University of Surrey

Module SE1M54

Bridge Deck Loading

And Analysis

Peer Assessment - 1

By

Student
University No. 6046459
 Contents

- HA Loading Pattern ad Intensity

 Design Load estimate for HA loading
 Notional lane calculation as per BS5400:2 clause 3.2.9.3.1
 HA loading as per BS5400:2 clause 6.2
 Nominal UDL and KEL for HA loading
 HA load modifying lane factor as per BS5400: table 14
 HA Design load factors as per BS5400:2 table 1
 HA Design load computation

- HA + HB Loading Pattern and Intensity

 Notional lane calculation as per BS5400:2 clause 3.2.9.3.1
 HB loading as per BS5400:2 clause 6.3
 HA+HB loading as per BS5400:2 clause 6.4.2
 Intensity of HA+HB loading on 15m span 10.5m wide bridge
 HA+HB loading pattern & location
 Maximum Bending Moment

- LM1 Loading Model

- LM2 Loading Model
Pattern and Intensity of HA Loading for 15m span simply supported slab bridge with carriageway
wide 10.5m

Design Load Estimate for HA Loading

These are estimated base on provisions in BS5400:2 as follow:
- Determine number of notional lane base on width of carriageway from BS 5400: clause
3.2.9.3.1
- Determine Nominal UDL base on loaded length from BS 5400:2 table 13
- Determine Nominal KEL from provision BS 5400: 2 clause6.2.3
- Determine lane modifying factors from BS 5400:2 table 14
- Obtain Factored Nominal UDL by multiply nominal UDL with lane factors from table 14
- Determine design load factors from BS 5400:2 table 1
- Obtain design UDL by multiply factored nominal UDL with design load factor from table 1
- Obtain design KEL by multiply KEL with design load factor from BS 5400:2 table 1

Notional Lane Calculation as per BS5400:2 clause 3.2.9.3.1

For the purpose of HA loading computation, the carriageway is divided into notional lanes according
to guidelines given in the BS 5400: 2. Clause 3.2.9.3.1, details are reproduced as show below.

BS 5400: 2 clause 3.2.9.3.1

In our case of carriageway wide of 10.5 m under BS 5400: 2 clause 3.2.9.3.1, the numbers of notional
lanes allowed is 3 of equal wide at 3.5m wide each.

10.5 / 3 = 3.5m
HA loading as per BS 5400:2 Clause 6.2
HA loading comprises uniformly distributed load (UDL) and knife edge load (KEL) uniformly
distributed over full wide of a notional lane, shall be applied to all notional lanes, shall be applied in
direction which has the most severe effect, are interchangeable between notional lanes to cause
most severe effect. A notional lane may be unloaded to cause most severe effect on member or
element under consideration. Details of loadings are given in the following clauses:
Nominal UDL for HA loading
For simplicity, UDL can be obtained from table 13 of BS 5400: 2. In our case of 15m span bridge
under BS 5400:2 clause 6.2 table 13 at loaded length of 15m give nominal UDL of

Nominal UDL = (57.3 + 52.4) / 2 = 54.85 KN/m

The KEL to be considered in the analysis is 120 KN per lane according to BS5400: 2 clause 6.2.2
BS 5400: 2 allow and provide alternative loading to UDL and KEL as follow:
HA Nominal Load Modifying lane factors as per BS 5400: 2 table 14
BS 5400: 2 clause 6.2.2 allow nominal values of HA UDL and KEL to be modified by multiply with lane
factors that are given in BS5400: 2 table 14, for our case they are as follows:

1st notional lane one = 0.274 x 3.5 = 0.959

2nd notional lane two = 0.274 x 3.5 = 0.959

3rd notional lane three = 0.6

HA Design Load factor as per BS 5400: 2 clause 6.2.7 table 1
According to BS 5400: 2 clause 6.2.7, design loads for bridge are estimated by multiply nominal loads
with respective loading factors from BS 5400: 2 table 1
HA Design Loads Computation
In our case of 15m span simply supported bridge the design loads are:

Design Superimposed Load

Nominal UDL x 1.75 for ULS and 1.2 for SLS

Design Load (UDL) for ULS = 54.85 x 1.75 = 96 KN/m

Design Load (UDL) for SLS = 54.85 x 1.2 = 65.82 KN/m

Design Load (KEL) for ULS = 120 x 1.75 =210 KN / lane

Design Load (KEL) for SLS = 120 x 1.2 =144 KN / lane
Design Dead Load
For Steel under ULS = computed wt x 1.05
For Steel under SLS = computed wt x 1.0

For Concrete under ULS = computed wt x 1.15

For Concrete under SLS = computed wt x 1.0

These design loads are further modified according to factors provided in BS 5400: 2 clause 6.2.2
table 14.

