VIBRATION CONTROL OF CIVIL

STRUCTUTRES USING PIEZOCERAMIC

SMART MATERIALS

PRESENTED BY

RAKHI T R
1st year mup
govt.engg.college
thrissur

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 INTRODUCTION
 Structural vibrations are one of the main causes of failure in civil
structures which effects the structural and serviceability
characteristics of the structure .
 This paper tries to discuss and club the various experimental
investigations for the vibration control of structures using
piezoceramic smart materials.
 The common feature that is observed from these studies, carried
out all over the world is that piezoceramic smart materials are
very much effective and economical in controlling structural
vibrations.
 Numbers of researches are still running on the same topic,
reinforcing the point that we are not far from the large scale
piezoceramic actuators can see in action in large building
structures.
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 SMART STRUCTURES

A smart structure can be defined smart structure has the

as the structure that can sense capability to respond to a
external disturbance and changing external and internal
respond to that with active environment
control in real time
SMART
STRUCTURES

Fundamental parts are solid

state actuators & sensors based Involvs 5 key elements
on smart materials

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 5 KEY ELEMENTS
Structural material Actuators

Control Power
Sensors Strategies conditioning
electronics

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 SMART MATERIALS
 These materials are capable of reversibly changing their mechanical
properties –viscocity,stiffness,shape –due to the influence of temperature
change or an electrical or magnetic field
 By some of these materials the reverse effect can be used for sensor
tasks meaning that a mechanical load generates an electrical or
magnetic field.
 They can be used as both actuators & sensors
 Includes –
Shape memory alloys
Electro strictive materials
Magneto strictive materials
Electro – rheological & magneto – rheological fluids
Piezoceramic materials

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 SMART MATERIALS ( CONT…)

 Mechanical & active properties of smart materials

can be varied by changing the possible
compositions & manufacturing process.
 Vibration control properties can be varied by
changing the position of smart materials in the
structure.
 Piezoceramic materials are the most popular
among the smart materials

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 PIEZOCERAMIC MATERIALS

Light weight Low cost

ADVANTAGES

Sensing & actuation

Easy to implement
capabilities

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 PIEZOCERAMIC MATERIALS

• Can be surface bounded in high strain

areas with or without minimal
Mode of modification of the original structure
application • Can be embedded in composite
structures

• Aerospace
Field of • Mechanical Engineering
application • Civil Engineering

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 BASICS OF PIEZOCERAMICS

PIEZO ELECTRIC EFFECT

Direct effect
Electric charge is produced when it is
stressed-used in sensors
Converse effect
An electic field can create Stress or strain
– used in actuators
Piezo electric properties are induced in a material by
POLING process
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 The relationship between the applied forces and resultant responses of piezoelectric
material depend upon a number of parameters such as the piezoelectric properties of
the material, its size shape and the direction in which forces or electrical fields are
applied relative to the material’s axis.
POLING PROCESS

 Fig. shows an element of piezoelectric element material. Three axes are used to
identify directions in the piezoelectric element termed 1, 2 and 3 in respective
correspondence with the x, y and z-axes of rectangular coordinates. These axes are
set during the poling process, which induces the piezoelectric properties of the
material by applying a large D.C. voltage to the element for an extended period of
time. The z-axis is taken parallel to the poling direction.
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 FORMS OF PIEZOCERAMICS
Commonly used piezoceramics in civil
applications are stack type actuators, also
known as multi-layered actuators. Multi-Layer
Patch piezoelectric Actuators (MLAs) offer many
Stack
Actuators Actuato
r advantages, such as high energy density,
compared to other active materials, and
Flexible therefore they are increasingly used in various
Macro
Patch fiber smart actuator applications.
Actuato
r
composite  Typically, a 100 mm long with a cross-
section area of 1 cm2 provides a free stroke of
Amplified 100 μm and a blocked force of about 3 kN.
Piezo
Active fiber These MLAs do have some disadvantages
composites electric
Actuator
s because of the low tensile strength.
 This is a source of failure in bending
conditions, in vibration environments and in
dynamic applications where high transient
stresses are present.

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 COMMON TYPES

Patch Actuators Macro Fiber Composite Stack Actuators

Recently, mechanically Amplified Piezoelectric Actuators (APAs),are introduced to overcome the
tensile stress limitation of MLAs, by applying a compressive prestress on the ceramic, which,
additionally, enhances the piezoelectric deformation. The APA actuator form shows significant
improvement in terms of output energy per actuator mass or per actuator volume.

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WORKING OF PIEZOCERAMIC MATERIALS IN
VIBRATION CONTROL
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 OPERATION SEQUENCES

• Structure experiences a kind of vibration .

Step 1 • Structural responses are recorded with the help of sensors.

• Transmitting to controller.
• Compares the signals with predetermined control
Step 2 algorithm.
• And generate proper control signals.

