOHYXO VQX vO SXQ vQ VLWXDLDGHD
RELQH SXQFWDMXO PD[LP QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG UVSXQVXO OXL VH SOLD] SH FHO
SUHIDEULFDWGHHYDOXDWRUFHHDFHDQXOHD]vQVúLLGHHDGHHVHX
- GHúL VH HODERUHD] UHODWLY XúRU HYDOXDUHD úL QRWDUHD FHU PXOW WLPS PXOW
DWHQLH H[SHULHQ RELHFWLYLWDWH úL SURIHVLRQDOLVP vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GLGDFWLF
FXUHQW FRPXQLFDUHD QRWHL RELQXWH GH HOHY WUHEXLH vQVRLW GH R VFXUW ILú
GH REVHUYDLL DVXSUD HVHXOXL vQ DúD IHO vQFkW HOHYXO V vúL FRUHFWH]H
HYHQWXDOHOHLQDELOLWLVDXVUHIDFSULOHPDLSXLQUHDOL]DWHDOHHVHXOXL
- VFKHPDGHQRWDUHWUHEXLHvQPRGREOLJDWRULXPRGHUDWSULQSUHWHVWUL

Exemple:

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW&RPSRUWDPHQWHSURúLDQWLVRFLDOH
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHVFULHvQWHUPHQLSVLKRORJLFLXQFRPSRUWDPHQWVRFLDO
- V HYDOXH]H XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW VRFLDO SULQ UDSRUWDUH OD PRGHOH VRFLDOH
dezirabile
- VLQYHVWLJKH]HFDX]HSVLKLFHSRVLELOHDOHXQXLFRPSRUWDPHQWVRFLDO
- V UHODLRQH]H DERUGDUHD SVLKRORJLF FX DOWH WLSXUL GH DERUGDUH D
comportamentului social.

2EVHUYDLHHOHYLLYRUSULPLFDVDUFLQGHOXFUXHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLGXSFHDQWHULRUDX
YL]LRQDWvPSUHXQXQHSLVRGGLQVHULDOXOµ$OúDSWHOHDFHU´

(QXQ 
♦ $OHJHL XQXO GLQWUH SHUVRQDMHOH ILOPXOXL ³$O úDSWHOHD FHU´ (ODERUDL XQ PLQLHVHX vQ
FDUH V UHOHYDL UROXO FRPXQLFULL LQWHUXPDQH vQ UHJODUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VRFLDO DO
personajului.

Schema de notareYDXUPUL
- XWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWDOLPEDMXOXLVSHFLILF
- caracterizarea profilului de personalitate al personajului
- HYLGHQLHUHDúLLQWHUSUHWDUHDSVLKRORJLFDVLWXDLLORUFRQVLGHUDWHUHOHYDQWH

56
 - VXUSULQGHUHDLQIOXHQHLSHFDUHFRPXQLFDUHDvQWUHSHUVRQDMHRH[HUFLWDVXSUD
PRGHOULLDGHFYULLODVLWXDLHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORU

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DúLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWGlobalizarea
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
VGHVFULHvQWHUPHQLHFRQRPLFLSURFHVXOGHJOREDOL]DUH
- V HYDOXH]H FRQVHFLQHOH SURFHVXOXL GH JOREDOL]DUH DVXSUD IRUPULL
SURIHVLRQDOHDWLQHUHLJHQHUDLLúLDVXSUDSURJUHVXOXLvQFDULHU
- V LQYHVWLJKH]H FDX]H SRVLELOH úL IRUPH GH PDQLIHVWDUH DOH GLILFXOWLORU GH
adaptare la un mediu economic global
- V DSOLFH FXQRúWLQHOH HFRQRPLFH JHQHUDOH OD FDUDFWHUL]DUHD VLWXDLHL
HFRQRPLHLURPkQHúWL
- V IRUPXOH]H XQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SHUVRQDO vQ OHJWXU FX SUREOHPD SXV vQ
GLVFXLH

2EVHUYDLHHOHYLLYRUSULPLFDVDUFLQHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLGXSFHDQWHULRUDXUHDOL]DW
GRXGRVDUHGHSUHVDYkQGFDWHPH³)XJDFUHLHUHORU´úL³,QWHUQHWXOúLJOREDOL]DUHD´

(QXQ 
♦ (ODERUDLXQHVHXDYkQGXUPWRUXOWLWOX³ÌQOXPHDJOREDODPLOHQLXOXL,,,YDH[LVWDXQ
ORFúLSHQWUXPLQHQXPDLGDFYRLúWLVPLOJVHVF´
Plan de idei pentru elaborarea eseului:
- caracterizarea procesului de globalizare
- FRQVHFLQHOHJOREDOL]ULLDVXSUDIRUPULLúLHYROXLHLSURIHVLRQDOH
- GLILFXOWL GH DGDSWDUH OD PHGLXO HFRQRPLF JOREDO FDX]H úL IRUPH GH
manifestare
- FDUDFWHUL]DUHDHFRQRPLHLURPkQHúWLGLQSHUVSHFWLYDSURFHVXOXLGHJOREDOL]DUH
- IRUPXODUHDXQXLSXQFWGHYHGHUHSHUVRQDOOHJDWGHSUREOHPDSXVvQGLVFXLH
3HQWUXHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLDYHLODGLVSR]LLHRVSWPkQvQFDUHSXWHLFRQVXOWDRULFH
VXUVHGHLQIRUPDUHSHFDUHOHFRQVLGHUDLSRWULYLWHVXUVHOHúLLQIRUPDLLOHSRWILLQYRFDWH
în eseu.

Schema de notareYDXUPULRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHúLLQGLFDLLOHGLQSODQXOGHLGHL

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWMorala
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VLGHQWLILFHSUREOHPDILORVRILFSXVvQGLVFXLH
- VFRUHOH]HVHPQLILFDWLYSXQFWHGHYHGHUHH[SULPDWHvQLVWRULDILORVRILHL
- VYDORULILFHvQWHUPHQLSHUVRQDOLFXQRúWLQHOH
- VFRQVWUXLDVFXQGLVFXUVFRHUHQWDUJXPHQWDWúLFRQYLQJWRU
- VXWLOL]H]HDGHFYDWOLPEDMXOILORVRILF

57
(QXQ 
♦ (ODERUDLXQHVHXOLEHUSRUQLQGGHODSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHH[SULPDWvQXUPWRUXOFLWDW
“'HIDSWDYHPGRXIHOXULGHPRUDOLWDWHXQDSHFDUHRSUHGLFPGDUQXRSUDFWLFP
úLFHDODOWSHFDUHRSUDFWLFPGDUUDUHRULRSUHGLFP´ (Bertrand Russell).

