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AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8618 Spring 2019

Course: School Leadership (8618)

Semester: Spring, 2019

Level: B.Ed (1.5 Year)

Assignment No.1

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Q. 1 What do you understand by the term Management and Leadership? Discuss the need and

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scope of leadership in detail. Explain different levels of leadership in detail.

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Answer:

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Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or
organization to “lead” or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. Specialist
literature debates various viewpoints, contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership,
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and also (within the West) United States versus European approaches. U.S. academic
environments define leadership as “a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the
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aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”. Studies of leadership have
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produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and
values, charisma, and intelligence, among others.
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The words “leader” and “manager” are among the most commonly used words in business and are
often used interchangeably. But have you ever wondered what the terms actually mean?
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What Do Managers Do?

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A manager is the member of an organization with the responsibility of carrying out the four
important functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. But are all
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managers’ leaders? Most managers also tend to be leaders, but only IF they also adequately carry
out the leadership responsibilities of management, which include communication, motivation,
providing inspiration and guidance, and encouraging employees to rise to a higher level of
productivity. Unfortunately, not all managers are leaders. Some managers have poor leadership
qualities, and employees follow orders from their managers because they are obligated to do so—
not necessarily because they are influenced or inspired by the leader.

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Managerial duties are usually a formal part of a job description; subordinates follow as a result of
the professional title or designation. A manager’s chief focus is to meet organizational goals and
objectives; they typically do not take much else into consideration. Managers are held responsible
for their actions, as well as for the actions of their subordinates. With the title comes the authority
and the privilege to promote, hire, fire, discipline, or reward employees based on their
performance and behavior.

What Do Leaders Do?

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The primary difference between management and leadership is that leaders don’t necessarily hold
or occupy a management position. Simply put, a leader doesn’t have to be an authority figure in
the organization; a leader can be anyone.

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Unlike managers, leaders are followed because of their personality, behavior, and beliefs. A leader
personally invests in tasks and projects and demonstrates a high level of passion for work. Leaders

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take a great deal of interest in the success of their followers, enabling them to reach their goals to

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satisfaction—these are not necessarily organizational goals.

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There isn’t always tangible or formal power that a leader possesses over his followers. Temporary
power is awarded to a leader and can be conditional based on the ability of the leader to
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continually inspire and motivate their followers.

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Subordinates of a manager are required to obey orders while following is optional when it comes
to leadership. Leadership works on inspiration and trust among employees; those who do wish to
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follow their leader may stop at any time. Generally, leaders are people who challenge the status
quo. Leadership is change-savvy, visionary, agile, creative, and adaptive.
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Are The Traits A Manager Possesses?

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Below are four important traits of a manager.

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1 The ability to execute a Vision: Managers build a strategic vision and break it down into a
roadmap for their team to follow.

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2 The ability to Direct: Managers are responsible for day-to-day efforts while reviewing necessary
resources and anticipating needs to make changes along the way.

3 Process Management: Managers have the authority to establish work rules, processes,
standards, and operating procedures.

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4 People Focused: Managers are known to look after and cater to the needs of the people they are
responsible for: listening to them, involving them in certain key decisions, and accommodating
reasonable requests for change to contribute to increased productivity.

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What Are The Traits A Leader Possesses?

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Below are five important traits of a leader.

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1 Vision: A leader knows where they stand, where they want to go and tend to involve the team in
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charting a future path and direction.
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2 Honesty and Integrity: Leaders have people who believe them and walk by their side down the
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path the leader sets.

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3 Inspiration: Leaders are usually inspirational—and help their team understand their own roles in
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a bigger context.
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4 Communication Skills: Leaders always keep their team informed about what’s happening, both
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present and the future—along with any obstacles that stand in their way.
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5 Ability to Challenge: Leaders are those that challenge the status quo. They have their own style
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of doing things and problem-solving and are usually the ones who think outside the box.

The Three Important Differences

Being a manager and a leader at the same time is a viable concept. But remember, just because
someone is a phenomenal leader it does not necessarily guarantee that the person will be an

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exceptional manager as well, and vice versa. So, what are the standout differences between the
two roles?

1 A leader invents or innovates while a manager organizes.

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The leader of the team comes up with the new ideas and kickstarts the organization’s shift or

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transition to a forward-thinking phase. A leader always has his or her eyes set on the horizon,
developing new techniques and strategies for the organization. A leader has immense knowledge

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of all the current trends, advancements, and skillsets—and has clarity of purpose and vision. By

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contrast, a manager is someone who generally only maintains what is already established. A
manager needs to watch the bottom line while controlling employees and workflow in the
organization and preventing any kind of chaos.
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In his book, The Wall Street Journal Essential Guide to Management: Lasting Lessons from the Best
Leadership Minds of Our Time, Alan Murray cites that a manager is someone who “establishes
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appropriate targets and yardsticks, and analyzes, appraises and interprets performance.”
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Managers understand the people they work with and know which person is the best fit for a
specific task.
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2 A manager relies on control whereas a leader inspires trust

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A leader is a person who pushes employees to do their best and knows how to set an appropriate
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pace and tempo for the rest of the group. Managers, on the other hand, are required by their job
description to establish control over employees which, in turn, help them develop their own
assets to bring out their best. Thus, managers have to understand their subordinates well to do
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their job effectively.

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AIOU Solved Assignments 1 Code 8618 Spring 2019

Q. 2 Discuss the future of Educational leadership in global perspective in detail.

Answer:

Only one leadership style actually derived from education; Instructional leadership. It was organic
in that researchers wanted to find out how certain urban (often low-economic, high minority)

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schools were having success. They went in and “identified” the traits of the leaders, and coined it
“instructional leadership” (it should be noted that much of the research isolated the
transformational traits exhibited by the leaders). This was in the mid 1960s. Prior to this, extensive
research had not been done on actual educational leadership. The instructional leadership model
dominated for at least 15 yrs after. Then came the massive shift to transformational.

Transformational, transactional, servant, shared and all other leadership styles derived from
research conducted in the corporate worlds. The various successes demonstrated by the extensive
research made each style a target for possible implementation into the educational field.

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However, after a 30 yr period of attempting to finance research, training and implementation a
shift BACK to instructional leadership was championed, along with multiple variations and hybrids.

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Today, the “trend” is shared/instructional leadership.

Bottom line is, educational leadership, like education itself, is contextual. What works perfectly in

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one school, may not in another. However, research suggests that when a educational leader

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possess transformational and instructional leadership skills (really they are damn near
synonymous; Transformational is “what the leader does” and Instructional is “how they do it)
school environments improve, teachers feel empowered and student success is increased.
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Sadly, there continues to be debate about which leadership style is best (even with almost 6
decades of research available). So because of this debate educational leadership programs flip-
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flop with preparatory curriculums, districts shift with the latest “fad” and schools suffer. But
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hopefully more people such as yourself will continue to inquire, probe, interpret data and shed
further light on the topic.
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It is no news that leadership as a word can be very and as a matter of fact extremely diffucult to
define. Therefore rather than giving it a direct and most likely unfouded definition, it would be
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much better to gain an understanding of what exactly it entails by deriving a conclusion after
putting into consideration several profound definitions.
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Wikipedia decribes“Leadership as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist
the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”.
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It goes futher to give the description of Alan Keith, who thinks “leadership is ultimately about
creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen”.
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A third and even simpler definition descrides leadership as influencing a group of people to
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achieve a common goal.

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From these three definitions of leadership, it is therefore fair to conclude or sum up that
Leadership firstlyis a word that cannot be meaningful in isolation and it’s difficult to explain the
meaning without followership. Thus in summarazing the need for social influence, support and
achieving a common goal, Leadership for this particular paper work can therefore be described as
the “process” with which a Leader(an Individual or team) sets out to achieve the common goal of a
set of people by the use of social influence.

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In an attempt to gain a clearer image of what truly leadership encompasses, one can take to mind
very simple and common life examples of how very little things act as leaders. The door to a house
for example is the one legitimate way through which the beauties and qualities of a house’s
interior can be explored. In the same light, a leader is the way through which the hidden qualities
and beauties of a given set of people determined to achieve a common goal can be explored. This
house might be a one bedroom apartment, probably a 7 bedroom mansion or even a 15 bedroom
palace, whichever or whatever it is, it’s outrightly undebateble that without a way(the door)
inside, no one can get to see what treasures this house holds. This is the very same reason why

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doors exist right from the paper plan of the house. Yet again, so also does a leader serve as the
entrance and the medium that guides his followers to achieve their common goal.

With the use of such a simple and direct illustration of Leadership as being the “WAY”, one can

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easily misconcept leadership to very simple, direct and straight to the point. But in real case
scenario, it can prove to be slightly more complicated than the door that opens the way to

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beautiful treasures. When for example one takes a look at a Primary educational institutions, a
primary school to be precise, one can experience and gain an even better understanding of how

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the process of leadership actually unfolds. The principal or the school director is seen as a leader
of this particular institution. Coupled with this overall leader are the sub leaders, which comprise
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of the Vice Principal or Deputy Director, the Head of departments, the Class Teachers the Subject
Teachers and even the Class heads, Class monitors or Class prefects as the case may be, all of
which are leaders in their own jurisdiction.While being leaders, in so many different ways, these
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authorities also happen to be learning. As message and intructions are passed on from the director
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to his Vice, a lesson or two is also taken on how to ensure efficiency is paramount. Ultimately, we
can derive that the efforts and level of organisation of all this leaders plays a very important role
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in seeing to it that learning as a process takes place, this learning can be either direct or indirect.

In an organisation such as a primary school, there is a serious and despirate need for efficiency in
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all endeavours and changes need to occur for progress to me made. Changes such as the
development of the teaching skills available, the receptiveness of the students, but even more
importantly the medium and system of communication that exists between both the teachers and
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the learner.
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For example, a class of ten student would have an entirely different style of communication
compared to a class of 45 students if any form of efficiency and productivity must be resultant
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from these students. A leader in such a scenario must thus be capable enough to Direct both
teacher and student into a state of mind that encourages easy and productive communication.
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AIOU Solved Assignments 2 Code 8618 Spring 2019

Q. 3 Discuss the various theories of leadership in detail.

Answer:

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Leadership theories are schools of thought brought forward to explain how and why certain
individuals become leaders. The theories emphasize the traits and behaviors that individuals can
adopt to boost their own leadership abilities.

Early studies on the psychology of leadership pointed to the fact that leadership skills are inherent
abilities that people are born with. It was not until recently that formal leadership theories
emerged, despite leadership becoming a concept of interest at the beginning of time.

Leadership at a Glance

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A leader is crucial to the success of every team. Take an orchestra, for instance, one that consists
of all the best musicians in the world but lacks a conductor. Even though every member of the
orchestra can play perfectly by themselves, they will only produce an incompatible melody in the

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absence of a conductor. The same concept applies to communities, companies, and countries.
Without a leader, nothing will ever run smoothly.

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So, what makes leaders who they are? Why are some people elected as managers and presidents

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while the rest remain followers? Leadership theories were developed to find answers to these
questions.

Key Leadership Theories

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Great Man Theory

According to the Great Man Theory (which should perhaps be called the Great Person Theory),
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leaders are born with just the right traits and abilities for leading – charisma, intellect, confidence,
communication skills, and social skills.
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The theory suggests that the ability to lead is inherent – that the best leaders are born, not made.
It defines leaders as valiant, mythic, and ordained to rise to leadership when the situation arises.
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The term “Great Man” was adopted at the time because leadership was reserved for males,
particularly in military leadership.
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Trait Theory
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The Trait Theory is very similar to the Great Man Theory. It is founded on the characteristics of
different leaders – both the successful and unsuccessful ones. The theory is used to predict
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effective leadership. Usually, the identified characteristics are compared to those of potential
leaders to determine their likelihood of leading effectively.
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Scholars researching the trait theory try to identify leadership characteristics from different
perspectives. They focus on the physiological attributes such as appearance, weight, and height;
demographics such as age, education, and familial background; and intelligence, which
encompasses decisiveness, judgment, and knowledge.

Contingency Theory

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The Contingency Theory emphasizes different variables in a specific setting that determine the
style of leadership best suited for the said situation. It is founded on the principle that no one
leadership style is applicable to all situations.

Renowned leadership researchers Hodgson and White believe that the best form of leadership is
one that finds the perfect balance between behaviors, needs, and context. Good leaders not only
possess the right qualities but they’re also able to evaluate the needs of their followers and the
situation at hand. In summary, the contingency theory suggests that great leadership is a
combination of many key variables.

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Situational Theory

The Situational Theory is similar to the Contingency Theory as it also proposes that no one

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leadership style supersedes others. As its name suggests, the theory implies that leadership
depends on the situation at hand. Put simply, leaders should always correspond their leadership

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to the respective situation by assessing certain variables such as the type of task, nature of

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followers, and more.

As proposed by US professor Paul Hersey and leadership guru Ken Blanchard, the situational
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theory blends two key elements: the leadership style and the followers’ maturity levels. Hersey
and Blanchard classified maturity into four different degrees:
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M1 – Team members do not possess the motivation or tactical skills to complete necessary jobs.
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M2 – Team members are willing and ambitious to achieve something, but they lack the necessary
ability.
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M3 – Team members possess the skills and capacity to accomplish tasks, but they’re not willing to
take accountability.
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M4 – Team members possess all the right talents and are motivated to complete projects.
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According to situational theory, a leader exercises a particular form of leadership based on the
maturity level of his or her team.
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Behavioral Theory
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In Behavioral Theory, the focus is on the specific behaviors and actions of leaders rather than their
traits or characteristics. The theory suggests that effective leadership is the result of many learned
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skills.
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Individuals need three primary skills to lead their followers – technical, human, and conceptual
skills. Technical skills refer to a leader’s knowledge of the process or technique; human skills
means that one is able to interact with other individuals; while conceptual skills enable the leader
to come up with ideas for running the organization or society smoothly.

Applying Leadership Theories at the Workplace

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To a great extent, leadership theories have helped form and shape the kind of governance that
exists today. Many aspects of these theories can be applied to help one improve his or her
leadership skills.

Maximize Your Strengths

As proposed by the Trait Theory, effective leadership depends on the traits that one possesses.
Leaders should strive to focus on their strengths rather than their weaknesses. The strengths vary
from one leader to another and may include:

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A strong will is crucial to staying resilient and seeing leaders through difficult times. No matter
how challenging the situation may be, a strong-willed leader is able to find inner strength and
carry on until he overcomes all challenges.

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A decisive nature is another strength that some leaders possess. Decisiveness means that when

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others may be perplexed, a leader can calmly assess the situation and choose one action to unite
everyone by. But, since they may not always make the right decisions, they must also be willing to

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learn from their mistakes.

Be Inclusive Leaders
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Some of the more complex situational theories emphasize focusing on people. It means that they
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acknowledge individual people to be their greatest assets and not just mere numbers in their
workforce. Being an inclusive leader requires that one constantly involves other people in their
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leadership, whether it be by always welcoming the feedback of others or delegating more

responsibility to others than other forms of leadership.
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Key Takeaways
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There are numerous ways of defining leadership. Some leadership theories attempt to explain
what differentiates a leader, while some explain how great leaders come to be. The Great Man
Theory believes that the inherent traits that one is born with contribute to great leadership.
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Situational Theory recommends leaders to adopt a leadership style depending on the situation at
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hand, while the Behavioral Theory is all about the learning the skills necessary to become a good
leader. Leadership theories don’t only exist in history. They are concepts with actionable advice
that can be adopted by many, from executive managers to community leaders and government
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officials.
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AIOU Solved Assignments Code 8618 Spring 2019

Q. 4 You are supposed to be a DEO. Being an educational manager what do you think which
leadership style is most appropriate for the said post? Also explain why not other styles are
appropriate.