Design Superimposed Load for notional lane 1 and 2

Modification factor as computed = 0.959

Design Load (UDL) for ULS = 54.85 x 1.75 x 0.959 = 92 KN/m

Design Load (UDL) for SLS = 54.85 x 1.2 x 0.959 = 63.12 KN/m

Design Load (KEL) for ULS = 120 x 1.75 x 0.959 =201.39 KN / lane
Design Load (KEL) for SLS = 120 x 1.2 x 0.959 =138.1 KN / lane

Design Superimposed Load for notional lane 3

Modification factor as computed = 0.6

Design Load (UDL) for ULS = 54.85 x 1.75 x 0.6 = 57.6 KN/m
Design Load (UDL) for SLS = 54.85 x 1.2 x 0.6 = 39.5 KN/m

Design Load (KEL) for ULS = 120 x 1.75 x 0.6 =126 KN / lane
Design Load (KEL) for SLS = 120 x 1.2 x 0.6 =86.4 KN/lane
Pattern and Intensity of HA + HB Loading for 15m span simply supported slab bridge with
carriageway wide 10.5m

Notional lane
Similarly for the purpose of HA + HB loading computation, the carriageway is divided into notional
lanes according to guidelines given in the BS 5400: 2. clause 3.2.9.3.1.
In our case of carriageway wide of 10.5 m under BS 5400: 2 clause 3.2.9.3.1, the numbers of notional
lanes allowed is 3 of equal wide at 3.5m wide each.
10.5 / 3 = 3.5m

HB loading as per BS5400:2 clause 6.3

BS 5400: 2 descript HB loading as abnormal vehicle unit loading detail are given in clause 6.3 as
shown below:
HA+HB loading combination as per BS5400:2 clause 6.4.2
BS 5400:2 clause 6.4.2 provide detail rules for combining HA and HB loading, these are summarises
in figures 13 of the code and attached below:
Intensity of HA + HB Loading on 15m span 10.5m wide bridge

BS 5400: 2 provide that a minimum of 30 units of HB loading is to be taken for all bridges except
accommodation bridges where HA loading is consider sufficient. Therefore there will be 300KN
nominal loading from HB loading and spread out at 75KN per wheel. Details units of HB loading for
different class of roads are provided on table 2.4 BD37/01.

For our 15m span and 10.5m wide bridge slab the HA + HB loading are:
Case 1
HA + HB loading- where HB vehicle within one notional lane
Loading on lane 1- HB vehicle = 300 x 1.75 = 525 KN
lane 2 - β1 x HA (UDL) = 92 x 15 = 1323.42 KN
(KEL) = 201.39 KN
Lane 3 β3 x HA (UDL) = 39.5 x 15 =592.5 KN
(KEL) = 201.39 KN
Total load on the bridge slab = 2,843.7 KN

Case 2a
HA + HB loading- where HB vehicle straddling two notional lanes

Loading on lane 1 & 2 - HB vehicle = 300 x 1.75 = 525 KN

lane 3 - β1 x HA (UDL) = 92 x 15 = 1323.42 KN
(KEL) = 201.39 KN
Total load on the bridge slab = 2,049.81 KN

Case 2b
HA + HB loading- where HB vehicle straddling two notional lanes
Loading on lane 3- HB vehicle = 300 x 1.75 = 525 KN
lane 2 - β1 x HA (UDL) = 92 x 15 = 1323.42 KN
Less area occupied by HB load(10m) = 10 x 26.28 = (262.86 KN)
(KEL) = 201.39 KN
Lane 1 β2 x HA (UDL) = 92 x 15 =1323.42 KN
(KEL) = 201.39 KN
Total load on the bridge slab = 3,311.76 KN

HA+HB Loading Pattern & Location

HA + HB loading pattern case 2b will provide the most severe loading on the bridge deck slab with
total load of 3,311.76 KN, comprise total UDL of 2383.98 and 2 KEL loads total 402.78 KN and HB
load of 525 KN.

Maximum Bending Moment

For our case of simply supported 15m span bridge, Maximum Bending Moment will be located at the
mid span of the bridge when the HB load 525KN, and the 2 KEL of 402.78KN are simultaneously at
the centres of the span and total UDL of 3311.76 KN is distributed over the span.
 Pattern and Intensity of M1 loading on 15m span 10.5m wide bridge.
Number of Notional Lane
Under the M1 Loading model, the number of notional lanes for the purpose of live load
computation, depend on the wide of the carriageway, are given in BS EN 1991-2 table 4.1 and table
3.1 of the handouts. For our case of 10.5m wide bridge, it is derived as follow:

No of notional lane = Int(W/3) = 10.5 / 3 = 3

Wide of remaining area = 10.5 – 3 x3 = 1.5m

M1 Loading
According to BS EN 1991-2, M1 loading consists of UDL and Tandem Systems applied to each
notional lane. Notional lanes are interchangeable to give the most severe effect of the loading to the
design concerned.

UDL
Where UDL system consists of UDL load apply to the unfavourable area of the influence surface
longitudinally and transversely. The magnitude of the UDL is
αq qk
Where αq are adjustment factors given in National Annex Table NA1 and Table 3.3 of handouts
And qk is the weight per square meter of the notional lane.

