energy management

by
AP Tanveer Ahmed
 introduction
 energy management (EM):
 an activity to optimize the use of energy by avoiding waste or recovering unused
energy
 not just about implementing energy efficient technologies – it's also about people
 not by chance / incident / accident (it is a mission)
 it takes a truly holistic approach to its qualified professionals

 fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services

with the least cost and least environmental effect
 an energy manager's goal is to create a culture within an organization in which energy
efficiency becomes a regular feature

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 why energy management is important?
 energy management (EM):
 a key to save energy in the organization
 the global need to save energy
 necessity:
 limiting global climate change:
• reduce the damage to the planet (earth)
 limiting ozone depletion:
• about half of the CFC’s are associated with ozone depletion used in providing
energy services through refrigeration, air conditioning & manufacturing
 improving national security:
• reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels
• oil imports directly affect the energy security and balance of payments of
our country

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 why energy management is important?
 energy management (EM):
 a key to save energy in the organization
 the global need to save energy
 necessity:
 reduce risk:
• the more energy we consume, the greater the risk that energy price increases or
supply shortages could seriously affect the profitability or even make it impossible
for the business/organization to continue
• oil imports must be reduced to secure future (politically & economically)
• with energy management you can reduce this risk by reducing your demand for
energy and by controlling it so as to make it more predictable

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 the value of energy management
 energy management reduces the load on power plants
 less energy consumption means:
 less acid rain (produced from Sulphur Dioxide) for oil, gas & coal power plants
 less petroleum field development and subsequent on-site pollution
 less thermal pollution
 less CFC usage and reduced ozone depletion in the stratosphere
 the list could go on-------,but

the bottom line is that energy management helps

improve environmental quality

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 the value of energy management
 significant energy and monetary savings are available through energy management
 most facilities (manufacturing plants, schools, hospitals, office buildings and others) can
save:
 low cost: saving 5 to 15%
 moderate cost: 15 to 30%
 high cost: 30 to 50%

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 objectives of energy management
 the primary objective of energy management is to maximize profits, minimize costs &
minimize environmental effects due to fossil fuel usage
 sub-objectives:
 improving energy efficiency and reducing energy use, thereby reducing costs
 cultivating good communications on energy matters
 developing and maintaining effective monitoring, reporting & management
strategies for wise energy usage
 developing interest & dedication to the energy management

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 objectives of energy management
 to conclude, energy management is vital to:
 national security
 environmental welfare &
 economic productivity

energy management is a tool to help organizations, to meet the critical (short & long
term) objectives for their survival & success

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 energy management
 industrial perspective of energy management:
 main operating costs of any industry includes:
• energy (both electrical & thermal)
• labor &
• materials

 in case of relative potential for cast savings-----

the energy would invariably emerge as a top contender

thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction

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 energy conservation vs energy efficiency
 energy conservation: refers to the efforts made to reduce energy consumption

switch off: don’t turn the heating/

leave on standby AC notch down

 energy efficiency: refers to save energy by adopting more efficient means

Technology

Input/output 40W/500 lm 11 W/500lm 4 W/500lm

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stand-by power consumption

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 energy conservation vs energy efficiency
 a win-win solution
 energy end-user
• energy cost savings
• increased productivity & improved quality
• commercial competitiveness
 nation
• investment avoided
• conservation of resources and reduced energy imports
• improved energy security
 global environment
• lower GHG and other emissions

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 energy pyramid concept

energy conservation focuses on changing people’s

behavior to use energy in a more efficient manner
• turning off lights when not needed
• setting thermostats to lower settings
• keeping windows shut & shades drawn during
hot summer days
• making sure air conditioning & heating
filters are cleaned regularly
• unplugging appliances & electronics when
not in use

energy conservation behavioral changes can be made for little or no cost. the cheapest
KWh is the one you never use tanveer ahmed
 energy pyramid concept

energy efficiency involves:

• using advanced & state-of-the-art technologies
• getting the most productivity from every unit of
energy
• getting the desired energy services:
o comfortable homes
o profitable businesses
o convenient transportation with:
 less energy use
 less air pollution &
 at lower total cost
• using energy wisely & eliminating energy
waste

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 energy pyramid concept

energy demand:
• involves shifting energy usage when possible to
period with less demand on the energy distribution
system
• energy demand considerations are mostly
applicable to electricity

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 energy pyramid concept

renewable energy:
• RE technologies should be installed only after
measures for energy conservation, energy
efficiency & demand management have been fully
implemented

renewable energy “is the peak of the pyramid tanveer ahmed

 energy management strategies
 for energy conservation & efficiency, energy audit is the most formal procedure to
identify what, when & how energy is used in the building & it is the first step to improve
the energy efficiency of buildings by identifying opportunities to reduce energy
consumption

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 energy management strategies
 short-term
 emphasize on energy conservation
• optimum use of existing equipment and facilities
 undertake preliminary energy audit
• define the overall system to be analyzed
• collect baseline data for benchmarking of energy use
• assign costs to waste streams and obvious energy wastage
• identify important areas for improving energy efficiency

