International System Units (SI) x Conversion Factor = U.S.

Customary System (USCS)

Quantity SI Units SI Symbol Conversion Factor USCS Units SI Symbol
Length Meter m 3.2808 Foot ft
Mass Kilogram kg 2.2046 Pound lb
o
Temperature Celsius C 1.8(oC) + 32 Fahrenheit o
F
Area Square meter m2 10.7639 Square feet ft2
Volume Cubic meter m3 35.3147 Cubic feet ft3
Energy Kilojoule kJ 0.9478 British thermal unit BTU
Power Watt W 3.4121 British thermal unit/hr BTU/hr
Velocity Meter/sec m/s 2.2369 Miles/hour mi/hr
Flow rate Meter3/sec m3/s 35.3147 Cubic feet/sec ft3/s
Density Kilogram/meter3 kg/m3 0.06243 Pounds/cubic foot lb/ft3

(C)

(ρ)

1 gal = 3.785 L g = 9.81 m/s2

1 ft3 = 7.48 gal g = 32.2 ft/s2
1 gal = 8.345 lb of water Acircle = πd2/4
1 drop = 0.05 mL 1 acre = 43,560 ft2
1 mg/L = 8.345 lb/mil gal
1000 L = 1 m3 1 mile = 5,280 ft
1L = 1000 g (water) 10 kg = m3 (water)
3

V = 24.465 L/mol ideal gas at 1 atm 25oC

1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 14.7 psi
106 J/s = 1 MW Temp oC + 273oC =oK
P = Po – 1.15 x 10-4 H
EQUATIONS - 1
PV = nRT R = 0.082056(L)(atm) aA +bB -> cC + dD
(K)(mol) aAMW = cCMW
(concA) (concC)
Zero Order: + Vk or C = C0 - kt
1st Order: + VkC or C = C0e-kt or t1/2 = Ln2/k
2nd Order: + VkC2 or 1/C- 1/C0 = kt Force = ma (conc.) = mg/L or ppm(1/106)
Work = Fd [M] = mol/L
ΔEnergy (stored) = mcΔT Q=Vol/t Energy = W mol = mass/MW
ΔP = ṁcΔT Q=Vel(A) Power = W/t [mol/L] = (mg/L)(g/1000mg) 1
q = Area(Ti-To)/R Energy = (P)(t) MW
pH = -log[H+]
Cm = (QwCw +QrCr)/(Qw+Qr) aA + bB  cC + dD
Decay = (K)(C)(V)
Input(Q1C1) = Output(Q2C2) + Decay (1st Order) [Gas] = KHPg
EQUATIONS – 2
Risk = (CDI)(PF)
Growth: N = No ert Decay: N = No e-kt
CDI = Avr. Daily Dose/Body Wt.
r = (1/t) ln(N/No)
CDI = (Conc.)(Intake rate)(Exposure)
tdoubling = 0.693/r t½ = 0.693/k
(Body Weight)(70 yr)(365 d/yr)
Energy Demand = (Pop)(GDP/person)(Energy/GDP) Hazard quot. = Avr. Daily Dose/RfD
Q = (Po/r)(ert-1) Concfish = (Concwater)(BCF)
BOD5 = (DOi-DOf)/P
t = (1/r) ln[(rQ/Po) +1] BODw = (DOi – DOf) - (Bi-Bf)(1-P)
σ = Q∞/Pm(2π)½ P
-kt
tm = σ [2ln(Pm/Po)] ½ Lt = Lo e
Po = Pm exp[-½(tm/σ)2] Lo = BODt + Lt
BODt = Lo(1-e-kt)
N = K/[1+ e-r(t-t*)] or Nt = KNo/[No + (K-No)(e-rt)]
r = Ro/[1- (No/K)] kT = k20Ɵ(t-20) Ɵ = 1.047
t = (1/r) ln{[N(K-No)]/[No(K-N)]} uNBOD = 4.57(TKN)

(dN/dt)max = RoK2/4(K-No) Lo = (QwLw +QrLr)/(Qw+Qr)

Max. Yield = rN[1-(N/K)] DO = (QwDOw +QrDOr)/(Qw+Qr)
D0 = DOs – DO
Pop. Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate
kr = 3.9 u½/H3/2
EQUATIONS – 3
η = Vv/(Vs+Vv)
Yield = (Ys)(V)
Gradient = (h2 – h1)/L
Q = (K)(A)(dh/dL)
Q = (A)(v)
Q = (A’)(v’)
v’ = v/η
R = v’/vsorb
Q = (v)(A)
Dt = V/Q
EW = MW/n EWCaCO3 = 50g/eq
vs = g(ρp – ρ)dp2/18µ meq/L = Conc./EW
vo = Q/Ab Conc. As CaCO3 = meq/L (EWCaCO3)
vo = h/Dt
Alk (meq/L) = (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) – (H+)
va = Q/Af
Ka2 = 10-10.33= [CO32-][ H+]/[ HCO3-] [ ]=mol/L
CO32- 30.0 pH = -log[H+] and [H+][OH-] = 10-14 ( )=mg/L
 rsu = -k(S)(X)/(Ks +S)
rg = -Y(rsu)
rd = -Kd(X)
r’g = rg +rd

EQUATIONS – FINAL
( )air = (ppm)(MW)/(Vair)(1 m3/103L)
Cair(ug/m3)=(ppm)/10^6(MW)(100)(P)/(R*T)
E=EF*P*(1-CE)
E(met ton CO2eq/yr)=E(met ton/yr)*GWP
Fuel Input Rate (gal/hr)=Heat Input Rate (btu/hr)/Hv(btu/gal)*
*can replace gal w/ scf or tons coal

VdC/dt=Q(Sin-Sout)-Vrsu