NOHARA, JAYSON D.

MT3-1 –PARASITOLOGY REVIEWER— Part 2 Cestodes

Sparganum
Diphyllobothrium mansoni/ Dipylidium Hymenolepis *Echinococcus
Taenia solium Taenia saginata Hymenolepis nana Raillietina garrisoni
latum Spirometra caninum diminuta granulosus
mansoni
Double-pored
Broad or Fish
Common Name Pork tapeworm Beef tapeworm tapeworm, Dog Dwarf tapeworm Rat tapeworm Hydatid Worm
tapeworm
tapeworm
Dihyllobothriasis,
Beef tapeworm
bothriocephaliasis, Pork tapeworm Unilocular
infection, Dypilidiasis or Dog Hymenolepiasis Hymenolepiasis
Disease Dibothriocephalus Sparganosis infection, Taeniasis echinoccocus or
Taeniasis tapeworm infection nan diminuta
anemia, fish solium hydatid disease
saginata
tapeworm infection
Morphology
Longest Tapeworm (3-
10m)/ 3,000-4,000 Elongated, Ivory
Measures 5-10m It measures 10-70 Smallest tapeworm
proglottids white, ribbon-like Measures 2-7m Measures 2-4 cm Measures 10-60cm Measures 60cm
(25m or more) cm measuring 2-7mm
larva
Ivory colored
Small (2-4mm by 10-
Quadrate in Minute, sub-globular
12 mm) Globular in shape
shape and bears has 4 cup-like
with 4 cup-like Small rhomboidal Small, club-liked
4 prominent Small, rhomboidal Pyriform with 4 suckers surrounded
a. Scolex Spatulate/almond- N/A suckers has 4 prominently shaped has 4 cup-
suckers scolex has 4 suckers suckers by very minute,
shaped with 2 cupped suckers shaped suckers
comma-shaped
dorsoventral sucking Measures 1mm
Measures 2mm spines
groove

Refractile conical Short, refractile Rudimentary Rostellum is armed

b. Rostellum - -
rostellum rostellum unarmed rostellum with alternating two
Armed with double Absence of well-
circular rows of 90-
rows of large and developed Rostellum armed
140 hammer shaped
small hooklets appx. rostellum and with 28 to 50 hooks
Armed with 1-7 hooks and also
20-25 hooks. Armed with single
circlets of rose surrounded by a
c. Hooklets - - ring of 20-30 Y- Absent collar-shaped spines
thorn shaped
Shaped spines
spines.
Male Organ: Mature proglottid: Mature Genital pore 3 Proglottids (1
Genital pores open
Muscular Cirrus roughly square with proglottid: opening on each Have single genital immature, 1 mature,
on the side near the
N/A Proglottids irregularly alternate irregularly lateral margin pore on the side 800-1000 segments 1 gravid)
anterior lateral
Female Organ: genital spores alternate genital
d. Segments border of the
 Bilobed Characterized by spores Elliptical, 60-175 96-840 segments 3 Round testes Terminal segment-
(Mature) segments
ovary filling of uterus 800-1000 Segments proglottids Bilobed ovary longest and broadest
 Vagina coils 1000-2000 3 Round testes
Bilobed Ovary
extends Testes: Segments Broader than long Bilobed ovary Mature segment-
36-50 ovoid testes
from a 150-200 follicles and later Squarish usually narrowest
NOHARA, JAYSON D. MT3-1 –PARASITOLOGY REVIEWER— Part 2 Cestodes
common Testes: 330-440 in outline
genital pore Ovary: follicles (Immature)
in the 2 large symmetrical
midventral lobes and an Ovary:
line) accessory lobe on (1 ovary with 2
 Uterus: the side of the ovarian lobes)
Gravid genital pore. ( 1
rosette like ovary & 3 ovarian
or highly lobe)
coiled uterus
(diagnostic)