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 energy management strategies
 medium-term
 undertake detailed energy audit
• conduct energy balance in specific areas
• identify technical options to improve energy efficiency
• assess the economic viability of the technical options
• select suitable options and develop implementation plan
 carry out implementation
• choose the most suitable financing option
• select suitable supplier and contractor
• include instrumentation for post-installation monitoring & evaluation
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 energy management strategies
 long-term
 plan expansion or new facility
• consider energy efficiency at the designing stage
• adopt an overall approach (demand & supply)
• select the most appropriate energy-mix
• define measurement and monitoring protocol

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 strategic approach for energy management
 top management commitment & support
 assessing energy performance
 setting performance goals
 developing action plan
 implementing action plan
 evaluating progress
 recognizing achievements

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 strategic approach for energy management
 top management commitment & support
 institute an energy policy
• contents: top management commitment & middle management involvement;
statement of objectives with short & long-term goals
 appoint an energy manager
• responsibility: set target, monitor progress & promote energy management
program
 form a dedicated energy team
• tasks: execute energy management activities in different departments and
integrate best practices
 allocate manpower & funds to achieve continuous improvement

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 strategic approach for energy management
 assessing energy performance
 data collection & management
• collect data by determining appropriate level of detail
• account for all energy sources & document all energy uses
• collect facility & operational data
 establishing baseline & benchmarking
• determine starting point to measure progress
• compare the energy performance of facilities with industry average & best
practices
 conducting technical assessment & audits
• assemble audit team
• plan & develop audit strategy
• determine improvement potential & summary report with action plan

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 strategic approach for energy management
 setting performance goals
 determining scope of performance goals
• organizational level
• facility level
• process or equipment level
 establishing appropriate & realistic target dates
• short-term goals of tracking & reporting progress
• long-term organization-specific goals
 estimating potential for improvement
• review performance data (baseline, benchmark, best practices etc)
• review technical assessments & audits
• compare goals of similar organizations

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 strategic approach for energy management
 developing action plan
 defining technical steps & targets
• evaluate technical assessments & audit results
• identify steps necessary for upgrading the current performances
• create performance targets to achieve goals
• set timeline for action
• establish a system for tracking & monitoring progress
 determining roles & resources
• get agreement from management & all organization areas affected by action plan
• determine the internal roles & responsibilities
• determine resource needs

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 strategic approach for energy management
 implementing action plan
 creating a communication plan
• develop communications strategies for raising awareness
• increase general awareness through new employee orientation program & poster
campaigns
• improve facility energy awareness by disseminating general facility facts & figures,
energy performance of equipment or processes
• increase awareness of managers to build support for energy management
initiatives
 building capacity
• train staff so they understand the importance of energy performance
• develop knowledge and management information systems

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 strategic approach for energy management
 evaluating progress
 tracking & monitoring
• perform regular updates of relevant data (daily, weekly, monthly)
• conduct periodic reviews of progress to meet interim
• identify necessary corrective actions
 benchmarking
• compare energy performance to baselines, established goals and to peers &
competitors
 reviewing action plan
• understand what went well and what did not (to identify best practices) and get
feedback and ideas on the plan
• assess changes in employee and organization awareness of energy issues
• identify crucial factors for surpassing or missing targets

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 strategic approach for energy management
 recognizing achievements
 providing recognition for energy management achievements
• recognize accomplishments of individual & teams
• establish recognition criteria (best energy savings ideas, greatest energy use
reduction, increased savings by quantified amount etc)
• determine types of recognition (acknowledgements, certificates & awards, salary
increase and cash bonuses, etc)
 getting external recognition
• recognition from third parties can validate the organization’s energy
management program

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 energy audit
 energy audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of
energy management
 an energy audit is a package of services that delivers the following benefits to
customers:
 educates & creates awareness regarding energy usage and conservation opportunities
 provides customers with recommendations which will increase the comfort, health,
safety and prolong the durability of the property along with minimum energy
consumption
 helps protect the environment by reducing waste, pollution & carbon footprint

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 energy audit
 energy audit classification
 preliminary
 detailed
 type of energy audit depends on
 function & type of enterprise
 potential & magnitude of cost reduction desired
 why conduct periodic energy audits?
 escalation of energy costs
 changes in the relative costs of different fuels
 modifications in the production process
 degradation in equipment or process performance with time

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 preliminary energy audit
 preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through
audit, is the simplest & quickest type of audit
 preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
 establish energy consumption in the organization
 estimate the scope for saving
 identify the most likely & the easiest areas for attention
 identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
 set a “reference point”
 identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
 preliminary energy audit uses existing or easily obtained data

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 preliminary energy audit
 objectives:
 provide orientation on the overall energy use and its cost
 track the way energy is used in the different areas
 recognize problems related to energy use
 identify obvious opportunities for energy savings

