Chp 1: Intro & Basic

Density: =

m
V

x 22 x 21
1
F dx= K
2
Spring: W =
)
2

(kg/

H 2O

Specific Gravity: SG=

m =

Specific Volume: v =

(m3/kg)
Specific Weight: s = g (N/m3)
Pressure
1 Pa = 1N/m2
1atm=14.7psi=101.3KPa = 1 Bar
Pgage = Pabs -Patm
Pvac = Patm -Pabs
Temperature Scales
T(K) = T(oC) +273.15
T(R)= T(oF) + 459.67= 1.8 T(K)
T(oF) = 1.8 T (oC) + 32
Chp 2: Energy (E= Nm = J)
Specific: e = energy/mass = E/m (J/kg)
Rate Form:

/t
E=E

(J/s)

Etotal = KE + PE + Uinternal Energy

KE = mV2 or V2 (per unitmass)
PE = mgH or gH (per unitmass)
Mass flow Rate:

V = PAcVavg
m=

Esystem= Ein Eout

E = Q-W
Qnet,in = Qin Qout
Wnet,out= Wout - Win
Qnet,in Wnet,out = (U2-U1 )+ m (

V 22V 21 +mg (z2-z1)

Energy Conversion Efficiencies
=

Desired output
Required Input

elec ,
W

shaft
motor= W
, out

shaft ,
W

= W
generator

elect ,out

pump-motor = pump* motor

Energy Transfer Process

Heat= Q (J) Specific Heat= q (J/kg)
Heat/ Unit time:

X=

E flow Fate:

me

E=

(kJ/s or kW)

Q=Q/t

(J/sec)

Work = W (J) Specific work = w(J/kg)

Work/ Unit time:
Electric:

=P=W /t
W

electric

=V*I (watts)
2

VI dt

W= V*N =
Shaft:

shaft

=2

n T (watts)

W= F*d= 2nT

Compressibility Factor: Z= Pv/RT

Y avgY f
Y fg

(J/sec) Compressed Liquid

Y Yf@T
h hf@T + Yf@T (P- Psat@T)
Ideal Gas Equations
P=RT
R= Ru/M
P = NRuT
M=MN

P1 V 1
T1

Ideal Gas Law:

P2 V 2
T2

%error = [vtable-videal/vtable] x100%

Real Gas
Reduce Pressure: PR= P/Pcr
Reduce Temp: TR= T/Tcr
Chp 4: Closed System Energy
Moving boundary Work (QEP):
2

Wb =

F ds= P dv
1

Isobaric:Wb=Po(2-1)=mR(T2-T1) ,=mv
2

Isochoric: Wb=

P dv=0
1

Isothermal: Wb=mRToln(2/1)
=P1V1 ln (2/1)
= P 2V2 ln (2/1)

P2 V 2P1 V 1
Polytropic: Wb =
1n

Chp 3: Prop. Pure Substance

Saturated Liquid-Vapour Mixture
Quality X = mvapour / mtotal
mtotal = mliquid + mvapour = mf + mg
Yavg = Yf + X Yfg , Y=v, u or h

(kg/s)

V=N v P v =RuT

Ideal Gas: Wb =

mR(T 2T 1)
1n

P2 V 2P1 V 1
Incompressible: Wb= m
1n
Cycle Energy Balance (Esystem= 0)
Ein = Eout
or
Qnet,in =Wnet,out
Piston: W=u
Heat: Q=u
Heat+Piston: u= Q-W
Work of Gas Expansion/Spring
x = V/Apiston
Specific Heats Gases: eT m1o
Cv = du/dT
Cp = dh/dT
u=u2-u1=Cvavg (T2-T1) (kJ/kg)
h=h2-h1=Cpavg (T2-T1)
Specific Heat Ideal Gas:
h = u +RT
Cp = Cv + R (kJ/Kg * K)

Specific Heat Ratio: K = Cp/Cv

Specific Heat Relations of Solids +
Liquids
Cp = Cv = C
u=u2-u1=Cavg (T2-T1)

Cavg T PV0

Solids: h = u

Liquids: h = Cavg T + PV
Chp 5: Mass & Energy Analysis
Vol. flow rate:

2 1
t 2t 1

Mass Flow Rate:

V = V /v =
m=

A VAV
Conserv.of Mass:

sys

in

out

Steady Flow:

in

Steady, Incompressible Fluid:

A1V1 =A2V2 (P1=P2) or

out

Flow Work & Energy

F=PA
Wflow = FL =PAL = P* (KJ/Kg)
Energy Balance
E = (U2-U1 )+ m (

V 22V 21 +mg (z2-

z1)
Ecv=Q+W+Emass
Emass= KE + PE + H
Steady Flow: Ecv= 0
(Q+W+Emass) in= (Q+W+Emass) out
Turbine:
Compressor:
Nozzle:
Diffuser:
Throttling Values:

Mixing Chamers:
Heat Exchangers:

Pipe Duct Flow: