Welcome to 3.

091

Lecture 2

September 11, 2009

The Periodic Table

Public domain image from Wikimedia.
 John

Dalton

1803

Public domain image from Wikimedia.

Dalton’s Model of the Atom (1803)

1. Matter is composed of atoms that are

indivisible and indestructible.
2. All atoms of an element are identical.
3. Atoms of different elements have different
weights and different chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different elements combine in
simple whole number ratios to form
compounds.
5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
When a compound is decomposed, the atoms
are recovered unchanged.
 1869

H He

Li Be B C N O

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Se Br

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I

Cs Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi

La Ce Tb Er

Th U

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1869

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principles of modern chemistry:

* recognize patterns
* develop a quantitative model that
- explains our observations
- makes predictions that can be

tested by experiment

Comparison of eka-silicon with germanium

eka-silicon germanium
72 g/mol 72.59 g/mol
5.5 g/cm3 5.36 g/cm3
“high” m.p. m.p. = 958ºC
Es forms EsO2 Ge forms GeO2
which has high m.p. m.p. = 1100ºC
and ρ = 4.7 g/cm3 and ρ = 4.70 g/cm3
EsCl4 volatile liquid GeCl4 volatile liquid
with b.p. < 100ºC b.p. = 83ºC
and ρ = 1.9 g/cm3 and ρ = 1.88 g/cm3
Boiling point vs proton number

Electrical conductivity vs proton number

 18
1
VIII
IA
0
IA
1.00794
-259.34 1
4,002602
-272.226 atm 2
-252.87 1 -268.93

H He
0.0899 0.1785
2.20 13 14 15 16 17 -
2 24.587
13.598 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB
1s1 IIA 1s2
IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Helium
Hydrogen IIA
6.941
180.5 3 9.012182
1287 4
10.811
2075 5 12.011
4492TP 6 14.00674
-210.00 7 15.9994
-218.79 8 18.9984032
-219.62 9 20.1797
-248.59 10
1342 1 2471 2 4000 3 3825SP 2, - 4 -195.79 2,
- 3,4,5 -182.95 -2 -188.12 -1 -246.08

Li Be B C N O F Ne
0.534 1.8477 2.31 2.25 1.25046 1.429 1.69 0.9002
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.96 -
5.392 9.322 8.298 11.260 14.534 13.618 17.422 21.564
[He]2s1 [He]2s2 [He]2s2p1 [He]2s2p2 [He]2s2p3 [He]2s2p4 [He]2s2p5 [He]2s2p6
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

22.989768
97.72 11 24.3050
650 12 26.981539
660.32 13 28.0855
1414 14 30.973762
44.15 15 32.066
115.21 16 35.4527
-101.5 17 39.948
-189.35 18
883 1 1090 2 2519 3 3265 4 277
- 3,4,5 444.60
- 2,4,6 -34.04
- 1,3,5,7 -185.85

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.97 1.74 2.702 2.33 1.82 2.07 3.214 1.784
0.93 1.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 -
5.139 7.646 5.986 8.151 10.486 10.360 12.967 15.759
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s2
IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA IB IIB [Ne]3s2p1 [Ne]3s2p2 [Ne]3s2p3 [Ne]3s2p4 [Ne]3s2p5 [Ne]3s2p6
Sodium Magnesium IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII VIII VIII IB IIB Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
39.0983
63.38 19 40.078
842 20 44.955910
1541 21 47.88
16 8 22 50.9415
1910 23 51.9961
1907 24 54.93805
1246 25 55.847
1538 26 58.93320
1495 27 58.6934
1455 28 63.546
1084.62 29 65.39
419.53 30 69.723
29.76 31 72.61
938.25 32 74.92159
817TP 33 78.96
221 34 79.904
-7.2 35 83.80
-157.36 36
759 1 1484 2 2830 3 3287 3,4 3407 2,3,4,5 2671 2,3,6 2061 2,3,4,6,7 2861 2,3 2927 2,3 2913 2,3 2562 1,2 907 2 2204 3 2833 4 614SP - 3,5 685 -2,4,6 58.6 - 1,5 -153.22

