Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, Frequently involves impoundment of
NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or large amounts of water with loss of
particulates habitat due to land inundation
Renewable resource with high Variable output – dependent on rainfall
conversion efficiency to electricity and snowfall
(80+%)
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic
ecology, including fish migration and
oxygen depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and Social impacts of displacing indigenous
pumped storage applications people
Scalable from 10 KW to 22,500 MW Health impacts in developing countries
International Hydropower
Association
Kaplan turbine and electrical
generator cut-away view.
General layout of Hydro-Power Plant
A) Reservoir
• Reservoirs ensure supply of water through out the year, by storing water
during rainy season and supplying the same during dry season.
B) Dam
• The function of the dam is to increase the reservoir capacity and to increase
the working head of the turbine.
C) Penstock
• A pipe between dam and turbine is known as penstock.
• It will carry the water from dam to turbine.
• Penstock is commonly made of steel pipes covered with RCC.
General layout of Hydro-Power Plant
D )Surge tank/Forebay
-When the rate of water flow through the penstock is suddenly decreased,
the pressure inside the penstock will increase suddenly due to water
hammer and thereby damage the penstock.
- Surge tank/Forebay is constructed between the dam and turbine. It will act
as a pressure regulator during variable loads.
E) Turbine
Turbines convert the kinetic and potential energy of water into mechanical
energy to produce electric power.
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Scale of Hydropower Projects
• Mega-hydro
More than 500MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
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Scale of Hydropower Projects
• Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
– Usually provided power for a small community or
rural industry in remote areas away from the
grid.
• Pico-hydro
– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
– Remote areas away from the grid.
Water wheel
• Oldest
form of
water
turbine
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Water wheel
The oldest and simplest
form of the hydraulic
turbine was the
waterwheel,
first used in ancient Greece
and subsequently adopted
in most of ancient and
medieval Europe for
grinding grain.
thus acting as a so-called
undershot waterwheel.
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Three general types of waterwheels
Waterwheel, simple mechanical device used to convert water
power into rotary motion.
A waterwheel works on the principle that when water
undergoes a controlled change in elevation, the falling water
is a source of power and will turn the axle of the waterwheel.
The three general types of waterwheels, which are
sometimes called: gravity wheels, are the
undershot,
overshot,
breast shot wheel.
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Undershot water wheel
• UNDERSHOT:
• driven by water
passing beneath:
used to describe a
device, especially a
waterwheel, that is
driven by water
flowing beneath it
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Overshot water wheel
• OVERSHOT: driven
by water on upper
surface: used to
describe a water
wheel driven by
water flowing onto it
from above
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Backshot wheel
• A backshot wheel (also
called pitchback) is a
variety of overshot wheel
where the water is
introduced just behind the
summit of the wheel.
• It combines the advantages
from breastshot and
overshot systems, since the
full amount of the potential
energy released by the
falling water is harnessed
as the water descends the
back of the wheel.
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Breastshot water wheel
• A vertically-mounted
water wheel that is
rotated by falling water
striking buckets near
the center of the
wheel's edge, or just
above it, is said to be
breastshot.
• and are said to have
powered the American
industrial revolution
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Turbine
Turbine, rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving
stream of water, steam, or gas into mechanical energy.
The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with
paddles, propellers, blades, or buckets
This mechanical energy is then transferred through a drive
shaft to operate a machine, compressor, electric generator, or
propeller.
Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or water, turbines,
steam turbines, or gas turbines.
Today turbine-powered generators produce most of the
world's electrical energy.
Windmills that generate electricity are known as wind
turbines
Turbine
Based on working media
• a) Hydraulic turbine
• b) Steam turbine
• c) Gas turbine
• d) Wind Turbine
Based on head
• Head is the elevation difference of reservoir water level and D/S water level
– SI Unit: kW
– Metric Unit : Horse Power/Water Horse Power (W.H.P)
• 4) Overall Efficiency
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Kaplan Turbine
A propeller-type runner rated 28,000 hp (21 MW)
A view of Francis Turbine
Guide vanes in Francis turbines
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Runner: Francis turbine
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A Francis turbine runner, rated at nearly one
million hp (750 MW), being installed at
the Grand Coulee Dam, United States.
Assembly of a Pelton wheel at Power Plant
Steam Turbine in Power Station
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Windmills and wind turbines
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Parts of a Wind Turbine
Generator
Pump :
• - when the fluid is a liquid or a slurry.
• -Very small to very large pressure rise.
• Rotating element is called an impeller.
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Draft Tube
• Draft tubes and diffuser
tubes
In reaction turbines, to
reduce the kinetic energy still
remaining in the water
leaving the runner a draft
tube or diffuser stands
between the turbine and the
tail race.
• A well-designed draft tube
allows, within certain limits,
the turbine to be installed
above the tailwater elevation
without losing any head.
China: the world’s hydropower leader
• Between 1950-1980,
an average of 600 dams
/ year were built in
China.
• Nearly one-half of
the world’s large dams
(22,000) are in China.