Schema de notareYDXUPULRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHSURSXVH

58
 CAPITOLUL 5
METODE COMPLEMENTARE DE EVALUARE
2%6(59$5($6,67(0$7,&$$&7,9,7,,ù,&203257$0(178/8,
ELEVULUI
5.2. PROIECTUL
5.3. PORTOFOLIUL
5.4. AUTOEVALUAREA

Metodele complementare de evaluare constituie o categorie de metode de evaluare

FX URO IRUPDWLY SURQXQDW úL FX R PDUH FDSDFLWDWH GH PRWLYDUH D DQJDMULL HOHYLORU vQ
DFWLYLWLOH GH vQYDUH 8WLOL]DUHD ORU vQ HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW OD GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH
permite:
- HYDOXDUHDSURGXVXOXLúLDSURFHVXOXLFDUHDFRQGXVODRELQHUHDOXL
- HYDOXDUHDKROLVWLFDSURJUHVXOXLHOHYXOXL
- FRQVROLGDUHDGHSULQGHULORUúLDELOLWLORUGHFRPXQLFDUHVRFLDOúLFRRSHUDUH
- FRQVROLGDUHDDELOLWLORUGHDXWRHYDOXDUH
- HYDOXDUHDJUDGXOXLGHDWLQJHUHDXQRURELHFWLYHFHYL]HD]DSWLWXGLQLDWLWXGLQL
úLFRPSRUWDPHQWHFHQXSRWILHYDOXDWHSULQPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOH
- compensarea excesului de cognitivism ce se poate manifesta în evaluarea
WUDGLLRQDO
0HWRGHOHFRPSOHPHQWDUHGHHYDOXDUHYL]HD]vQPRGSULRULWDU*URQOXQGS

Aptitudini / Atitudini &RPSRUWDPHQWHSULQFDUHVHH[SULP

9RUELUHD WFHUHD DVFXOWDUHD FRPXQLFDUHD QRQ
Aptitudini de comunicare
YHUEDO
(ILFLHQD SODQLILFULL FRQVHFYHQD vQ SHUIRUPDUHD
$WLWXGLQLIDGHDFWLYLWDWH VDUFLQLORUHúDORQDWHvQWLPSXWLOL]DUHDWLPSXOXLúLDDOWRU
úLVDUFLQLOHFXUHQWH UHVXUVHVSLULWXOGHLQLLDWLYFUHDWLYLWDWHDvQFUHGHUHDvQ
VLQHGRULQDGHDXWRSHUIHFLRQDUH
3UHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXEXQVWDUHDFHORUODOLUHVSHFWXOIDD
GH QRUPH úL ID GH EXQXUL UHFHSWLYLWDWHD ID GH
SUREOHPHOHFRPXQLWLLGRULQDGHDFRRSHUDGHDRIHUL
Atitudini sociale
DMXWRUXO SUHRFXSDUHD SHQWUX FDOLWDWHD UHODLLORU
LQWHUXPDQH úL UHVSHFWDUHD LQWHUHVHORU OHJLWLPH DOH
FHORUODOL
5HFHSWLYLWDWHD ID GH QRX VSLULWXO FULWLF úL LQWHURJDWLY
Atitudini intelectuale SUHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXvQWHPHLHUHDUDLRQDODGHFL]LLORUúL
comportamentelor, curiozitatea.
*HVWLRQDUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU úL VWULORU DIHFWLYH
$SWLWXGLQLHPRLRQDOH H[SULPDUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU úL DSUHFLHULORU PDQLIHVWDUHD
VDWLVIDFLHLIDGHDFWLYLWDWHWRQXVXODIHFWLY
Aptitudini de adaptare / 5HDFLD OD DXWRULWDWH SUHOXDUHD GH UHVSRQVDELOLWL
modulare a LQWHJUDUHD vQ JUXSXO GH OXFUX JHVWLRQDUHD VWULORU GH
comportamentului conflict, adaptarea la schimbare.

59
(YDOXDUHD DFHVWRUDSWLWXGLQL DWLWXGLQL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH QX VH ILQDOL]HD] SULQ QRWDUHD
HOHYXOXL (D HVWH vQV QHFHVDU 3UH]HQD FRPSRQHQWHL 9DORUL úL DWLWXGLQL în structura
QRLORUFXUULFXOHSHQWUXGLVFLSOLQHOHFODVHORU;;,,HVWHXQDUJXPHQW)LQDOLWDWHDHGXFDLHL
GDWHOHHVHQLDOHDOHSURILOXOXLGHIRUPDUHSHFDUHvúLSURSXQHVvOFRQILJXUH]HúFRDODúL
scopurile fundamentale ale disciplinelor socio-umane sunt alte argumente care
SOHGHD] SHQWUX LQWHJUDUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU DOWHUQDWLYH GH HYDOXDUH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD
GLGDFWLF

5.1. 2%6(59$5($6,67(0$7,&$$&7,9,7,,ù,&203257$0(178/8,
ELEVULUI

În ILúD GH REVHUYDUH D DFWLYLW LL HOHYXOXL1 SURIHVRUXO vQUHJLVWUHD] LQIRUPDLL

VHPQLILFDWLYH OHJDWH GH SURJUHVXO úFRODU DO HOHYXOXL úL SDUWLFXODULWLOH VDOH GH
SHUVRQDOLWDWH 3H ED]D DFHVWRUD  SURIHVRUXO UHDOL]HD] LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD FHULQHORU úL
DFWLYLWLORU GH vQYDUH vQ FDUH DQWUHQHD] HOHYXO (D FRQVWLWXLH XQ LQVWUXPHQW HILFLHQW
SHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDRULHQWULLúFRODUHúLSURIHVLRQDOHDHOHYXOXL
,QIRUPDLLOH VH SRW UHIHUL QXPDL OD DVSHFWH DOH SDUWLFLSULL HOHYXOXL OD GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLR
XPDQHGHDOXQJXOFHORUDQLvQFDUHDFHVWHDVHVWXGLD]VDXSRWDYHDXQFDUDFWHU
mai larg.

