Shrestha - Wikipedia

12/27/2018 Shresthas - Wikipedia
Shresthas
The Srēṣṭa or Shrēṣṭha (Nepali: े ) or (Nepal Bhasa: : Śeśyah or
Shresthas
Syaśya) is the second largest Newar caste-class group, occupying around 25%
of overall Newar population, or about 1.2% of Nepal’s total population.[2] It is Srēṣṭha े
believed that the word Srēṣṭha is derived from the Newar word Śeśyah, which Total population
itself is derivation of a Sanskrit word Sista meaning 'noble', although literal 25% of total Newar population; 1.2%
meaning of the word also translated to 'best or important.'[3] "Shrestha" itself of total Nepal population (2001
was later adopted as the specific family surname by members of this high-caste census)[1]
Hindu group, although there are over 50 other recognized surnames of
Regions with significant
Srēṣṭhas.[4]
populations
Prior to Nepal’s unification, Srēṣṭha was a collective high-status title given to Nepal, India
those Hindu clans referred to as 'Bhāju' (from Sanskrit bhadralok) who served
Languages
as the key non-Brahmin class of ruling, administrative and merchant class of
Nepal Bhasa, Nepali
the Malla courts. From within this broad Srēṣṭha groups are two distinct caste
groups. First, they count among them the high-caste aristocratic Kshatriyas, Religion
locally pronounced as Chatharīya, who are descended from the nobles and Hindu
courtiers of the Malla period and consist of the ruling, land-owning and literate
Related ethnic groups
Hindu caste group of the Nepal Mandala, which later formed the core of
Newar peoples; Indo-Aryan peoples;
government bureaucracy during the Shah and Rana period.[5] Second, Srēṣṭha
Kshatriya clans; Nepali people;
title is also attributed to the Pāñchthariya, who now mostly write their
Nepal Mandala peoples
surnames as 'Shrestha', who were historically the Hindu merchant clans of the
Valley, as opposed to the Buddhist merchant caste of Urāy. These
Pāñchthariyas have Vaishya status in the traditional varna framework.[6] Srēṣṭha group has also incorporated in it the
socially upward Jyapu farmers and other peasants especially outside the Valley as a means of the Sanskritisation process,
although their status is not accepted by the upper-level Srēṣṭha castes.
Contents
Religion and Caste status
Patrons of the society as Newar Kṣatriyas
‘Srēṣṭha’ in Modern Times
Srēṣṭha sub-caste groups
Chatharīya
Pāñchthariya
‘Shrestha’ surname popularity
Notable Srēṣṭhas
Politics and Civil Leadership
Business & Trade
Literature & Arts
Music & Contemporary Culture
Agriculture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shresthas#Agriculture 1/9
References
Religion and Caste status

In traditional Hindu Newar society, the Srēṣṭha caste ranks second to the priestly Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman in ritual
hierarchy.[7] In the Malla era, together with the Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman priests, the Sréṣṭhas controlled key posts of the
administration and gained vested interest in the land by acquiring feudal rights over holdings. As descending from the
noble houses of the Malla courts, the Kshatriya-status Chatharīyas are second in line in the traditional caste-bound view,
their social superiority evidenced through their strict endogamous marriage relations within Chatharīyas, disallowing
marriages with the Pāñchthariya-status Srēṣṭhas and other lower groups. Similarly, they have historically been strict
adherents of the Brahmānic social norms and rituals (like following the custom of Upanayana, performing the Śrāddha
ceremony, and being much closer to the mainstream North-Indian Hindu virtues in comparison to other Newars). They
have also maintained their higher-status through dining restrictions, as they do not partake cooked rice from the hands of
anyone except their Chatharīya-status clans and/or the Brāhmans, suggesting their higher-caste status than all other
Newars. The Pāñchthariyas, although are lower in rank to the Chatharīyas, nonetheless have socio-cultural and religious
affinities with them and as the chief materially-endowed trading caste group, enjoy a considerable position of high-status
in the eyes of other Newar castes. Both the Srēṣṭha caste groups are traditionally Hindus, often termed as Sivamargi in
local parlance. However, there are few exceptions to this norm; few notable families like the Pradhān aristocrats of
Bhagavan Bahāl in Thamel[8] and Amatyas of Indrachok have been traditional patrons of Buddhist viharas and temples,
suggesting reverence towards Buddhist shrines as well.
Patrons of the society as Newar Kṣatriyas