Electricity
Capacity generation
Rank Station Country Fuel type
(MW) per annum
(TWh)
1 Three Gorges Dam China 22,500 84.37 Hydroelectricity
Brazil
2 Itaipu Dam 14,000 94.69 Hydroelectricity
Paraguay
3 Guri Dam Venezuela 10,235 53.41 Hydroelectricity
4 Tucuruí Dam Brazil 8,370 21.4 Hydroelectricity
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclea Power
5 Japan 8,212 24.63 Nuclear
Plant
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Largest Hydroelectric power stations
Installed
Rank Name Country River Years of completion
Capacity (MW)
1 Three Gorges Dam People's Republic of China Yangtze 22,500 2003/2012
2 Itaipu Dam Brazil Paraguay Paraná 14,000 1984/1991, 2003
3 Guri Venezuela Caroní 10,200 1978, 1986
4 Tucuruí Brazil Tocantins 8,370 1984
1942/1950, 1973,
5 Grand Coulee United States Columbia 6,809 1975/1980,
1984/1985
6 Longtan Dam People's Republic of China Hongshui 6,426 2007/2009
7 Krasnoyarskaya Russia Yenisei 6,000 1972
8 Robert-Bourassa Canada La Grande 5,616[ 1979/1981
9 Churchill Falls Canada Churchill 5,428 1971/1974
10 Bratskaya Russia Angara 4,500 1967
11 Laxiwa Dam People's Republic of China Yellow 4,200 2010
11 Xiaowan Dam People's Republic of China Mekong 4,200 2010
13 Ust Ilimskaya Russia Angara 3,840 1980
1985/1989,
13 Sayano Shushenskaya Russia Yenisei 3,840
2010/2014
15 Tarbela Dam Pakistan Indus 3,478 1976/1993
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Three Gorges Dam (China)
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THREE GORGES DAM
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Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)
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“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org
ITAIPU DAM
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Large-scale hydroelectric dams.
Hydropower to Electric Power
Electrical
Potential Energy
Energy
Electricity
Kinetic
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
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Turbines are turned by water.
That turning motion drives a
generator which produced electricity.
Classification of Hydro Turbines
• Reaction Turbines
– Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
– Totally immersed in water
– Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
– Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
• Impulse Turbines
– Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
– No pressure drop across turbines
– Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines
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Classification of Hydro Turbines
Impulse Turbine:
• The pressure of liquid does not change while flowing through the rotor
of the machine.
• In Impulse Turbines pressure change occur only in the nozzles of the
machine.
• One such example of impulse turbine is Pelton Wheel.
Reaction Turbine:
• The pressure of liquid changes while it flows through the rotor of the
machine.
• The change in fluid velocity and reduction in its pressure causes a
reaction on the turbine blades; this is where from the name Reaction
Turbine may have been derived.
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Hydraulic turbines…
Difference between Impulse and Reaction hydraulic turbines:
Sl.No. Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
e.g. Pelton turbine e.g. Kaplan & Francis turbines
4“
Banki and Crossflow
Impulse – sheet of water
Crossflow
Banki
Francis
Reaction Turbines
Submerged in the flow;
driven by the pressure differential
Kaplan
http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/francis.htm
http://www.toshiba.co.jp/f-ene/hydro/english/products/equipment/index01_2.htm
Turbine specific speed
• Turbines can be classified based on Specific Speed.
• Specific speed is defined as the speed in rpm of a geometrically similar
turbine, which is identical in shape, dimensions, blade angles and gate
openings with the actual turbine working under unit head and
developing unit power.
• Specific speed is used to compare the turbines and is denoted by Ns.
• Arch Dams
• Gravity Dams
• Arch-gravity Dams
• Embankment Dams
Arch Dams
Water Forces
Weight Forces
Water forces
Weight Forces
Tarbela Dam
High head
• Pelton and Turgo
Medium/High head
• Crossflow and Francis
Low head
• Kaplan, fixed pitch propeller
Cont…
iv) Based on specific speed
• A steam turbine is a
thermo-mechanical
device that extracts
thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and
converts it into rotary
motion.
Steam
• Steam is vapourized water. It is a transparent gas. At standard
temperature and pressure, pure steam (unmixed with air, but
in equilibrium with liquid water) occupies about 1,600 times
the volume of an equal mass of liquid water.
• There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, these states are identified
by number in the diagram to the right.
• Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the
fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy.
• Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at
constant pressure by an external heat source to become dry saturated
vapour.
• Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine,
generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the
vapour, and some condensation may occur.
• Process 4-1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is
condensed at a constant pressure and temperature to become a saturated
liquid. The pressure and temperature of the condenser is fixed by the
temperature of the cooling coils as the fluid is undergoing a phase-change.
T- s Diagram
Impulse & Reaction turbines
• In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form
convergent nozzles.
• This type of turbine also makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam
accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor.
• Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the
stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor.
• The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of
the blades.
• A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam
accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net
change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and
temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
Working of steam turbine based power plant
Mounting of a
steam turbine
produced by
Siemens
A rotor of a
modern steam
turbine, used in
a power plant
A modern steam turbine generator installation
Gas Turbine
• A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type
of internal combustion engine.
• It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a
downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between.
Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Brayton cycle
Brayton cycle
Simplistic Gas Turbines working principles
Nacelle
56 tons
Tower
3 sections
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17
12
12
1. Hub controller 11. Blade bearing
2. Pitch cylinder 12. Blade
3. Main shaft 13. Rotor lock system
4. Oil cooler 14. Hydraulic unit
5. Gearbox 15. Machine foundation
6. Top Controller 16. Yaw gears
7. Parking Break 17. Generator
8. Service crane 18. Ultra-sonic sensors
9. Transformer 19. Meteorological gauges
10. Blade Hub
Large Wind Turbines
• 450’ base to blade
• Each blade 112’
• Span greater than 747
• 163+ tons total
• Foundation 20+ feet deep
• Rated at 1.5 – 5 megawatt
• Supply at least 350 homes
Calculation of Wind Power
•Power
Power inWind
in the the wind
= ½ρAV3
Effect of air density,
– Effect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, V
R
Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) Area = r2 Instantaneous Speed
T - air temperature (K) (not mean speed)
kg/m3 m2 m/s
Wind Energy Natural
Characteristics
• Wind Speed
– Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed
– 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more
electricity
– 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity
• Height
– Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power
– 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity
Wind Energy Natural
Characteristics
• Air density
– Wind energy increases proportionally with air density
– Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates
– Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations
– Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level