11 Carnot = 1

W pump

T .
---!!!.!.!l
Tmax

= (hour - h in ) =

Vin(Pou[ -

X desr = To

[(Sr ma / -

Xrecovered

= ( Wcw-b[ne.ouc ) I<J;

W pump

= (hour -

SinitWI) -

(qin

TQ~nm + Qr

OUI

1kJ ; XQin

hill)

X expandell =

TJpump_s =
To

= Qin (1 - r

( X (lin

Wpump

= Vin(Pout - Pin) kJ/kg; for pump, h m

= (h out -

qout) kJ/kg; = (Wturb -

= -Q '

W pump )

fJturbine_s

[II

:~,

kJ ;

17 11

X,-ecovered

::= X

exp nded

= 1-

Xdeslroyed
Xexpended

= hf@pinlet, VinJet = Vf@pinlet;

h in ) kJ/kg ;

Wiler

lJ rn

~~:I

kJlkg; 17 th

OUI -

q = (hour - hill); WCUrbtne

w net

Pin)

kJ/kg;

Wa

ws ;

qreheat ;

W plL1np

= (1 -

Wturbine

mR)Wpwnp_l

WtuTbine_l

+ wpllmp_2; q'n = (hour - h in );

(1 - m R ) Wturbine_2

regeneration to the total steam in the cycle

Eu

HEat Delivered
= Net Work Output+Process
=
Total Heat Input

(1 - m;J(h out - h l11 )

is the ratio of extracted (bleeded) steam for

; mR

qOU(':::::

mexiTacled.

ms

qln

All of the above steam cycles are analysed taki ng each com panent as control volume and using

proper numbering for properties.

To convert from kJ/kg to kW, multiply kJ/kg with mas flow rate (kg/s).

Lo"",P
turbine

r~
V

"

J.

---------------------------------.----------------Re f rigerti 0 n Cycl es-----------------------------------------. ----------COPR

Ql
=-,
W neU

COPR

= Wcomp.ln-Wcurb,ollf ;

COPHP
Ql

[m

= To

X dest

(53 - 52)

Tl
= -_-;
T H T,

=_1_; '7 11

I
Qgen+Wp1.lmp.in

Qgen

'

eycle

Wm

COP max

- sl);

Xdest :1-4

[m (sl- 54) -

m 'J~(s4 -

~~'I X(h

Q~ [;.: -

Xdest 1-2 = m To (s2

QH(l~)

_
flu -

TH
= -:-::-;
7 H T,
QI,(~>l) _ COP

COPHP,Ca,not

+ ~;.;] ; Xdest 4-1 = TO

ril(h2-h1)
Towl

COPabsorption

_ Ill[(h2-hl)-To (s2-S1)]

'7// -

COPR.Carnot

W nee,in

(1 - ;~) Co~LTJ;

COPTev.absorption =
Xdest2-3

QH

= --;

m [(h2-h3)- To (s2-s3))

1]

QL(~-l)

7/1 -

053) ,;

lit

(Win - XciJ = (X dest 1-2 + Xdest 2-3 + Xdest 3-4 + Xdest 4-1) ,

[(M-hl)- To (S4-sl)]

-------------------- ----------------------- --------- Properties of Mixtu res----- ---------- -- -- -- -- ---- --- --- -- ---------------
m .N
N . m JFi -- -nli
. Y. mix - "
Ls
i
mix - "
Ls i '
-. ' i m nllx
M . = mmlx = l:mi = LC N 1M /) = I(Y.M.) . mfi

N m lx

mlX

Nmix

Nmix

ISi = L(miSi)

= L(Nisl )

kJ

Rmix --

=~=

Hmix = I Hi = I(mi h ;) = I.(NJ1i) kJ ; I:1H mix =

Um1x = I Vi = I(miUJ = 'L(Nifl!.) kJ ; 6U mix =
Smix

N1

Immix

!,

Ni

-Nmix

; 6S mix =

Ru
-M
.
mIx

NmlxMmix

PI

I1s i

= I(mfiCv.) ; tv .
I

Si/lnal -

; Cp X.
= 2:(Yi t v)
,mI

YIlIX

SiinCtlQI -

Rl
i

Pi/ inal

C l

Pi

= L(m!iCp ,) ; t p
R l

Tillnal

nT

-N.