Model orientativ GXS*URQOXQGS:

1. Date generale despre elev: QXPHOH úL SUHQXPHOH YkUVWD FOLPDWXO HGXFDWLY vQ
PHGLXOFUXLDvLDSDULQH
2. 3DUWLFXODULW L DOH SURFHVHORU LQWHOHFWXDOH JkQGLUH OLPEDM LPDJLQDLH PHPRULH
DWHQLHúLVSLULWGHREVHUYDLHDOWHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
$SWLWXGLQLúLLQWHUHVH
7UVWXULGHDIHFWLYLWDWH
7UVWXULGHWHPSHUDPHQW
6. Atitudini:
a. IDGHVLQH
b. IDGHGLVFLSOLQDREOLJDLLOHúFRODUH
c. IDGHFROHJL
(YROX LDDSWLWXGLQLORUDWLWXGLQLORULQWHUHVHORUúLQLYHOXOXLGHLQWHJUDUH
6XJHUP R OLVW GH DELOLWL LQWHOHFWXDOH úL VRFLDOH SH FDUH SURIHVRUXO GH úWLLQH VRFLR
XPDQH vúL SRDWH SURSXQH V OH IRUPH]H OD HOHYL D FURU FRQVROLGDUH R SRDWH XUPUL úL
vQUHJLVWUDvQ)LúDGHREVHUYDUHDHOHYXOXL

DELOLWLLQWHOHFWXDOH
- H[SULPDUHDRUDO
- cititul

1
)LúD GH observare a DFWLYLW LL elevului este instrumentul de evaluare proiectat pentru a pune în SUDFWLF metoda de

observare VLVWHPDWLF D DFWLYLW LL úL comportamentului elevului.

60
 - scrisul
- DELOLWL GH UDLRQDUH GHILQLUHD FRPSDUDUHD FODVLILFDUHD DQDOL]DUHD
VLQWHWL]DUHDDEVWUDFWL]DUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDHVHQLDOL]DUHDFRQFUHWL]DUHD
- LGHQWLILFDUHD VXSR]LLLORU WDFLWH LPSOLFDWH vQWUR DSUHFLHUH VDX vQWUXQ
UDLRQDPHQW
- LGHQWLILFDUHD SUHMXGHFLORU VWHUHRWLSXULORU GLVFULPLQULL úL VLWXDLLORU GH
manipulare;

DELOLWLVRFLDOH
- UHFXQRDúWHUHDúLDFFHSWDUHDGLIHUHQHORU
- FXOWLYDUHDGHUHODLLSR]LWLYHFXFHLODOL
- UH]ROYDUHDQRQYLROHQWDFRQIOLFWHORU
- DVXPDUHDGHUHVSRQVDELOLWL
- SDUWLFLSDUHDODQHJRFLHUHDúLDGRSWDUHDVROXLLORU
- SDUWLFLSDUHDODPHQLQHUHDXQXLFOLPDWVWLPXODWLYúLSOFXW
- DSXQHvQWUHEUL
- a cere ajutorul
- a demonstra empatie
- DDVFXOWDFXUEGDUH
- DOXFUDvQHFKLS
- a colabora
- a lua decizii
- a interpreta roluri
- a evalua.

ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD JOREDO D DSWLWXGLQLORU DWLWXGLQLORU úL

FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYXOXL SHUIRUPDWH FX SULOHMXO XQHL VDUFLQL GH vQYDUH GH H[HPSOX
FXSULOHMXOUHDOL]ULLvQFODVDXQHLDFWLYLWLvQIRUPDvQYULLSULQFRRSHUDUHSURIHVRUXO
SRDWHXWLOL]DXUPWRDUHOHFULWHULLVLVWHPDWL]DWHvQWDEHOXOGHPDLMRVILHFDUHLWHPSRDWHIL
FRQFUHWL]DWvQIXQFLHGHFRQLQXWXODFWLYLWLL

Componenta Standard
Standard mediu Standard superior
HYDOXDW minim
ÌQHOHJHUHD Capacitatea de a genera
&XQRúWLQHúL
Organizarea FXQRúWLQHORUFDSDFLWDWH vQHOHVXULQRLFDSDFLWDWHD
nivelul de
FXQRúWLQHORU de sintetizare a GHDSOLFDUHDFXQRúWLQHORU
îQHOHJHUH
FXQRúWLQHORU în contexte noi
&RQWULEXLD 5HFHSWLYLWDWHDIDGH Capacitatea de a coordona
Progresul la realizarea FHLODOLPHPEULDL activitatea grupului;
individual DFWLYLWLL grupului; angajarea în FDSDFLWDWHDGDDLvQYDSH
grupului îndeplinirea rolului FHLODOL
Posibilitatea de utilizare
Calitatea $FXUDWHHD 5H]XOWDWHOHSRWILXWLOL]DWHúL
a rezultatelor în cadrul
rezultatelor rezultatelor GHFWUHDOWHSHUVRDQH
DOWRUDFWLYLWL

61
 Capacitatea Capacitatea de a orienta
$ELOLWLGH de a asculta; Capacitatea de a GLVFXLDVSUHFRQFOX]LL
FRPXQLFDUHúL capacitatea DUJXPHQWDSURúLFRQWUD pozitive, productive;
GHvPSUWúLUH GHDúL unei idei; capacitatea de Capacitatea de a orienta
DLGHLORUúL exprima cu a se concentra pe activitatea spre luarea
H[SHULHQHL claritate sarcina de lucru GHFL]LHLúLWUHFHUHDOD
ideile proprii aplicarea ei.

&RPSOHWDUHDDFHVWHLILúHVHUHDOL]HD]SHSDUFXUVXOPDLPXOWRURUHDFWLYLWL(DSHUPLWH
SURIHVRUXOXL V XUPDUHDVF HYROXLD ILHFUXL HOHY V DGHFYH]H UROXULOH SH FDUH L OH
DWULEXLH vQ JUXS V DSUHFLH]H QLYHOXO OD FDUH VH DIO OD XQ PRPHQW GDW HOHYXO úL
VFKLPEULOHFDUHVDXSURGXVvQFRPSRUWDPHQWXOVXSHUPLWHDWkWHYDOXDUHDSURFHVXOXL
FkWúLHYDOXDUHDSURGXVXOXLDFWLYLWLL

5.2. PROIECTUL

&D IRUP GH RUJDQL]DUH D DFWLYLWLL GH vQYDUH proiectul2 HVWH R PHWRG DFWLY
SDUWLFLSDWLY FDUH SUHVXSXQH úL vQFXUDMHD] WUDQVIHUXO GH FXQRúWLQH GHSULQGHUL úL
FDSDFLWL DERUGULOH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH FRQVROLGDUHD DELOLWLORU VRFLDOH DOH HOHYLORU
0HWRGDSURLHFWXOXLHVWHGHRVHELWGHXWLODWXQFLFkQGSURIHVRUXOXUPUHúWHDFFHQWXDUHD
FDUDFWHUXOXL DSOLFDWLYSUDFWLF DO vQYULL úL DSURSLHUHD vQWUH GLVFXUVXO WHRUHWLF úL
H[SHULHQDGHYLDDHOHYLORU

5HDOL]DUHDXQXLSURLHFWSUHVXSXQHSDUFXUJHUHDDSDúLGXS)ULWKúL0DFLQWRVK
p. 108):
1. identificarea unei probleme/teme/subiect;
2. FXOHJHUHD RUJDQL]DUHD SUHOXFUDUHD úL HYDOXDUHD LQIRUPDLLORU OHJDWH GH
SUREOHPDWHPDDOHDV
3. HODERUDUHDXQXLVHWGHVROXLLSRVLELOHDOHSUREOHPHL
4. HYDOXDUHDVROXLLORUúLHIHFWXDUHDXQHLRSLXQLSULYLQG³FHDPDLEXQVROXLH´
ÌQIXQFLHGHWHPDDOHDVVDXSUREOHPDDERUGDWSRDWHH[LVWDúLXQDOOHDSDVFHOvQ
FDUH HOHYLL WUHF HIHFWLY OD DSOLFDUHD VROXLHL SHQWUX FDUH DX RSWDW FHHD FH SUHVXSXQH
HODERUDUHDXQXLSODQGHLPSOHPHQWDUHFXHWDSHUHVXUVHUHVSRQVDELOLWLPRGDOLWLGH
HYDOXDUHDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWH

ÌQFHOHPDLPXOWHGLQWUHVLWXDLLXQSURLHFWHVWHUHDOL]DWGHFWUHXQJUXSGHHOHYLFHHD
FHQXH[FOXGHúLUHDOL]DUHDSURLHFWHORULQGLYLGXDOH

(YDOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL úL SURGXVXOXL DFWLYLWLL SUHVXSXQH GLQ SDUWHD SURIHVRUXOXL PXOW
DWHQLH úL DSOLFDLH 3URIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V DVLVWH HOHYXOJUXSXO GH HOHYL SH WRDW
GHVIúXUDUHD SURLHFWXOXL ± GH OD DOHJHUHD WHPHL VDX LGHQWLILFDUHD SUREOHPHL SkQ OD
SUH]HQWDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUILQDOHVXVLQHUHDORUvQIDDFODVHL

2
Proiectul, ca instrument de evaluare, FRQFUHWL]HD] demersul metodologic. De asemenea, proiectul HVWH úL metoda
de evaluare care presupune, ca dimensiune LPSRUWDQW realizarea vQY ULL

62
6XJHUP SURIHVRULORU DOFWXLUHD XQHL )LúH GH HYDOXDUH VLPLODU FHOHL SUH]HQWDWH
DQWHULRUvQFDUHVFRQVHPQH]HvQPRGUHJXODWREVHUYDLLúLDSUHFLHULDVXSUDDFWLYLWLL
ILHFUXLHOHYFKLDUvQVLWXDLDvQFDUHHOHYLLOXFUHD]vQJUXS
(VWH XWLO RUJDQL]DUHD GXS SDUFXUJHUHD ILHFUHL HWDSH vQ UHDOL]DUHD SURLHFWXOXL D XQHL
GLVFXLLGH]EDWHULvQFDUHHOHYLLVILHvQFXUDMDL)ULWKúL0DFLQWRVKS
- V UHIOHFWH]H DVXSUD DFWLYLWLL DVXSUD DFKL]LLLORU UHDOL]DWH ± vQ WHUPHQL GH
FXQRúWLQHDSWLWXGLQLDWLWXGLQLH[SHULHQHWUDQVIHUDELOH±
- VvúLDXWRHYDOXH]HDFWLYLWDWHDúLSURJUHVXO
- V GLVFXWH GLILFXOWLOH DVSHFWHOH FDUH vL QHPXOXPHVF VDX SH FDUH OH
FRQVLGHULQVXILFLHQWUHDOL]DWH
'HDVHPHQHDSHQWUXIL[DUHDFXQRúWLQHORUúLHYDOXDUHDORUSURIHVRUXOSRDWHUHFXUJH±
vQ VSHFLDO GXS SDUFXUJHUHD HWDSHL GH FXOHJHUH RUJDQL]DUH SUHOXFUDUH úL HYDOXDUH D
LQIRUPDLLORU ± OD XQ WHVW FULWHULDO DFHVWD YD FRQLQH XQ QXPU GH LWHPL RELHFWLYL úL
VHPLRELHFWLYL GDU úL XQ QXPU RDUHFDUH GH LWHPL VXELHFWLYL FDUH V GHD SRVLELOLWDWHD
HOHYLORUVUHIOHFWH]HVLVWHPDWL]DWDVXSUDSURFHVXOXLGHvQYDUHúLSURGXVHORURELQXWH

5.3. PORTOFOLIUL

Portofoliul UHSUH]LQW R PHWRG3 FRPSOHPHQWDU GH HYDOXDUH GDU úL XQ LQVWUXPHQW
FRPSOH[GHHYDOXDUHSULQFDUHSURIHVRUXOXUPUHúWHSURJUHVXOUHDOL]DWGHHOHY±vQSODQ
FRJQLWLY DWLWXGLQDO úL FRPSRUWDPHQWDO ± OD R DQXPLW GLVFLSOLQ GHD OXQJXO XQXL
VHPHVWUXVDXDQúFRODU

“Piesele” componente ale unui portofoliu sunt (Stoica, A. (coord.), 1996):

