THERMODYNAMIC EQUATION SHEET First Law: E = m(u + v2/2 + gz) h = u + pv = u + p/!

Closed system: "E = Q - W dE V2 V2 W + "m (h + (h + = Q + gz) # " m + gz) Open system: dt 2 2 in out Second Law: 1 S2 " S1 = # dQ + $ Closed system: Tb ! dS Q s # "m s+$ = " + " m Open system: dt T in out Ideal Gas Law: Specific Heats: Phase change: Boundary Work:
!

PV = NRuT m = N*M Ru = 8314 J/kmol-K R = Ru / M cP = dh/dT cV = du/dT

v = V/m k = cP / cV

R = cP - cV

x = mvapor / mtotal
W =

umix = (1-x)*uf + x*ug (also true for h, v, s)

Isothermal process of ideal gas: Isentropic process of ideal gas:

! Conservation of mass:

" P dV

PV = C PVk = C
= " AV m

dm # "m = "m dt in out

Isentropic efficiencies:
!

#T = Wact/Wisen
!

#C = Wisen/Wact
k

#N = V2/Vs2
T2 " P2 % =$ ' T1 # P1 &
k (1 k

Isentropic process of an ideal gas: Carnot cycles:

P2 " V1 % =$ ' P1 # V2 &

T2 " V1 % =$ ' T1 # V2 &

k (1

QH / QL = TH / TL

# = 1 - TL / TH for Carnot power cycle Heat pump % = QH / WNET

! Refrigerator ! $ = Q / W ! Coefficient of Performance: C NET

Availability: X = (E - Uo) + P(v-vo) - To(S - So) Flow exergy: & = (h-ho) +To(s-so) + V2/2 + gz Properties of air @ STP: k = 1.4 R = 287 J/kg-K a = 330 m/s ! = 1.2 kg/m3 cP = 1005 J/kg-K cV = 718 J/kg-K M = 29 kg/kmol