Tandem System
The Tandem System consists of double-axle concentrated loads, with each axle weight given by
αQ Qk
Where αQ are adjustment factor given in National Annex Table NA1 and Table 3.3 of handouts
Qk is the weight of each axle of the Tandem System given in table 4.2 of BS EN 1991-2 and Table
3.2 of handouts.
The Tandem System is centrally travelled along the notional lane as shown in fig 2.4a of EN 1991-2.
When Span > 10m the tandem system in each notional lane is replace by one concentrated load of
weight equal to total weight of the two axles.
When no. of lane n > 3 the 2nd and 3rd Tandem System can be replaced by (200 αQ2 + 100αQ3)KN
The Contact surface of each wheel of the tandem system is taken as 400mm x 400mm.
The dispersion of forces through the pavement and concrete slab should be taken vertically at a
depth-to-depth ratio of 1 horizontally to 1 vertically down to the level of centroid of the slab.

Horizontal Traffic Actions

Under BS En 1991-2 for M1 loading Model, the characteristic value of Q Ik is limited to 900KN for the
total width of the bridge, is calculated as follow
QIk = 0.6αQ1(2QIk) + 0.10αq1 qIk W1L
180αQ1(KN) ≤ QIk ≤ 900(KN)
Where L is the length of the deck. This force may be applied to lane No.1 where the highest
magnitude of the LM1 is applied.
Since the bridge is straight, centrifugal force consideration in not require for our 15m span bridge.

Design Load and Bending Moment Estimate

- Determine number of lane and remaining area from BS EN 1991-2 table 4.1 and table 3.1
handouts
- Calculate Design UDL = αq qk for lane 1 to 3
- Calculate Design TS = αQ Qk for lane 1 to 3
- Arrange, interchange lane, analyse and identify most severe loading case for the design
- Locate maximum bending moment and shear force location and magnitude.

Notional Lane and Remaining Area

Base on BS EN 1991-2table 4.1 there will be 3 notional lane of 3m wide each and remaining area of
wide 1.5m

Design Loads
Design UDL lane 1 = 0.61 x 9 = 5.49 KN/m2
Design TS lane 1 = 1 x 300 = 300 KN

Design UDL lane 2 = 2.2 x 2.5 = 5.5 KN/m2

Design TS lane 2 = 1 x 200 = 200KN

Design UDL lane 3 = 2.2 x 2.5 = 5.5 KN/m2

Design TS lane 3 = 1 x 100 = 100 KN

Design UDL R.Area = 2.2 x 2.5 = 5.5 KN/m2

Design TS =0

Design Moment
Where length >10m uses simplified method-combine 2 axles load to point loads over 2 wheels
Lane 1
Bending Moment = (5.49 x 152 / 8) + (300 x 15 / 4) = 1279.41 KNm/m

Lane 2
Bending Moment = (5.5 x 152 / 8) + (200 x 15 / 4) = 904.69 KNm/m

Lane 3
Bending Moment = (5.5 x 152 / 8) + (100 x 15 / 4) = 529.69 KNm/m

Remaining Area
Bending Moment = (5.5 x 152 / 8 ) = 154.69 KNm/m
Pattern and Intensity of M2 loading on 15m span 10.5m wide bridge.

Number of Notional Lane

The number of notional lanes for the purpose of live load computation, depend on the wide of the
carriageway, under the M2 loading model of BS EN 1991-2 are similar to M1 and given in table 4.1 of
the code and table 3.1 of the handouts. For our case of 10.5m

No of notional lane = Int(W/3) = 10.5 / 3 = 3

Wide of remaining area = 10.5 – 3 x3 = 1.5m

M2 Loading
Consists of single axle load, βQ Qak with Qak equal to 400 KN, distributed equally between the 2
wheels, one or both of the wheels may be applied at point on the carriageway to give the most
severe loading impact in the member under consideration.

National Annex and BS EN 1991-2-2003 give β Q = αQ1 = 1

National Annex and BS EN 1991-2-2003 recommend wheel size 350mm x 600mm
M2 detail as per Annex and BS EN 1991-2 is shown in fig 3.4 of handouts

If D<6m, Additional Amplification factor under clause 4.3.3 and 4.6.1 BS EN 1991-2 to be considered
as follow:.

∆фfat = 1.3[1-D/26] ; ∆φfat ≥ 1

Where D = distance of the cross section under consideration from the expansion joint.

The dispersion of load through the pavement and concrete slabs should be taken at a spread-to-
depth ratio of 1 horizontally to 1 vertically down to the level of the centroid of the slab.

Design load and Maximum Bending Moment base on M2 model.

BS EN 1991-2 M2 loading model Qak is 400KN
UK Annex fix βQ equal to 1

Design Load = βQ Qak = 1 x 400/2 = 200KN (one wheel)

Maximum Bending Moment = 200 x 15 / 4 = 750 KNm

Since this is a simply supported span the maximum bending moment will be recorded when the
wheel is at mid span. There is no additional amplification factor need to be considered, because at
this point D is 7.5m>6m.

End