- UH]XOWDWHOHODSUREHOHVFULVHWHVWHWHPHSHQWUXDFDVúD
- UH]XOWDWHOH DFWLYLWLORU SUDFWLFH SURLHFWHORU LQYHVWLJDLLORU FHUFHWULORU
efectuate;
- UHIHUDWHHVHXULDUWLFROHSXEOLFDWHOXFUULSUH]HQWDWHODVHVLXQLGHFRPXQLFUL
sau la cercul de specialitate;
- UH]XOWDWHDOHDFWLYLWLLGHVWXGLXLQGLYLGXDO
- ILúDLQGLYLGXDOGHREVHUYDUHHYDOXDUHDHOHYXOXL
- ILúDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH
- chestionare de atitudini;
- DOWHUH]XOWDWHUHOHYDQWHDOHDFWLYLWLLHOHYXOXL

3RUWRIROLXO HVWH ³FDUWHD GH YL]LW´ D HOHYXOXL úL SHUPLWH IRUPDUHD XQHL LPDJLQL JOREDOH
H[KDXVWLYH DVXSUD DFWLYLWLL SH FDUH D GHVIúXUDWR vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GDW GH WLPS
-XGHFDWD GH YDORDUH SH FDUH R IRUPXOHD] SURIHVRUXO FX SULYLUH OD FDOLWDWHD DFWLYLWLL
HOHYXOXLUHIOHFWHYROXLDGHDQVDPEOXDDFHVWXLDúLQXVWDUHDDFFLGHQWDOODXQPRPHQW
dat.

Ca instrument de evaluare, portofoliul are câteva caracteristici pe care profesorul

WUHEXLHVOHDLESHPDQHQWvQYHGHUH

3
Metoda presupune un demers complet, de la stabilirea RELHFWLYHORU SkQ OD FRQFHSHUHD úL aplicarea instrumentului.
Acesta din XUP este parte LQWHJUDQW D metodei de evaluare, reprezentând concretizarea parcursului metodologic.

63
a. FRPSRQHQWHOHSRUWRIROLXOXLVXQWVWDELOLWHGHFWUHSURIHVRUHOHYXODUHvQVOLEHUWDWHD
VDGDXJHRULFHDOWSLHVSHFDUHRFRQVLGHUUHOHYDQWSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDVD
b. FRPSRQHQWHOH SRUWRIROLXOXL VH HYDOXHD] VHSDUDW OD PRPHQWXO UHDOL]ULL ORU
HYDOXDUHD JOREDO D SRUWRIROLXOXL WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW SH ED]D XQRU FULWHULL H[SOLFLWH ±
FHHD FH DVLJXU RELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL ± FRPXQLFDWH HOHYLORU RGDW FX vQFHSHUHD
UHDOL]ULL OXL FRPXQLFDUHD FULWHULLORU HVWH R FRQGLLH HVHQLDO SHQWUX FXOWLYDUHD
FDSDFLWLLGHDXWRHYDOXDUHDHOHYLORU
c. SRUWRIROLXO HVWH XQ LQVWUXPHQW IOH[LELO SURLHFWDUHD UHDOL]ULL OXL úL D FRPSRQHQWHORU
VDOH SXWkQG IL DGDSWDW OD VSHFLILFXO GLVFLSOLQHL FODVHL FRQGLLLORU FRQFUHWH DOH
DFWLYLWLL
d. SRUWRIROLXO SHUPLWH DSUHFLHUHD úL LQFOXGHUHD vQ DFWXO HYDOXULL D XQRU SURGXVH DOH
DFWLYLWLL HOHYXOXL FDUH vQ PRG RELúQXLW QX VXQW DYXWH vQ YHGHUH DFHVW IDSW
vQFXUDMHD] H[SULPDUHD SHUVRQDO D HOHYXOXL DQJDMDUHD OXL vQ DFWLYLWL GH vQYDUH
PDLFRPSOH[HúLPDLFUHDWLYHGLYHUVLILFDUHDFXQRúWLQHORUGHSULQGHULORUúLDELOLWLORU
exersate;
e. HYDOXDUHD SRUWRIROLXOXL HVWH HOLEHUDW vQ PDUH SDUWH GH WHQVLXQLOH úL WRQXVXO DIHFWLY
QHJDWLY FDUH vQVRHVF IRUPHOH WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH HYDOXDUHD GHYLQH DVWIHO
PRWLYDQWúLQXVWUHVDQWSHQWUXHOHY
f. GHRDUHFHVLQWHWL]HD]DFWLYLWDWHDHOHYXOXLSHRSHULRDGUHODWLYvQGHOXQJDWGHWLPS
HYDOXDUHDSRUWRIROLXOXLSRDWHVHUYLúLFDHYDOXDUHVXPDWLYVDXFKLDUFDSDUWHDXQHL
H[DPLQUL

&XWLWOXGHH[HPSOLILFDUHVXJHUPOLVWDFRPSRQHQWHORUXQXLSRUWRIROLXODILORVRILH
- DSOLFDLLUHDOL]DWHFDDFWLYLWDWHLQGHSHQGHQW
- analize de text
- ILúHELRJUDILFH
- ILúHGHOHFWXU
- GRVDUHGHOHFWXUSHDXWRULFXUHQWHSUREOHPH
- eseuri
- DUWLFROHUHIHUDWHúLFRPXQLFUL
- FKHVWLRQDUH GH DWLWXGLQL úL GH HYDOXDUH D FRQGXLWHL OD vQFHSXWXO DQXOXL úL OD
VIkUúLW
- ILúHGHREVHUYDLLDOHSURIHVRUXOXLSHPDUJLQHDHVHXULORUOXFUULORUUHDOL]DWH
- WHVWHúLOXFUULVFULVHVHPHVWULDOH
- ILúDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH

5.4. AUTOEVALUAREA

3DUDOHO FX HYDOXDUHDSH FDUH R UHDOL]HD] FD SDUWH LQWHJUDQWD GHPHUVXOXL GLGDFWLF úL
FDUHWUHEXLHVILHFkWPDL³WUDQVSDUHQW´UHDOL]DWvQFRRSHUDUHFXHOHYLLúLvQFRQVHQV
FX QHYRLOH ORU GH IRUPDUH SURIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V vúL SURSXQ IRUPDUHD OD HOHYL D
GHSULQGHULL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH HO WUHEXLH V FUHH]H VLWXDLL vQ FDUH HOHYLL V H[HUVH]H
DXWRFRQWUROXOúLDXWRDSUHFLHUHDSURSULXOXLFRPSRUWDPHQWFRJQLWLYúLDWLWXGLQDOvQGLYHUVH
contexte.

64
(OHYLLWUHEXLHvQFXUDMDLVúLSXQvQWUHEULGHJHQXO
- Am rezolvat sarcina suficient de bine?
- 6XQWPXOXPLWGHFHHDFHDPUHDOL]DW"
- &HDQXPHPDvPSLHGLFDWVRELQXQUH]XOWDWPDLEXQ"
- ([LVWúLXQDOWPRGSURFHGHXVWUDWHJLHGHDUH]ROYDVDUFLQD"
- 3ULQ FH DQXPH VH GHRVHEHVF UH]XOWDWHOH PHOH GH FHOH RELQXWH GH FROHJLL
mei?
- &HWUHEXLHVIDFSHQWUXDPLvPEXQWLUH]XOWDWHOH"
- $UILELQHVPLIL[H]XQWHUPHQSkQODFDUHVUHXúHVFVRELQUH]XOWDWHPDL
bune? De ce?
- &HDQXPHPQHPXOXPHúWHFHOPDLPXOWvQDFWLYLWDWHDPHD"

5VSXQVXULOH OD DVWIHO GH vQWUHEUL FD úL OD DOWHOH DO FURU FRQLQXW SRDWH IL OVDW OD
ODWLWXGLQHDHOHYXOXLVDXSRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGLVFXLHOLEHUvQFODVSRWILFRQVHPQDWHvQ
ILúDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH4 a elevului.
'DFHOHYLLPDQLIHVWLQWHUHVSHQWUXGLVFXWDUHDUVSXQVXULORUvQFODVSURIHVRUXOSRDWH
RUJDQL]D R GLVFXLHGH]EDWHUH SH PDUJLQHD ORU vQ XUPD FUHLD HOHYLL V GHWHUPLQH
IDFWRULLFHLPDLLPSRUWDQLDLVXFFHVXOXLORUSUHFXPúLFHLPDLLPSRUWDQLIDFWRULIUHQDWRUL
'LVFXLDQXWUHEXLHvQVVIRUH]HHOHYXOVúLFRPXQLFHJkQGXULOHúLSUHRFXSULOHGDF
HOQXGRUHúWHVIDFDFHVWOXFUX

Pentru formarea deprinderilor de autoevaluare, profesorul trebuie:

- V SUH]LQWH HOHYLORU VWDQGDUGHOH RELHFWLYHOH GH HYDOXDUH úL QLYHOHOH GH
SHUIRUPDQ
- VúLIRUPXOH]HFODUDúWHSWULOHVILHRELHFWLYúLFRQVHFYHQW
- V vQFXUDMH]H HOHYLL VúL SXQ vQWUHEUL GH WLS DXWRUHIOH[LY úL VúL
FRQVHPQH]HFRQVWDQWUVSXQVXULOHvQ)LúDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH
- VvQFXUDMH]HHYDOXDUHDvQFDGUXOJUXSXOXLVDXDOvQWUHJLLFODVH
- OD VIkUúLWXO ILHFUHL DFWLYLWL V FHDU HOHYLORU V UVSXQG OD vQWUHEUL GH
JHQXO$VW]LDPvQYDW««««««««««««««««««
$PDIODWGHVFRSHULWF«««««««««««««««
- Am folosit metoda…..………………………….deoarece aceasta mi-a
SHUPLVV««««««««««««««««««««««««
ÌQVLWXDLLVLPLODUHYRLIRORVL«««««««««««««««««

ÌQSURFHVXODXWRHYDOXULLúLSHPVXUDFRQVROLGULLGHSULQGHULLGHDXWRHYDOXDUHHOHYXOvúL
YDDSURSLDvQPDLPDUHPVXUVFRSXULOHúLRELHFWLYHOHDFWLYLWLLGHvQYDUHvúLYDOXD
vQ VWSkQLUH SURSULXO FRPSRUWDPHQW PHQWDO úL SUDFWLF YD WUDQVIRUPD DFWLYLWDWHD GH
vQYDUHvQDFWLYLWDWHGHDXWRIRUPDUH

4
Metoda DXWRHYDOXULL DUH FD SULQFLSDO LQVWUXPHQW ILúD GH autoevaluare a elevului.

65
 CAPITOLUL 6
PROBE DE EVALUARE
6.1. MODELE ORIENTATIVE

3HQWUX R PDL EXQ vQHOHJHUH D DSOLFULL GLYHUVHORU PHWRGH GH HYDOXDUH SUH]HQWP
FkWHYD PRGHOH GH SUREH GH HYDOXDUH FDUH LOXVWUHD] PRGXO vQ FDUH LWHPLL GHWDOLDL vQ
FDSLWROHOHDQWHULRDUHSRWILDVDPEODL

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQW±WHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru – 20 minute
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWArgumentarea
Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHILQHDVFDUJXPHQWDUHD
- VGHVFULHHWDSHOHGHSDUFXUVvQLGHQWLILFDUHDXQXLDUJXPHQW
- VXWLOL]H]HFXQRúWLQHOHSULYLQGVWUXFWXUDDUJXPHQWULLvQDQDOL]DXQXLWH[W
- VFRQVWUXLDVFDUJXPHQWHSHQWUXVXVLQHUHDXQHLFRQFOX]LLGDWH

1. &LWHúWHFXDWHQLHILHFDUHGLQHQXQXULOHXUPWRDUH
'DF DSUHFLH]L F SRDWH IL DFFHSWDW FD R GHILQLLH FRUHFW D DUJXPHQWULL
vQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD$GDFDSUHFLH]LFQXSRDWHILDFFHSWDWFDRGHILQLLHFRUHFWD
DUJXPHQWULLvQFHUFXLHúWHOLWHUD)

a. $VXVLQHDGRYHGLDvQWULDGHPRQVWUDFHYDFXDUJXPHQWH
A F
b. 3URFHV FDUH DUH FD VFRS JVLUHD GH WHPHLXUL vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL RSLQLL VDX
ajungerea la o opinie, pornind de la anumite temeiuri.
A F
c. 'HPHUVSULQFDUHMXVWLILFPRDILUPDLHSHFDUHRIDFHPvQFHUFkQGVFRQYLQJHP
FDYHPGUHSWDWHSURFHVXOGHMXVWLILFDUHORJLFDXQHLSURSR]LLLSHFDUHYUHPV
RVXVLQHP
A F