The particular position of the dominant caste that Srēṣṭhas hold in relation to religious, cultural and spatial organization of
the Newars can be viewed through their traditional occupational work as the patron caste to all other caste groups, most
importantly as patrons to their Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman priests. Among Hindu Newars, as in traditional Hindu societies,
the position of Srēṣṭhas, particularly of the Kșatriya-status Chatharīyas, in the society can be viewed through the
dichotomy between their role as the sacrificer who organizes religious functions, the yajamāna, to the Brāhman priest
who performs the solemn rituals. Like other North Indian societies, this dichotomy is between the Brāhman and the
Kṣatriya.[9] The former is the specialist of ritual Vedic texts, the guardian of the sacred science, the repository of the
knowledge of the dharma, the ultimate authority on religious affairs. The latter represents the king, the warriors, the
military and administrators, and he has a peculiar affinity with all matters pertaining to material goods, and economic or
political action. It is his duty to perform his dharma, his duties as the provider and protector of the Brāhman, his society
and his nation. Their relationship is complimentary; a priest must have a patron, a patron must have a priest. This
quintessential Brahmānic Hindu tradition is the basis of which in local Newar customs, the Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman is
given superior status to the Kșatriya Srēṣṭha even though the societal functions entirely depend on the Srēṣṭha's role as
patrons.[10]
The dichotomy between the patron-patronized relationship that defines the functional role of the Srēṣṭha extends beyond
the Brāhman. Although in terms of ritual purity, the Brāhmans rank above Kșatriyas, they represent transcendental
values, not local ones. It is the Kșatriyas, i.e. the Srēṣṭhas, who are the paradigmatic Newars on the traditional caste-bound
view.[11] This places Srēṣṭhas as the central caste of the entire Newar society. All other castes revolve around they, as they
preside over as the patron of all other caste groups. In many traditional socio-religious events or festivals (jatras), they act
as chief performer and leader of the rituals. Among the 'pure' castes, a Srēṣṭha invites the Brāhman to perform Vedic
rituals, the Karmācharya Achāju for Tantric rituals, Jyāpus to till his land, Nāu barbers to perform ritual cleaning,
Chitrakārs to paint his deities and house, the Tāmrākārs to make ritual utensils, Halwāis to make ritual confections, etc.
He also has to take the services of the 'impure' castes in historically purity definiling tasks; he utilises the Nāy/Khadgi
butchers to perform ritual sacrifices of animals to please the Gods and Goddesses, the Bhā/Karanjits funeral priests to
perform the "katto" death ritual of eating a portion of the skull, the Jogi/Kapāli to accept the offerings during the 13-day
mourning period after a death, etc.[12]
‘Srēṣṭha’ in Modern Times

Many belonging to Srēṣṭha caste began to adopt ‘Shrestha’ as their caste name as early as the 18th century. Srēṣṭhas are
considered to be the most educated caste. They are employed in various organizations, banks, schools, universities,
industries and other private sectors. Many of them also occupy high-ranking administrative positions at governmental and
non-governmental organizations.[13] They also rank among the most astute businessmen in Nepal.[14] Srēṣṭhas have also
traditionally been the patrons of various temples of the Valley, including the famous Pasupatinath temple where
traditionally Rājbhandārīs and Karmāchāryas serve as caretakers and assistant priests to the chief priest. Many Srēṣṭha
clans also act as chief patrons of various local deities and temples.[15]
Srēṣṭha sub-caste groups