5-14 Uterine Pumpkinseed

Divided into
branches shaped or vase Completely filled Completely filled
15-20 Uterine numerous egg
shaped with eggs, the with eggs, the testes
branches or more capsules, each
30,000-50,000 eggs testes disappears disappears while the
e. Segments (average 18) The uterus resembles containing 1-4 eggs.
- - Filled with while the Saccular Saccular uterus
(Gravid) a loosely twisted coil
Detached in groups membranous egg uterus hollow out hollow out becomes
97,000-124,000 The free gravid
or five or six (in capsules of “mother becomes sac like sac like and filled
eggs proglottids have the
chain) when passed pockets” containing and filled with eggs. with eggs.
shape of rice grain
out in feces. 8-15 eggs.
Mature egg is
spherical measures
Broadly ovoid,
in 31-43 microns
operculated with
Spherical, inside the Eggs in capsule are
inconspicuous
Pale buff to walnut egg shell is an spindle shaped. The
operculum,
brown in color. Spherical, thin oncosphere oncosphere is
moderately thick-
shelled and hyaline enclosed in an inner Sub-spherical with provided with 6
shelled, light golden
Outer shell is thin Eggs cannot be except for a brick membrane with bipolar thickenings, Sub-spherical with hooklets and
yellow and with a Ellipsoidal and
and rarely seen distinguished ringe, have a bipolar thickenings intralaminar layer, radially striated surrounded by two
Ova knob on the shell at possess a rounded,
while the inner shell from those of T. delicate hooklets from 4-8 polar (fried egg), 6 eggshell which quite thin membrane, an
the bottom of the egg conical operculum
is brown, thick and solium filaments. Within hooklets arranged in similar to Taenia eggs outer elongated oval
striated. Measures 25-40 the oncosphere are fan like manner membrane and an
Immature Embryo
microns three pairs of inner spherical
when discharge in the
Within the thicky lancet-shaped membrane enclosing
feces
striated shell is a hooklets. the oncosphere
fully developed
58-76 microns
oncosphere (3 pairs
of hooklets)
Adult in SI – immature Adult in SI – eggs Adult in SI – Adult in SI – gravid Direct: Adults in SI – eggs Adult in SI (Dogs) – Adults in SI (Rat or
eggs passed in the discharged in the mature eggs proglottids detach Adults in SI – eggs passed out in feces – eggs in feces of dogs man) – gravid
feces in freshwater – Same as D. latum feces – eggs in soil discharged in the from the stobila and passed out in feces eggs ingested by (infective to man) – segments pass out in
Life Cycle maturation of eggs in (do not reach ingested by pigs – feces – eggs in pass out of the anus – ingested by man – intermediate host – eggs ingested by man the feces – segments
water 11-15 days – maturity in man) oncosphere soil ingested by – capsules with eggs oncosphere hatches cysticercoid develop – oncosphere hatch, rupture and release
coracidium hatches liberated in the cattle – released from the and penetrate villi – in the homocoel – penetrate intestinal eggs – eggs ingested
from eggs – intestine of pig, oncosphere/ ruptured segments cystercoid develop infected wall – larvae enter by flour beetles –
NOHARA, JAYSON D. MT3-1 –PARASITOLOGY REVIEWER— Part 2 Cestodes
coracidium ingested penetrates wall into larvae liberated – eggs in capsule – cysticercoid intermediate host the lymphocyte – eggs hatch, releasing
by copepods – blood circulation – in the intestine of ingested by flea – breaks out of ingested by man – blood circulation – oncosphere which
coracidium penetrate oncosphere carried cattle, penetrates oncosphere is intestinal villi to the cysticercoid breaks hydatid cyst in liver, develop into
GUT of copepod into in blood stream and wall into blood liberated and intestinal lumen – out of intestinal villi lungs, etc of IH – cysticercoid –
body cavity – infected filter out between circulation – penetrated the GUT scolex attaches to to the lumen – scolex hydatid cyst ingrsted ingested flour beetle
copepod eaten by the muscle fibers – oncosphere into the homocoel – the mucosa of SI – attaches to the by dogs – scolices ingested by man –
fresh water – develops into carried in blood cysticercoid larvae Adults in SI mucosa of SI – Adults attach to SI of dogs – larvae break out in
procercoid penetrates cysticercus stream and filter develops in in SI Adults in SI lumen of SI –
the intestinal wall into cellulosae – raw out between the homocoel – Indirect: immature worm
the muscle of fish – cooked pork muscle fibers – infected IH ingested Adults in SI – eggs attach to villi – Adults
plerocercoid develops ingested by man – develops into by a definitive host passed out in feces in SI
in the muscle – raw invaginated scolex cysticercus bovis – cysticercoid larvae – ingested by flee or
cooked fish ingested attaches in the – raw cooked liberated in the beetle –
by man – scolex of intestinal mucosa – beef ingested by small intestine – metamorphose into
plerocercoid attaches adult in SI man – Adult in SI cysticercoid larvae
to the intestinal invaginated in the homocoel –
mucosa Adult in SI – eggs scolex attaches in cystercoid develop
discharged in the the intestinal – cysticercoid
feces – eggs in soil mucosa – adult in breaks out of
ingested by man – SI intestinal villi to the
oncosphere intestinal lumen –
liberated in the scolex attaches to
intestine penetrate the mucosa of SI –
the intestinal wall Adults in SI
into the blood
circulation – Autoinfection:
oncosphere carried Adults in SI – eggs
in blood stream remain in intestine
filter bet. muscle – oncosphere
fibler – develops in hatches and
cysticercus penetrate villi –
cellulosae – dead cystercoid develop
end cycle – cysticercoid
breaks out of
intestinal villi to the
intestinal lumen –
scolex attaches to
the mucosa of SI –
Adults in SI
Dog flea
(Ctenophalides Larval stages of flea
canis) (C. canis, P. irritans,
Fresh water copepods X. cheopis)
1st Intermediate Spp. of Genera Flees and Beetles Sheep, goats, camel Flour beetles
of the Genera Cyclops Pig Cattle Dog louse
Host Cyclops (Indirect Life Cylce) hogs and (Tribolium confusum)
and Diaptomus (Trichodectes canis) Mealworms of flour
beetles (Tanebrio
Cat flea and Tribolium)
(Ctenophalides
NOHARA, JAYSON D. MT3-1 –PARASITOLOGY REVIEWER— Part 2 Cestodes
felis)