2. 3HQWUX D VWDELOL GDF XQ WH[W FRQLQH VDX QX XQ DUJXPHQWR DUJXPHQWDUH HVWH
QHFHVDUSDUFXUJHUHDDSDWUXHWDSHSDúL'HVFULHVXFFLQWvQFHFRQVWILHFDUH
1………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

66
 3……………………………………………………………………………………………..…
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4……………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. 3HQWUXILHFDUHGLQXUPWRDUHOHHQXQXUL
a. VHSDUDLFRQFOX]LDGHDUJXPHQWHOHDGXVH
b. IRUPXODLSUHVXSR]LLLOHSHFDUHVHED]HD]FRQFOX]LD
7UHEXLHQHDSUDWVWHvPEUDFLPDLJURVSHQWUXFODUDGLRDXDQXQDWFYUHPHDVH
vQUXWHúWH
a………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(úWL XQ UXIFWRU SHQWUX F vQ WRDWH ILOPHOH SH FDUH OHDP Y]XW OD WHOHYL]RU
UXIFWRULLSXUWDXPDVFDH[DFWDúDFDWLQH
a……………………………………………………………………………………………...…
………………………...………………………………………………………………………..
b……………………………………………………………………………………………...…
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
$VW]LDXWREX]HOHPHUJDWkWGHvQFHWvQFkWPDLELQHPHUJHPSHMRVODúFRDO
a……………………………………………………………………………………………...…
………………...………………………………………………………………………………..
b………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. 3HQWUX ILHFDUH GLQ FRQFOX]LLOH XUPWRDUH IRUPXODL XQ DUJXPHQW úL XQ

contraargument:
3HQVLRQDULLWUHEXLHVSULPHDVFPHGLFDPHQWHOHJUDWXLW
Argumentul:……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………….…………………………………………………………………………
Contraargumentul:……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(OHYLLFDUHSDUWLFLSODROLPSLDGHWUHEXLHVFXWLLGHIUHFYHQ
Argumentul:……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Contraargumentul:……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(OHYLLFDUHvQWkU]LHODSULPDRUWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDLDEVHQLPRWLYDL

67
 Argumentul:……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Contraargumentul:……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQW±WHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru - 50 minute
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH úL UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL ±
Gândirea
Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHILQHDVFQRLXQHDSVLKRORJLFGHSUREOHP
- V GHVFULH VXFFLQW FRQLQXWXO ILHFUXLD GLQ VWDGLLOH JHQHWLFH DOH LQWHOHFWXOXL
uman stabilite de J. Piaget
- VH[HPSOLILFHPRGDOLWLOHGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULL
- VDUJXPHQWH]HORFXOFHQWUDODOJkQGLULLvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLSVLKLFXPDQ

 )RORVLQG WHUPHQXO GH ³GLVRQDQ FRJQLWLY´ VDX FHO GH ³REVWDFRO FRJQLWLY´
IRUPXODLGHILQLLDSVLKRORJLFDSUREOHPHL
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. &HUFHWULOH GH SVLKRORJLH JHQHWLF HIHFWXDWH GH - 3LDJHW DX GXV OD LGHQWLILFDUHD D
SDWUX VWDGLL SULQFLSDOH DOH GH]YROWULL LQWHOHFWXOXL XPDQ 'HVFULHL VXFFLQW FRQLQXWXO
ILHFUXLD
1…..……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….…

68
3. 2SHUDLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH JkQGLULL VXQW DQDOL]D VLQWH]D FRPSDUDLD
DEVWUDFWL]DUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDúLFRQFUHWL]DUHD
3HQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQVWUXLL FkWH XQ H[HPSOX FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH V LOXVWUDL
PRGXOvQFDUHVHPDQLIHVWDWXQFLFkQGvQYDLOD/LPEDúLOLWHUDWXUDURPkQ
Analiza:………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Sinteza:………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
&RPSDUDLD««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Abstractizarea:………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Generalizarea:……………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
….………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Concretizarea:………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. ,QYRFkQGFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHJHQHUDOHDOHJkQGLULLDUJXPHQWDLFHQWUDOLWDWHDHLvQFDGUXO
sistemului psihic uman.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a sau a XI-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQW±WHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru – 25 minute
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWProfitul
Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHILQHDVFSURILWXO
- VGHVFULHIXQFLLOHSURILWXOXL

69
 - V FRQVWUXLDVF XQ H[HPSOX FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH V LOXVWUH]H OHJWXUD GLQWUH
FRVWVDODULXúLSURILW
- V XWLOL]H]H IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXODUH D UDWHL SURILWXOXL SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD XQHL
probleme date.

1. ÌQ HFRQRPLD GH SLD SRVHVRULORU GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXFLH OH UHYLQ DQXPLWH IRUPH
FRQFUHWH GH YHQLW 'HILQLL YHQLWXO FH UHYLQH SRVHVRUXOXL IDFWRUXOXL GH SURGXFLH
capital.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. 3ULQIXQFLLOHVDOHHFRQRPLFHSVLKRORJLFHúLVRFLDOHSURILWXOMRDFXQUROHVHQLDOvQ
DVLJXUDUHDUDLRQDOLWLLvQHFRQRPLDGHSLD'HVFULHLVXFFLQWIXQFLLOHSURILWXOXL
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8WLOL]kQGYDORULQXPHULFHFRQVWUXLLXQH[HPSOXFRQFUHWSULQFDUHVLOXVWUDLUHODLLOH
vQFDUHVHDIOVDODULXOFRVWXOúLSURILWXO
(VWHSRVLELOPDMRUDUHDVDODULXOXLIUGLPLQXDUHDSURILWXOXL"$UJXPHQWDL
3.1…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.2…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. /D VIkUúLWXO DQXOXL PDQDJHUXO XQHLILUPHGH FRQIHFLL GLVSXQH GH XUPWRDUHOH