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
7.1425%
o
0.86 1.54 2.989 4.5 5.96 7.20 7.47 7.86 8.92 8.90 8.94 6.095 5.35 5.72725 C 4.81 3.119 3.74
0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96 -
4.341 6.113 6.54 6.82 6.74 6.766 7.435 7.870 7.86 7.635 7.726 9.394 5.999 7.899 9.81 9.752 11.814 13.999
[Ar]4s1 [Ar]4s2 [Ar]3d14s2 [Ar]3d24s2 [Ar]3d34s2 [Ar]3d54s1 [Ar]3d54s2 [Ar]3d64s2 [Ar]3d74s2 [Ar]3d84s2 [Ar]3d104s1 [Ar]3d104s2 [Ar]3d104s2p1 [Ar]3d104s2p2 [Ar]3d104s2p3 [Ar]3d104s2p4 [Ar]3d104s2p3 [Ar]3d104s2p5
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
85.4678
39.31 37 87.62
777 38 88.90585
1526 39 91.224
1855 40 92.90638
2477 41 95.94
2623 42 (97.9072)
2157 43 101.07
2334 44 102.90550
1964 45 106.42
1554.9 46 107.8582
961.78 47 112.411
321.07 48 114.818
156.60 49 118.710
231.93 50 121.757
630.63 51 127.60
449.51 52 126.90447
113.7 53 131.29
-111.75 54
688 1 1382 2 3336 3 4409 4 4744 3,5 4639 2,3,4,5,6 4265 7 4150 2,3,4,6,8 3695 2,3,4 2963 2,4 2162 1 767 2 2072 3 2602 2,4 1587 -
3,5 988 -2,4,6 184.4 -
1,5,7 -108.04

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
o
1.532 2.6 4.469 6.49 8.57 10.2 11.5 12.3 12.4 12.02 10.5 8.642 7.30 7.28 6.68425 C 6.25 4.93 5.89
0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 1.9 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 -
4.177 5.695 6.38 6.84 6.9 7.099 7.28 7.37 7.46 8.34 7.576 8.993 5.786 7.344 8.641 9.009 10.451 12.130
[Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]4d15s2 [Kr]4d25s2 [Kr]4d45s1 [Kr]4d55s1 [Kr]4d55s2 [Kr]4d75s1 [Kr]4d85s1 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]4d105s1 [Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s2p1 [Kr]4d105s2p2 [Kr]4d105s2p3 [Kr]4d105s2p4 [Kr]4d105s2p5 [Kr]4d105s2p6
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
132.90543
28.44 55 137.327
727 56 138.9055
920 57 178.49
2233 72 180.9479
3017 73 183.84
3422 74 186.207
3186 75 190.23
3033 76 192.22
2446 77 195.08
1768.4 78 196.96654
1064.18 79 200.59
-38.83 80 204.3833
304 81 207.2
327.46 82 208.98037
271.40 83 (208.9824)
254 84 (209.9871)
302
85 (222.0176)
-71 86
671 1 1897 2 3455 * 3 4603 4 5458 5 5555 2,3,4,5,6 5596 -1,2,4,6,7 5012 2,3,4,6,8 4428 2,3,4,6 3825 2,4 2856 1,3 356.73 1,2 1473 1,3 1749 2,4 1564 3,5 962 2,4 337 -
1,3,5,7 -61.7
1.879
0.79
3.894
Cs
3.594
0.89
5.212
Ba
6.146
1.10
5.577
La
13.31
1.3
7.0
Hf
16.6
1.5
7.89
Ta
19.35
2.36
7.98
W
20.5
1.9
7.88
Re
22.61
2.2
8.7
Os
22.65
2.20
9.1
Ir
21.45
2.28
9.0
Pt
19.31
2.54
9.225
Au
13.546
2.00
10.437
Hg
11.85
2.04
6.108
Tl
11.34
2.33
7.416
Pb
9.78
2.02
7.289
Bi
9.196
2.0
8.42
Po
-
2.2
-
At 9.73
-
10.748
Rn
[Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]5d16s2 [Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f145d106s2p6
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
(223.0197)
27 87 (226.0254)
700 88 (227.0278)
1051 89 (261)
- 104 (262)
- 105 (263)
- 106 (262)
-
107 (265)
-
108 (266)
-
109 (269)
-
110 (272)
-
111 (277)
-
112 -
113 (285)
-
114 -
115 (289)
-
116 -
117 (293)
-
118
677 1 <1140 2 3198 ** 3 - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
0.7
-
Fr
5.8
0.9
5.279
Ra
10.07
1.1
6.9
Ac
-
-
-
Rf
-
-
-
Db
-
-
-
Sg
-
-
-
Bh -
-
-
Hs -
-
-
Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
[Rn]7s1 [Rn]7s2 [Rn]6d17s2 [Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p4 [Rn]5f146d107s27p6
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium** Dubnium** Seaborgium** Bohrium** Hassium** Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

* 140.115 140.90765 144.24 (144.9127) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967
799 58 931 59 1016 60 1042 61 1072 62 822 63 1314 64 1359 65 1411 66 1472 67 1529 68 1545 69 824 70 1663 71
3424 3,4 3510 3,4 3066 3 3000 3 1790 2,3 1596 2,3 3264 3 3221 3,4 2561 3 2694 3 2862 3 1946 2,3 1194 2,3 3393 3