• Control signal is then send to actuator which is in contact

step3 with structures.
• Reduces the vibration of structure.

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 APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Cantilever structures

Truss Structures

Frame Structures

Cable stayed structures

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 CANTILEVER STRUCTURES
The control problem of cantilever
flexible beams has been
investigated by various
researchers. Investigations on the
vibration suppression using piezo
ceramic patch actuators of a 3.3 m
long pultruded fiber reinforced
polymer I-beam set up in
cantilevered configuration.

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 TRUSS STRUCTURES
Another typical example of the
application of piezoceramic stack
actuators is truss experiments.
Although these truss structures
experiments were meant for space
It was experimentally applications, however their applicability
demonstrated extends to civil structures
piezoelectric active
members in a space truss
for its precision
control,developed in-
house an active member
consisting of nested thin
walled three piezoelectric
This allowed them to implement collocated direct
cylinders.
velocity feedback control of the large space truss. It
was found that local force feedback, accompanied by
small phase shift, achieved nearly optimal damping
performance.
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 FRAME STRUCTURES
Using large scale piezoelectric actuator for active
vibration control on an actual nine- storey building
of steel frame structure 31 m in height and 273 t total
mass. They concluded that a smart structure with
large scale piezoelectric actuators could perform the
same active control in stronger excitation than the
hybrid mass damper could. Thus their research
reinforces the point that we are not far from when
these large scale piezoelectric actuators could be
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Seismic control of buildings is a
challenging and large scale
application of smart structures.The
investigators subjected a structural
model of a five-storey building
about 2.5 m high to non- stationary
random excitations such as
earthquakes. Control was done
through active braces using
electromagnetic actuators for
generation of the required control
forces. Sensing was done through
five accelerometers mounted on the
structure and two were used for
feedback control. The question
whether the scaled model smart
structure applications can be
extended to large civil building
structures depends on the
development and performance of
large scale piezoelectric actuators.
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 CABLE STAYED STRUCTURES
The cable-stayed
bridge/structure is another area
where smart materials are now
being used for vibration
suppression. The cable-stayed
bridges are more sensitive to
wind and traffic induced
vibrations, deck and pylon
vibrations and to flutter
instability, because of their high
flexibility, relatively small mass,
low structural damping and
steadily increasing moving
loads. They used active cables
and showed the root mean
square responses of the bridge
can be reduced as much as
80% with active control systems.
Thus concluded the feasibility of
active control to cable-stayed
bridges
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 LIMITATIONS OF PIEZOCERAMIC SMART MATERIALS

The current status of piezo ceramic actuators provides small

displacements. An innovative way to overcome this limitation for
large structural configurations was implemented by Kamada
where they included a number of actuators in the building
structure for structural control.

The introduction of stack actuators in structures also

causes some structural modifications. These have to be
accommodated during the design phase of the structures.

Another drawback when piezo ceramics are used for active

control is that they need a power source.

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 CONCLUSION
 An overview was presented for vibration suppression
of civil structures with special emphasis laid upon
smart structures with piezoelectric control actuation.
 Piezoceramics material that have the advantages of
being lightweight, low-cost, and easy-to-implement
offer the sensing and actuation capabilities that can be
utilized for active vibration control. A number of
examples including the applications of piezoceramics
to various kinds of civil engineering structures like
truss, beams, buildings and cable structures were
presented.
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 CONT……..

 Although there exists some limitations the benefits of this

technology far outweigh the problems of not using them.
This is evident by the tremendous amount of contributions
from the scientific community for introducing this
technology into the mainstream of civil engineering.
 However it is envisaged the community will see
developments that shall reduce the power consumption
and this may be in areas of the development of actuators
or power efficient control algorithms.
 Thus, we will continue to see the manifestation of this
technology in civil structures.

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 REFERENCES

 Brain Breukelman, ‘Challenging Vibrations In Engineering Structures’,Journal Of

Moedern Steel Construction, March 2004,pp 352-358
 G. Song,V. ,Sethi,H.-N. L, Engineering Structures (Volume 28, Issue 11),
September 2006, Pages 1513–1524
 G. Song , P.Z.Qiao ,W.K Binienda ,and G.P.Zou , ‘Active Vibration Damping Of
Composite Beam Using smart Sensors and Actutors’ Journal Of Aerospace
Engineering , July 2002
 K.P. Chong, S.C. Liu , and O.W. Dillon , ‘Engineering Research On Smart
Materials And Structural Systems’ Journal Of Infrastructure System, June 1996
 S. Hurlebaus, L. Gaul, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, (Volume 20,
Issue 2), February 2006, Pages 255-281
 S.E. Prasad, S. Varma, A. Ahmad, T.A. Wheat, J.B. Wallace and D.F. Jones,
‘Ceramic Sensors and Actuators for Smart Structures’ Robotics and Knowledge
Based Systems Workshop, Canadian Space Agency, St. Hubert, October 1995

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