date privind activitatea firmei:
- cifra de afaceri: 150 miliarde lei

70
 - ponderea costurilor materiale în totalul costului: 80%
- cheltuielile salariale: 20 miliarde lei
- capitalul total folosit: 300 miliarde lei
- impozitul pe profitul brut: 25%
(OGRUHúWHVGHWHUPLQHJUDGXOGHUHQWDELOLWDWHSURILWDELOLWDWHDILUPHLVDOH
a. 6WDELOLLIRUPXOHOHSHFDUHOHSRDWHXWLOL]D
b. 'HWHUPLQDLUH]XOWDWHOHODFDUHVHDMXQJHSULQDSOLFDUHDORU

a…………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b…………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQW±WHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru: 45 minute
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWLibertatea
Obiective de evaluare: (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDQDOL]H]HXQWH[WILORVRILFSULQ
- LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHLILORVRILFHSXVHvQGLVFXLH
- determinarea structurii argumentative a textului
- SUH]HQWDUHDXQRUSXQFWHGHYHGHUHVLPLODUHVXVLQXWHvQLVWRULDILORVRILHL
- formularea unui punct de vedere personal

♦ 6HGXUPWRUXOWH[W
³8QSRSRUHVWHOLEHURULFHIRUPDUDYHDJXYHUQPkQWXO VX DWXQFL FkQG vQ FHO FDUH
JXYHUQHD] QX YHGH GHORF RPXO FL RUJDQXO OHJLL ÌQWUXQ FXYkQW VRDUWD OLEHUWLL HVWH
OHJDW vQWRWGHDXQD GH VRDUWD OHJLORU HD GRPQHúWH VDX SLHUH RGDW FX HOH´ ( J.J.
Rousseau, Scrisori scrise de pe munte, III).
&RPHQWDLWH[WXOSHED]DXUPWRDUHLVWUXFWXULGHLGHL
- LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHLILORVRILFHSXVHvQGLVFXLH
- desprinderea ideii principale a textului
- GHWHUPLQDUHDDUJXPHQWHORUFXFDUHHVWHVXVLQXWLGHHDSULQFLSDO
- SUH]HQWDUHD VXFFLQW D FRQFHSLHL DXWRUXOXL FX SULYLUH OD SUREOHPD SXV vQ
GLVFXLH
- SUH]HQWDUHDXQXLSXQFWGHYHGHUHVLPLODUVXVLQXWGHFWUHXQDOWILORVRI
- IRUPXODUHD XQXL SXQFW GH YHGHUH SHUVRQDO vQ OHJWXU FX SUREOHPD SXV vQ
GLVFXLHúLFDUHVVXVLQDFWXDOLWDWHDHL

71
%,%/,2*5$),(6(/(&7,9

0DQXDOHúLFXOHJHULGHWHVWH

$LOHQHL'%ODQ(OHQD±³(FRQRPLH´PDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD;D
(GLWXUD6LJPD%XFXUHúWL

%LHOW]3'XPLWUX0±³/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH´PDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D
(GLWXUD$OO(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

%LHOW]3*KHRUJKLX'±³/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH´PDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D
(GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHúWL

'DILQRLX,0DUFX05XGLF7±³3VLKRORJLH´PDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD;D
,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúL

'LPD7±³/RJLFúLDUJXPHQWDUH´PDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D
,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúL

 *DYULO , *KL  37 1L HVFX ' 2 HW )ORULQD 3RSHVFX & ± ³(FRQRPLH´
manual pentru clasa a X-a
(GLWXUD(FRQRPLF%XFXUHúWL

7. Iliescu, A. P.; Miroiu, Mihaela; Miroiu, A. – “Filosofie”, manual pentru clasa a

XII-a
(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFúL3HGDJRJLF5$%XFXUHúWL

8. Neculau, A. (coord), – “Psihologie”, manual pentru clasa a X-a

(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL

 2 HW )ORULQD 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 ± ³%$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWH SURSXVH

Economie”
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

 2 HW )ORULQD 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 %LHOW] 3 ± ³%$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWH

SURSXVH/RJLF6RFLRORJLH´
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 6WQFLXJHOX ,ULQD 6WRLFD ( ± ³%$&$/$85($7

6XELHFWHSURSXVH)LORVRILH(VWHWLF´
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

72
ùWHIQHVFX'RLQD2OJD%ODQ(OHQDùWHIDQ&ULVWLQD±³3VLKRORJLH´PDQXDO
pentru clasa a X-a
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

 ùWHIQHVFX 'RLQD2OJD &RVWUHLH 6 0LURLX $ ± ³/RJLF úL DUJXPHQWDUH´
manual pentru clasa a IX-a
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

 /L RLX 1LFROHWD 2 HW )ORULQD 1HDFúX , 7RPD 6WHOLDQD 3RWROHD ' ±
“BACALAUREAT. Subiecte propuse: Psihologie, Pedagogie”
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

$OWHSXEOLFD LL

15. Albulescu, I., Albulescu, M. – “Didactica disciplinelor socio-umane”

Editura Napoca Star, Cluj-Napoca, 1999

$XVXEHO'5RELQVRQ)±³ÌQY DUHDvQúFRDO´
(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFúL3HGDJRJLF%XFXUHúWL

%HWKHOO*±³0HWRGRORJLDHYDOXULLúLH[DPLQULL´
QRWHGHFXUV%XFXUHúWL

18. Frith, D.S., Macintosh, H.G. – “A Teacher’s Guide to Assessment”

Stanley Thornes Ltd., 1991

19. Gronlund, N. – “Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching”

Ed. a IV-a, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York, 1981

1HDFúX,6WRLFD$FRRUG±³*KLGJHQHUDOGHHYDOXDUHúLH[DPLQDUH´

(GLWXUD$UDPLV%XFXUHúWL

21. Stoica, A. (coord.) – “Ghid practic de elaborare a itemilor pentru examene” –

document de lucru. Unitatea Tranzitorie de Evaluare. Componenta: Evaluare a
3URLHFWXOXLGH5HIRUP%XFXUHúWL

6WRLFD$±³5HIRUPDHYDOXULLvQvQY PkQW´
(GLWXUD6LJPD%XFXUHúWL

6WRLFD$0XVWHD 6±³(YDOXDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUúFRODUH´
(GLWXUD/LFHXP&KLúLQX

73