Answer:

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Does transformational leadership have a positive relationship to organizational culture and

innovation propensity in business organizations of Pakistan? Transformational leadership has
been associated with a variety of positive organizational outcomes in a number of studies.
However, the outcomes of transformational leadership in Pakistan are still unexplored. The
current study examines the specific relationship between transformational leadership,
organizational culture, and innovation propensity among a sample of 523 organizational members
in Pakistan. Our findings show that transformational leadership is positively related to
organizational culture and innovation propensity. Results also indicate that organizational culture

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mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovation propensity.
Further, exploratory analysis also identifies differences in ratings of transformational leadership
across employees’ education level and company size. Implications for practice and directions for
future research are discussed.

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The cultural context of Pakistan represents a high power distance and strong uncertainty

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avoidance culture. National value systems tend to influence organizational value systems which
determine the integration of individuals and groups in an organization (Hofstede, 1985). This

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contextual consideration has triggered the need for examining leadership in different cultural
settings. This realization has also prompted researchers to examine leadership behaviors in
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developing country contexts and underpins the reason for focusing on Pakistan in this study. We
reviewed the extant literature in scholarly journals by using the descriptor “transformational
leadership” and “Pakistan” in a range of online databases. Our literature review yielded only two
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papers, which were found to have some methodological weaknesses. Khan et al. (2009)
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demonstrated that organization size moderates the relationship between transformational

leadership and organizational innovation. However, explicit size of organizations and factor
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analyses of measurement concepts were not reported. Bodla and Nawaz (2010) conducted their
study in the education sector of Pakistan and found that faculty members in private and public
sector institutions were practicing transformational leadership to an equal extent. In this instance,
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the findings were largely descriptive and also did not report any factor structures. All in all,
transformational leadership is believed to be related to a number of organizational dimensions
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and follower outcomes. In line with the objective of the current study, we further explore how
transformational leadership is related to innovation propensity and organizational culture.
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Research examining the relationship between follower’s education level and transformational
leadership has generated mixed results. Shin and Zhou (2003) employed education level (doctoral
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and master degrees) as a control variable and found no significant correlation with
transformational leadership. Based on a survey of 147 respondents, Chen, Chen and Chen (2010)
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examined educational level (both graduate and undergraduate) as a moderator/mediator in the

relationship between transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational
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commitment. This study revealed that level of education mediated the relationship between
transformational leadership and subordinate job satisfaction, though it was not a moderator
between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Green (2008) studied the
relationships between the quality of leader-member dyadic exchange and age, gender, education,
and organizational tenure. The results suggested that only education level was associated with
leader member exchange at the follower level. Though employees who had a Bachelor or more
rated their leaders high or very high in leader-member exchange, in the same vein, followers who
had High School also rated their leaders high in leader-member exchange. However, followers

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with Some College had a low to moderate quality of leader-member exchange. This shows that
subordinates with lower levels of educational attainment could also have high quality leader-
member exchange relationship. Though not related directly to the concept of transformational
leadership, this research does suggest a possible effect of education on followers’ perceptions of
their leaders.

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AIOU Solved Assignments Code 8618

Q. 5 Write notes on the following: (20)

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i. Shaping Norms and Values

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Answer:

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This is a very broad question, but something I’ve been intensely interested in. The most general
answer would be, I think, silently. We tend to think of ourselves as more or less autonomous
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individuals making decisions based on abstract or rational grounds that would seem to clear to us
in posterior analysis. But I feel that if you dig deep enough, you’ll always find things that escape
the basis on which you assume your decisions are made. Most of this new, obscure level of
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behaviour-determinants could be understood as “values, meanings and norms”.
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There’s a very dynamic new field of economic thought called Institutional economics which is
concerned with this very issue: how much better can we understand the economy if we take not
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the individual, but institutions as the central category?