Although to outsiders they remain as a single non-hierarchical group, to Srēṣṭha themselves there are two major divisions
within the caste which in theory and till recent times practiced caste-endogamy, non-commensality, dining restrictions,
and other caste-status denoting activities between each other.[16][17] Although researchers have found up to four broad
divisions, the two main historically categorized groups of the Srēṣṭha caste are: Chatharīya and Pāñchthariya.[18]
Chatharīya
The Chatharīya (छथ रय/ ीय) (also referred to as Chatharī or Chatharé) are regarded as the Newar aristocracy[19] and
contain several subgroups within the caste, which are now treated as ritually equal. The term Chatharīya is believed to be
the derivative of the word ‘Kshatriya’, the second varna of the traditional Hindu varnashrama comprising kings, warriors
and administrators. The Chatharīyas consider themselves as the Raghuvanshi Kṣatriya descendants of the Karnat king
Hari Simha Dev (14th century CE) and the entourage that came along with him to Kathmandu Valley with the attack of the
Tirhut kingdom by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq of Tughluq dynasty in 1324 CE.[20] The presence of notable present-day
Chatharīya clan titles non-indigenous to the Newars that are still prevalent among the present-day Rajputs of India has
been suggested as evidence of the Chatharīya's claim to their ancestry. The Rajput clans that have been transformed as
surnames among the Chatharīyas include Raghuvanshi, Rawal, Raithor, Chauhan, Chandel, and Hada.[21] Similarly,
presence of notable Bengali clans Raya, Baidya and Kayastha among Chatharīya also suggests that today's Newar
Chatharīya caste is a result of the amalgamation of mostly Kṣatriya, or equivalent status, clans of heterogenous roots who
immigrated to Nepal and became the ruling elite of the Malla courts. Other evidences of their non-indigenous roots
compared to other Newar castes point out to their generally more defined Indic-Aryan roots; their Brahmanic traditions,
phenotype characteristics, and written historical genealogies.[22] Being absorbed in the Newar society, all these groups
retained their Kṣatriya varna-status while acquiring the local title of Srēṣṭha to the new populace. Although native speakers
of Maithili, which was spoken as the language of the Malla courts, they adopted the Newari language and customs over the
generations, and divided themselves among various sub-clans and new local names. At present, they are part of the larger
Newar nation, where they inter-marry with other Chatharīya status clans.[23]
The use of the word Chatharīya seems to have been derived only since the 16th/17th century from the attempts of few
powerful and highly influential Kṣatriya lineages of the time, like the Pradhān and Raithor nobles, to demarcate
themselves as a separate, higher group from other high-caste Srēṣṭhas. Notably, the Pradhāns of Patan were a very
powerful courtier clan which made and unmade Malla and early Shah kings on their whim. Throughout the centuries,
many clans have been 'included' or 'dropped' from Chatharīya status as a result of economic and social prowess or impure
and mixed-caste marriages respectively.[24] Although several other clans associated with the nobility of the late Malla court
were successful in integrating themselves into the Chatharīya fold, it is widely believed that a small number of families are
the 'original' Chatharīya clans.[25] Family names which demonstrate an alliance with the old Malla courts (post 14th
century) are commonly cited as evidence of this. These include Malla, the ritual kings and descendants of Mallas;
Amātya/Rathor, the ministers; Pradhān and Māhāpātra, the chief ministers and military chiefs; Rājbhandāri, the royal
treasurers and chamberlains; Kāyastha, the scribes; Rāj Lawat and Pātra Vaṃśh, of royal mixed descent;
Rājvaṃśī/Raghuvamśī, of royal lineage; Māské, royal functionaries; and Rāj Vaidhya, royal ayurvedic physicians. These
Chatharīya are unequivocal in their association with the Mallas and they claim descent of former rulers, and that many of
them have an ancestry tied to India.[26][27] Presently, they claim direct descent from the previous ruling dynasties of Malla,
Lichhavi, Karnat, among others.[28] This group also consist of the "fallen" Brahmins - Joshī, the astrologers; and
Karmāchārya, the Tantric priests - both of which once part of Rājopadhyāyā Brāhmin caste but due to their disregard of
Brahmanical percepts (like marrying non-Brahmin brides) are now “degraded” to Kshatriya status - are regarded as non-
Brahmins performing the duties of Hindu priests in the various shrines of the Valley.[29]
Chatharīyas differ from most Newars in that they, along with Rājopadhyāyā Brāhmans, are the only Newar castes entitled
to wear the sacred-thread (Jwanā/Janāi/Yajñopavītam) to mark their twice-born status.[30]
Surnames of Chatharīyas:[31] -
A अ – Amatya (अमा ) also called Mahaju (महाजु)