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
6.770 6.773 7.00 7.254 7.536 5.244 7.901 8.230 8.551 8.80 9.066 9.321 6.966 9.84
1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.17 1.2 1.20 1.2 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.1 1.27
5.466 5.422 5.489 5.554 5.631 5.666 6.141 5.842 5.927 6.018 6.101 6.18436 6.25394 5.42589
[Xe]4f15d16s2 [Xe]4f36s2 [Xe]4f46s2 [Xe]4f56s2 [Xe]4f56s2 [Xe]4f76s2 [Xe]4f75d16s2 [Xe]4f96s2 [Xe]4f106s2 [Xe]4f116s2 [Xe]4f126s2 [Xe]4f136s2 [Xe]4f146s2 [Xe]4f145d16s2
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

** 101 102 103

232.0381
1750 90 231.03588
1572 91 238.0289
1135 92 (237.0482)
644 93 (244.0642)
640 94 (243.0614)
1176 95 (247.0703)
1345 96 (247.0703)
1050 97 (251.0796)
900 98 (252.083)
860 99 (257.0951)
1527 100 (258.10)
827
(259.1009)
827
(252.11)
1627
4788 4 - 4,5 4131 3,4,5,6 - 3,4,5,6 3228 3,4,5,6 2507 3,4,5,6 - 3 - 3,4 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 2,3 - 2,3 - 3

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
11.72 15.37 19.05+0.02 20.45 19.816 13.67 13.51 14.78 - - - - - -
1.3 1.5 1.38 1.36 1.28 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 -
6.08 5.89 6.05 6.19 5.8 5.993 6.02 6.23 6.30 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 -
[Rn]6d27s2 [Rn]5f26d17s2 [Rn]5f36d17s2 [Rn]5f46d17s2 [Rn]5f67s2 [Rn]5f77s2 [Rn]5f76d17s2 [Rn]5f97s2 [Rn]5f107s2 [Rn]5f117s2 [Rn]5f127s2 [Rn]5f137s2 [Rn]5f147s2 [Rn]5f146d17s2
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

 the superheavies

(269)
-
110 (272)
-
111 (277)
-
112 -
113 (285)
-
114 -
115 (289)
-
116 -
117 (293)
-
118
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
Uun -
-
-
Uuu -
-
-
Uub -
-
-
Uut -
-
-
Uuq -
-
-
Uup -
-
-
Uuh -
-
-
Uus -
-
-
Uuo
[Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p4 [Rn]5f146d107s27p6
Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Naming the Superheavy Elements

1 un
2 bi
3 tri
4 quad
5 pent + ium
6 hex
7 sept
8 oct
9 enn
0 nil
111 unununium Uuu
112 ununbium Uub
113 ununtrium Uut
114 ununquadium Uuq
115 ununpentium Uup
116 ununhexium Uuh
117 ununseptium Uus
118 ununoctium Uuo
119 ununenium Uue
120 unbinilium Ubn
(266)
-
109 (269)
-
110 (272)
-
111 (277)
-
112 -
113
- - - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uut
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
[Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2
Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium

110 111
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Ds Rg
Darmstadtium Roentgenium
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Strathern, Paul. Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest
for the Elements. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne
Books, 2001. ISBN: 9780312262044.
Table 1.1 The Structure of the Atom

particle symbol charge (C) mass (kg)

electron e– –1.6×10–19 9.11×10–31
proton p+ +1.6×10–19 1.673×10–27
neutron no 0 1.675×10–27
12.011
4492TP
3825SP
6
2,+4
2.25
2.55
11.260
[He]2s2p2
C
Carbon

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

 Atomizer

+
Telescope X
_

Electrically charged condenser plates

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)

Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

 Atomizer

radiation
Telescope
!!! source

Electrically charged condenser plates

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)

Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

 Kroll Reaction

TiCl4 Mg

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

 Kroll Reaction

TiCl4(g)
T = 900 oC

Reaction site

Mg(l)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

 Kroll Reaction

TiCl4(g)
T = 900 oC
Mg(l)
MgCl2(l)
Ti(S)

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 © source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is
excluded from our Creative Commons license.
For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Titanium sponge produced by giant ingot

the Kroll Process: of titanium
TiCl4 + 2 Mg = 2 MgCl2 + Ti
Aleksandr P. BORODIN
- composer and member of “The Five”:
Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky,
and Rimsky-Korsakov
- professor of chemistry,
Medico-Surgical Academy, St. Petersburg

- friend of Mendeleyev

today’s selection:
Polovtsian Dance No. 17 from Prince Igor
 D.I. Mendeleyev

(1834 - 1907)

image made during the

60s showing him as he
was at the time he
enunciated the Table of
the Elements

© source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is

excluded from our Creative Commons license.
For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry

Fall 2009

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