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 preliminary energy audit
 implementation steps:
 list of data needed
• use of well-designed and formatted forms for gathering of relevant data
 collect relevant data
• study records of production statistics, utility bills etc
• obtain site drawings, lay-out details, process flow diagrams and inventory of high-
energy consuming equipment & devices
• interview senior management, personnel from different department (production,
utility, o&m, finance etc)
• walk-through assessment of the plant & facilities

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 preliminary energy audit
 implementation steps:
 analyze & evaluate the data
• establish the past trend, conduct historical reviews
• develop energy consumption indices and highlight the relative importance of the
different forms of energies
• draw conclusions regarding the operating conditions and the scope for
modifications
• identify missing data and the lack of metering devices
 prepare an action plan
• produce a list of measures to be immediately implemented
• recommend measures that need further and more detailed investigations
• define the scope of detailed energy audit and resources needed (manpower,
funding, instrumentation etc)
• conduct brief internal meetings and awareness programs

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 preliminary energy audit
 examples of obvious energy saving opportunities
 leak of fuel or working fluids (steam, chilled water, compressed air etc)
 heat losses or gains through poorly insulated surfaces
 idle running of equipment
 level of lighting, heating or cooling exceeding the actual requirements
 faulty installation of equipment
 poorly adjusted burners
 high pressure drops due to excessive bends and dirty filters
 defective metering or control system etc

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 building/facility information
• complete address
• audit duration start/end dates
• contact person name (cell contact etc)
• availability of structural/electrical/furniture layout plans
• any building modifications or changes anticipated in coming 2-3 years
• does the institution have an ongoing energy management program (details)
• findings of past energy/electrical audits
• name of the electric utility authority
• is the building rented for short period or owned with complete ownership or
leased on long-term basis

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 building/facility information
• floor-wise building information/details
• floor-wise activities (staff details)
• staff nature of jobs
• building occupancy in 10.00 am, 12.00 pm, 6.00 pm, 10.00 pm (night)
• assessment of PFI (power factor indicator) panels
• ceiling height
• building wall types (glass/brick with windows/insulated/any other)

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 building/facility information
• prepare a site sketch of building or complex which shows the following
information:
o relative location and outline of the building
o building age/general building condition
o building size
o fuel type
o location of heating and cooling units
o heating plants
o central cooling system
o north orientation arrow

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 electrical
• number of connections (along with meter and reference numbers)
• total sanctioned load in KW/KVA
• last 12 months electricity bills with marking of targeted load (showing peak/off-
peak hours, KVA drawn, power factor value etc)
• power factor panel installed (condition working/non-working)
• identification of already installed VFDs
• surge and protection (voltage spikes protection)
• identification of AC flow motors and measurement of its starting and running
amperes

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 load measurement
• voltage measurement
• load measurement of servers
• load measurement of main power supplies at different timings
o morning between 10 to 11 hours
o lunch time between 13 to 14.30 hours
o late evening between 21 to 22 hours
• floor wise load measurement
o lighting
o AC units
o UPS

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 gensets:
• make, model, sizes (KVA)
• data collection of gensets
o fuel purchase data
o copies of daily log sheets (operational log sheets showing kwh, hours, timings
and reason of generator start)
• service maintenance log sheet
• fuel tank sizes (internal & external)

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 HVAC:
• make, model and capacity
• preparation of complete inventory of AC units
• preparation of complete inventory of heating equipment (boilers/electric heaters)
• starting/running load of AC units
• identification of boilers (for winter season)
• controls of AC units
• service maintenance log sheet

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 lifts:
• make, model, motor sizes
• measurement of starting/running amperes of lifts

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 illumination:
• lighting type
o incandescent
o flourescent
o mercury vapour
o high pressure sodium
o low pressure sodium
o metal halide
• amperes measurement of lights
• illumination inventory
• lighting controls
• lux levels measurement (near windows as well as deep inside the building)

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 preliminary energy audit
 generic checklist:
 IT and non-IT appliances
• load measurement of servers/data centres
• IT equipment inventory (with phase wise distribution)
• non-IT appliances inventory
 identification of food preparation equipment:
• ranges
• infra-red warmer microwaves
• mixers
• freezers
• frying tables
• dishwashers
• hoods w/exhaust fans etc

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 preliminary energy audit
 convection, conduction and radiation
 insulation R value:
 windows:
• single pane = R - 1
• double pane= R - 2
• triple pane = R - 3

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 units
 BTU:
 British thermal unit is a traditional unit of energy equal to about 1,055 joules
 it is approximately the amount of energy needed to heat 1 pound (0.454 kg) of
water to 1°F
 KWH:
 kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 KW) of power
expended for one hour (1 h) of time
 tons of refrigeration (TR):
 typically, commercial and industrial refrigeration systems are rated in tons of
refrigeration (TR)
 historically, one TR was defined as the energy removal rate that will freeze one ton
of water at 0°C (32°F) in one day

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