Bh भ – Bhadel** (भडे ल), Bharo (भारो)
CH च - Chandela (चंदेल), Chauhan (चौहान)
Dh ढ – Dhaubhadel (ढौभडे ल), Daiwagya (दै व ), Dwa ( ा)
G ग – Gonga: (गोँग), Guruwacharya (गु वाचाय), Gorkhaly (गोखाली)
H ह – Hada (हाडा)
J ज – Joshi (जोशी), Jonchhe (जोँछे)
K क – Kasaju (कसजु), Kayastha (काय थ), Karmacharya** (कमाचाय)
Kh ख – Khyargoli ( ग ली), Khwakhali ( खली)
L ल- Lakhey (लाखे), Lacoul (लकौल), Layeku (लएकु)
M म- Malla (म ), Munankarmi (मुनंकम ), Mulepati (मुलेपती), Maskey (मा े ), Malekoo (मलेकू), Mathema (माथेमा), Mool
(मूल), Mahapatra(महापा ), Mulmi(मु ी)
O व - WantOnta (ओ ), Ojhathanchhe (ओझथंछेँ)
P प - Pradhananga ( धाना ), Pradhan ( धान) also called Pamahju (पमाजु), Patrabansh (पा बंश), Piya (िपया), Palikhe
(पािलखे)
R र – Rajbhandari (राजभ ारी), Raya (राय), Rajbanshi (राजबंशी), Raghuvanshi (रघुबंशी), Rawal (रावल), Raithor (राइठौर),
Rajbaidya (राजवै ), Rajlawat** (राजलवट)
S स – Sainju (सजु), Shrestha** ( े )
T त – Talchabhadel (ता चाभडे ल), Timila (ितमीला)
Th थ- Thaiba (थैव), Thakoo(थकू)**
V व – Vaidya (वै ), Varman (बमन)
** Also belonging to Pancthariya sub-clans
Pāñchthariya
The Pāñchthariya (or called Panchthari/Panchthare) are less elevated but along with Chatharīya form the other half of the
larger Srēṣṭha caste. While the Chatharīya were the aristocrats and administrators in Malla society, the Pāñchthariya’s
traditional occupations have been mostly in trade and business.[32] Together with their high-caste Buddhist merchants
counterparts, the Urāy (Tuladhars and others), they were the primary carriers of trade between Nepal and Tibet till the
1950s. With modern times, many Pāñchthariya families adopted the name ‘Shrestha’ as their common surname instead of
their traditional and archaic family-names.[33] But this group also has had an influx of Jyapus and other lower castes who
claim the status of Shrestha by changing their surnames.[34][35] Believed to be of Vaishya origin, well-renowned and
traditional Pāñchthariya families include -
sweetmakers Madhika:mi(मािध:कम ); metal-workers Nyāchhyoñ( ाछोँ); money-lenders and tenants Kācchipati(कािछपती);

traditional merchant clan Shahukahala (शा खल); others include Bhaju (भाजु), Deoju (दे उजु), Nāeju (नायजु), Chhipi (िछपी),
Bhocchibhoya (भोिचभोया), Duwal (दु वल), Singh (िसंह), Sakhakarmi (साख:कम ), Syāyabaji ( ाबजी). These and other general
traders and mercantile groups have now simply adopted their caste name "Shrestha( े )".[36]
Among the Pāñchthariyas also include the Karmachāryā or ‘Achaju(आचजु)’, who unlike in Kathmandu and Patan, is
regarded as the highest segment of Pāñchthariya caste in Bhaktapur.[37] In Kathmandu this group also include the
descendants of the pre-Malla era Vaishya-Thakuri dynasty who stylise themselves as Thakoo(थकू). In Bhaktapur, this
group consists of 'degraded' Malla-status groups with surnames Malla Lawat(म लवट), who are the descendants of
Ranajit Malla (1722–1769) and one of his mistresses.
‘Shrestha’ surname popularity

Unlike other Newar castes, the surname "Shrestha" is found in every district of Nepal.[38] One of the reasons behind it is
the adoption of Shrestha as one’s surname once a family belonging to any of the Newar caste moves to settle far off places
from the Kathmandu Valley. Shrestha surname is equated to all the Newars in the areas outside of Kathmandu Valley.[39]
Other castes like Sakya, Vajracharya, Prajapati, Jyapu and Jogi all adopted Shrestha as their caste name. Similarly, cross
breed children begot from a Newar and any other caste/ethnicity also adopted Shrestha as their caste name.[40] Many
lower castes have also adopted the name, Shrestha; the status they then assume tends to be expressed in the traditional
idiom i.e., one moves up to a higher hierarchic (ascribed) position like well-to-do Jyapus assuming the name ‘Shrestha’.[41]
Similarly, outside Nepal, for instance in Darjeeling and Sikkim, almost all the Newars used ‘Pradhān’, another high-caste
Srēṣṭha surname, as their common name.[42] The Newars of Nepal however see the status and purity of these Pradhan
from Sikkim and Darjeeling with doubt as they do with the Shrestha of Nepal.[43]
Notable Srēṣṭhas
Politics and Civil Leadership

Ganesh Man Singh - "Father of Democracy"; leader of Nepali Congress
Marich Man Singh Shrestha - Prime Minister of Nepal, 1986–90
Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari - Acting Prime Minister of Nepal, 1970–71
Ganga Lal Shrestha - One of the four famous Martyrs of Nepal
Dharma Bhakta Mathema - One of the four famous Martyrs of Nepal
Shukraraj Shastri (Joshi) - One of the four famous Martyrs of Nepal
Tulsi Mehar Shrestha - Known as the Mahatma Gandhi of Nepal for his social service.
Sahana Pradhan - Politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2007–08
Narayan Kaji Shrestha - Politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2011–12
Prakash Man Singh - Politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2014–15
Hari Prasad Pradhan - First Chief Justice of Nepal, 1951–58
Ram Prasad Shrestha - Chief Justice of Nepal, 2010–11
Om Bhakta Shrestha - Chief Justice of Nepal, 1997–98
Govinda Bahadur Shrestha - Chief Justice of Nepal, 2003–04
Kalyan Shrestha - Chief Justice of Nepal, 2015–2016