= Y,. ~ ,

mtx

y:

ml.>:

1 Mml x '

L 6H i = E(m i l:1h t ) = L( Ni l:1hJ

L 6U t = I(m i l:1ui) = L(N i 6uJ
L 651 == 'L(mi6s;) = 'L(N t l:1s;)

kJ
kJ
kJ

= L:(Yi l:1ha
= l:(Yi l:1uJ

kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

= I:(Yi l1hJ

= 'L(y.tCp /.) kJ/kg-K;

PI/inal

n-p~':';;;';""
tinitlOl

linlrlal

lilt/Uat

Nt

Vi
V'nl'x

mIX

hmix = I(mfih i } hmix = I.(l'iha kJ/kg; I1h mix = 'L(m!il:1h i ) ; l1h mix
Umix = 'L(mfiuJ; Urn x = L(Yifl i ) kJ/kg; 61l.-mix :::: 'L(m!i 6u i) ; 6u7J1tX
h mix = L(mfih j ); hmix = L(Yih i ) kJ/kg; I1h mix = L(m!itJhi) ; tJh mix
Cvnil.x
-

-P- -

'

For non-ideal gas: PmixVmix = ZrnixNmixRuTmix OR

PmixVmix = ZmixmrnixRmixTmix
Kay Rule: TRmu = (T mix) then PRmix =' (PmiX) then Zmix from chart
L

YiTer,
T

YiPer!

p.

Amagat's Rule: TRj = - ' then PR , = - ' then Zi from chart then Zmix = 'L(YiZJ
TCri

Perl

------------._---- ---- -------- ----- ---.---Ai r-Va pOll r Mixture and Psychrom etry------------- -- -- -- ---------- ---.--------
622 Pv _ 0.622 Pv . m _ ml1 _ Pll m _
w. P
_ O.622(jJPg
P -_ P.a+ p"v ' W-- m" _- 0
.
,<,V,<,V-..
w- P- </JP
P
m
Po.
P- P
m
(0.622+ w)P
a

=;;

maha + mvhv ; rna

h = ha + whg ; Pg = Psat@T; Tdp = Tsat@Pp ;
rh w
m a (wr - Wi) ; Q = rna (llh) for SH Of SC ; Q = m a (6h) - mwh w for cooling with Dehumid;
hv(T, Low P) == hg(T) :::: 2500.9 + 1.82 T
T is in C. ;
H = Ha

+ Hv

::::

------------------ ---- ----- --- --- ---- -------- ------ -- Chern ical Reactions---- -- ---- --- ------------ ------------------ ----- -------
In'
-F = -.!!.!!:...;
!1Esys = 6Estate + l1E chem ; Q = Hpl'Od - Hreaa ; HH V = LHV + (mhrg )
mtuel
warer
A

h (T,P) = h + (h - hO) ; Hprod = L[Np(hJ + h - hO)J ; H,eaer = I[NR(hf' + h - hO)]

Qill + Win + L [NR(hJ + h - hO) R] = Qout + W01<-c + L [Np(h + h - hO) p] for canst pressure

Qin + Wi11 + L [NR(hJ + 11. - hO - PV)R]

% excess air =

ma1r,aelual

,;. 100%

mail,theoretlcal

A
-F -

mair
-- m/ Ile /

(LN~M)air

c+

)
(
)
;
NM HZ+ N~M 0<

Stoichiometric eq: A(CxHyO,J

= .:O

Qow + Wour + 2: [Np(hJ + h - li o - PV)p]

* 100% . atl
'1

for canst volume

= A (x + ~ _ :) . YJ~ = (")
(~)s ,.
..,
.,
<.

'

Fl'
h
or ean mIxture add 02 to t e products, for rich add

al'h(OZ

+ 3.76 Nz )

~ Ax (C0 2 )

co.

+ A %(H 2 0) + 3.76a t I (N 2 )
1