What fascinates me most about this approach is its interdisciplinarity. It opens up conventional
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economics to a long-needed dialogue with the other human sciences. Sociology is the first one to
come back to the game – institutionalism was born with Thorstein Veblen, and it has always
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surprised me a little that that economics keeps on using notions like rationality and equilibrium
after all that sociologists have written in the last century. Understanding meaning, in turn,
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requires coming to terms with the truly revolutionary philosophical thought in linguistics that
follows Wittgenstein and Saussure. And I don’t think it’s much of a stretch to bring in psychology –
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particularly psychoanalysis – to the field. The unconscious can be understood as the place beyond
reason and abstraction in which things like institutions take hold. In the continental tradition, in
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particular, the Lacanian notion of The Symbolic can be seen as the first step in bringing together
individual behaviour and the entire system of meaning in which the individual is formed, and
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through which it functions..

{==============} AIOU Solved Assignments Code 8618 ,

ii. Conflict Management and the right school culture

Answer:

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Sequel to the variability and dynamism of individual cherished values, core objectives and dire
needs which most times do not always go pari – pasu, conflict occurrences in organizations like
schools becomes aggregately inevitable. Thus, the teacher’s onus as an inloco-parentis in
managing such inevitable conflict becomes grossly unavoidable. However, for the teacher to
possess the disposition to manage such conflicts effectively in schools, a clear understanding and
interpretation of conflict issues are requisite. Such an understanding is direly needed by the
teacher so as to be able to address the given encumbrances which may be spotted out in the
interaction among parties.

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Conflict management in schools as it relates to teachers pertains to a given condition whereby
teachers acquire programmed and patterned mediums through which they can twig and deal
decisively with conflict as a way of embellishing conditions of conflict in schools at all times.

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There are paradigms for elucidating the causes of those conflict conditions that require effective
management in schools, just as there is cornucopia of avenues available at the teacher through

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which conflict within the precinct of schools could be managed. Those paradigms are what we

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shall attempt to explore in this paper.

In the classroom and by extension, school precinct, there are certain students-defiant behaviours
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that could be tolerated while some are and will remain insufferable, for example; fighting in the
classroom, answering of phone calls in the classroom at the peak of the lesson, abusing and
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physically confronting the teacher, stealing, so many to mention but a few. Although, such conflict
causing scenarios could be considered to be an integral part of every school system, the teacher’s
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role in preventing or even ameliorating their occurrences especially the ones that are seen to be
internecine remains pivotal.
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Conflict in school is said to occur when one party perceives the action of another party as
encumbering the opportunity for the attainment of a goal. Hence, for conflict to actually occur in
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schools, two salient prerequisites must be satisfied, viz; perceived goal incompatibility and
perceived opportunity for interference or blocking Conflict in schools can be objective or
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subjective, violent or nonviolent and positive or negative (Schmidt and Kochan, 1972) in (NUCUP,
2006). But whatever may be the case, the teacher’s rejoinder to them can either be assertive or
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cooperative in nature. Also, such school conflicts may constitute either a prominent debilitating or
enchanting effect on the victims.
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The concept of conflict management in schools is perhaps an admission of the reality that conflict
in schools is inevitable, but that not all conflicts can always be resolved; therefore, what the
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teacher can do is to manage and regulate them, thus the teacher’s role as an inloco-parentis. It is
also worthy of note to assert that School conflict management is inclusive of other discrepant
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variances of conflict management models which are in most cases at the disposal of the teacher.

In this instance, when we talk about conflict management in school and the role of the teacher,
we simply mean those responses that the teacher makes in order to deal with the conditions that
can encumber the realization of the aggregate objective of the school and the teacher’s
instructional and/or behavioural classroom lesson objective.

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The classification of conflict as it pertains to internal school systems can be between; students and
fellow students, Teachers, non-academic staff and teachers, management and teachers,
management, non-academic staff and management, non-academic staff, students and non-
academic staff and students and management. But for the purpose of this paper, we shall limit our
scope or consideration to conflicts between students, teachers, students and teachers.

In this article, we shall commence with the conceptual and theoretical explication of the key
concepts of the discourse which are; conflict management, conflict, school and the teacher. We
shall also establish the causes of school conflict, state the reason why we need to manage conflict

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in schools, express some of the contributory roles the teacher could make in the school conflict
management process, advance some specific recommendations and finally present our concluding
remarks.

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