Pushpa Lal Shrestha - Founder of the Communist Party of Nepal
Narayan Man Bijukchhe - Founder of the Nepal Workers Peasants Party
Nara Bahadur Karmacharya - Founding member of Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre–Masal)
Krishna Mohan Shrestha - First Inspector General of Armed Police Force (Nepal)
Kosh Raj Onta - Inspector General of Armed Police Force (Nepal)
Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan - Inspector General of Police (Nepal)
Pradyuma Lal Rajbhandari - Nepal Rastra Bank Governor, 1965–66
Satyendra Pyara Shrestha - Nepal Rastra Bank Governor, 1995-00
Business & Trade

Indra Bhakta Shrestha - Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Founder and Chairman
Suraj Vaidya - Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Chairman
Ambica Shrestha - Prominent hotelier
Piyush Bahadur Amatya - Prominent hotelier
Gopal Sunder Lal Kakshapati - Prominent businessman
Literature & Arts

Siddhidas Mahaju (Amatya)- One of the Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa
Jagat Sundar Malla - One of the Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa
Siddhi Charan Shrestha - "Yuga Kavi", Prominent Literary Figure of Nepal
Rebati Ramanananda Shrestha (Vaidya)- Literary figure
Durga Lal Shrestha - Literary figure
Satya Mohan Joshi - Literary figure; Chancellor of Nepal Bhasa Academy
Hridayachandra Singh Pradhan- Literary figure
Hora Prasad Joshi - Founding member, Nepali Congress
Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan - Literary figure
Chandra Man Singh Maskey - Leading Contemporary Artist
Music & Contemporary Culture

Narayan Gopal Guruwacharya- "Swar Samrat"; Prominent Singer
Seturam Shrestha - First Nepalese musician, singer and composer
Nati Kaji Shrestha- Veteran Singer, Musician
Prem Dhoj Pradhan - Prominent Singer, Composer
Phatteman Rajbhandari - Prominent Singer, Composer
Madan Krishna Shrestha - Actor, Comic, Singer
Shiva Shrestha - Actor
Shree Krishna Shrestha - Actor
Namrata Shrestha - Actress, Model
Daya Vaidya - Hollywood Actress
Ayushman Joshi - Actor
Malina Joshi - Miss Nepal World 2011
Shristi Shrestha - Miss Nepal World 2012 Top 20 finalist
Ishani Shrestha - Miss Nepal World 2013 Beauty with a Purpose winner
Asmi Shrestha -Miss Nepal 2016
Gyanendra Malla - Current Vice-captain of the Nepal national cricket team
Nawayug Shrestha -Nepali football player
Moni Mulepati - First non-Sherpa Nepalese woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest
Agriculture
Jiban Shrestha -Scientist, Editor at Nepal Agricultural Research Council
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34. Quigley, D. (1995). "Sresthas: Heterogeneity among Hindu Patron Lineages" (University of Cambridge).
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41. Pickett, Mary (30 Dec 2013). Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal.
Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 978-9745241367.
42. Subba, J. R. (2011). History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim. New Delhi, India: Gyan Publishing House. p. 418.
ISBN 8121209641.
43. Shrestha, Bal Gopal. "Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha". https://www.academia.edu/1434675/CastesAmong
Newars_Status_of_Shrestha. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research. External link in |website= (help); Missing or
empty |url= (help)
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12/27/2018 Shresthas - Wikipedia

Religion and Caste status

Patrons of the society as Newar Kṣatriyas

‘Srēṣṭha’ in Modern Times

Srēṣṭha sub-caste groups

A अ – Amatya (अमा ) also called Mahaju (महाजु)

sweetmakers Madhika:mi(मािध:कम ); metal-workers Nyāchhyoñ( ाछोँ); money-lenders and tenants Kācchipati(कािछपती);

‘Shrestha’ surname popularity

Politics and Civil Leadership

Kalyan Shrestha - Chief Justice of Nepal, 2015–2016

Business & Trade

Literature & Arts

Music & Contemporary Culture

22. Fisher, James F. "Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface" (http://web.comhem.se/~u18515267/CHAPTE

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shresthas&oldid=875458359"

This page was last edited on 26 December 2018, at 18:39 (UTC).

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