Human flea (pulex

irritans)
2nd Intermediate Pike, Salmon, Rodents, snakes
- - - - - - -
Host Whitefish and turbot and frogs
Dog and Cat
Tapeworm Human, Mice and Human, Mice and
Dogs, Cats and Dogs and other
Definitive Host Man Man Man Rats Rats Rat and Man
Wild Carnivores canines
Man (occasional
host)
Development D- 5 to 12 wks.
- - D- 10-12 wks. D- 3-4 wks D- 2 wks. D- 18-20 Days LS- 5-29 months D- 2 months
and Life Span LS- 25 yrs. or more
Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated Unembryonated
Diagnostic Stage
egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova egg/ova
Ruptured Gravid
Proglottids of Eggs
Procercoid larvae *Cysticercus
Infective Stage Procercoid Cysticercus Bovis Cysticercoid larvae (Direct Cycle) Cysticercoid larvae *Hydatid Cyst Cysticercoid larvae
or the plerocercoid Cellulosae
Cysticercoid larvae
Skin and
Habitat Ileum and Jejunum Subcutaneous Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine
tissues
Ocular sparganosis
Casseous Hydatid
(Eye) – edematous
Cysts (Unilocular Cyst
swelling of the
Pernicious Anemia found in the bone
eyelids Diarrhea and
(Deficiency of Vit. B12 Intestinal canal)
Abdominal hunger pains Diarrhea,
and Bothriocephalus disturbance, loss of Infections is
Elephantiasis discomfort, Chronic frequently Abdominal Pain, Has not been worked
Pathology anemia appetite, pruritus ordinarily tolerated Cyst tumor-like
(Lymph channels) indigestion and develop and loss Headache. out yet
ani and sometimes by human host. (Brain)
diarrhea of weight may Anorexia, dizziness
Blood Film: diarrhea
Acniform pustules occur
Macrocytic Anemia Allergic reactions
(Spillage of fluid from
Pulmonary may be
the cyst)
infected
Aspiration of Cyst Recovery of Gravid
Stool Examination Segments which are
Stool Examination
or Scotch tape and Radiological passed out in the
(reveals bile stained
anal swab Stool Examination Examination, feces or crawl out
operculated eggs with Stool examination
Recovery of eggs in reveals Scanning Procedure, the anus
a knob at the demonstrates the
White larva in Slide Compression Similar to T. capsule or characteristics of and Ultrasound
Diagnosis abopercular end. characteristic bile
lesion Technique (Critical solium proglottids passed eggs with six techniques Segments have a
Typical proglottids stained an egg that
examination of out in the feces hooklets embryo characteristics of rice
with a rosette-like lacks polar filaments
proglottids “gravid and poalr filaments Serological grains between two
uterus may also be
and no. of uterine Procedure (CFT, slides
observed)
branches”) ELISA and Casoni
intradermal test) Egg capsules contain
NOHARA, JAYSON D. MT3-1 –PARASITOLOGY REVIEWER— Part 2 Cestodes
1-4 eggs which are
spindle-shaped
Surgical procedure
Praziquantel (if not
Praziquantel (if not Praziquantel, on operable sites
Surgical removal available Praziquantel (if not Niclosamide (If not
available niclosamide niclosamide and Praziquantel and
Treatment If not possible, niclosamide and Prazinquantel available available
and quanacrine quanacrine Mebendazole/ niclosamide
praziquantel quanacrine niclosamide) Praziquantel)
hydrochloride) hydrochloride Albendazole
hydrochloride)
(Inaccessible sites)
Cosmopolitan
Parasite Cosmopolitan
Epidemiology Temperate Zones Cestode of the SI of
Measly meat Rats and Mice
(Infected meat)
Freezing: -18C for 24-
Prevention and Frozen at -20C at
48 hrs which will kill
Control least 10 days
the plerocercoid
*Cysticercus cellulosae has different pathology, diagnosis and treatment, supplement learning in the book (Mortel, Ferdinand; Parasitology: Compiled notes 2013 Rev. Ed.)
*Echinoccocus granulosus Life cyle and hydatid cyst, supplement learning in the book (Mortel, Ferdinand; Parasitology: Compiled notes 2013 Rev. Ed.)