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Module SE1M54
Bridge deck loading and analysis
Units 5 : Wind and Water Loading
Contents of Lecture
Structure of the wind
Wind loading
Drag force
Lift force
Buffeting
Codified rules
Hydrology
Hydraulic loads
Scour
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Introduction
Onlyusu ally imp act on deck d esign when d yn amic behaviour o ccurs
Introduction
W ind loading involves consider able complexities which must b e taken into
account to achieve safe and serviceable design.
W ind can produce ver y large forces in the longitudinal, tr ansverse (drag), and
vertical (lift) directions.
W ind loads are d ealt with using st atic analyt ical procedures. Aerod yn amic
effects are covered in a separate do cument (BD 49/01).
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Introduction
W ind can cause bridges to oscillate especially when their natural
frequencies fall within a certain range.
This is particu larly true for light flexible structures which can move in
the wind in r esponse to the induced fluctuating lo ads, eg, tall
buildings, long-span bridges, footbridges, to wers and masts.
For most rigid structures, wind loading is not ver y important but the
effects of wind should always b e con sider ed. For long span bridg es
and tall buildings wind loading can domin ate the d esign.
Structure of wind
Characteristics of w ind
Mean w ind
Fluctuating component
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Design wind speed and how it is determined
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Mean wind speed profile
V (z) = Vgr ( z / zg ) a
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Mean wind speed profile
V (z) = Vgr ( z / zg ) a
10m
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Turbulence
Turbulence
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Turbulence
Wind Load
W ind loads are indu ced in the longitudinal direction (dr ag)
and in the across- wind dir ection (lift).
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Design Wind Speed
This mean wind speed is then modif ied according to the conditions
at the bridge site.
BD 37/01 (an d other HA doc uments) can be d own loa ded at http://www.official-
docume nts.co.uk/docume nt/deps/ha/dmrb/i ndex.htm
P = 0.613 V d2 A 1 CD
wh ere
Vd is the design wind speed
A1 is the cross-section ar ea
CD is the dr ag coefficient.
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Wind Loading according to BD 37/01
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Wind Loading according to BD 37/01
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Wind Loading according to BD 37/01
Example: Location: London
Basic wind speed: Vb = 21 m/3
Site hourly mean wind speed: Vs = Sp Sa Sd Vb
Design wind speed: Vd =Sg Vs
Sp = 1.05
Sa = 1.05 for 50m above sea level
Sd = 0.85 for South Direction
Sg = Sb Tg Sh ’
= Sb ’ K f Tg Sh ’
Then
Pt = 0.613 Vd2A1 Cd
wh ere
A1 is the area of deck exposed to the wind
and
CD is the dr ag co efficient.
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Wind Loading according to BD 37/01
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hewson consulting engineers
civil, structural an d brid ge eng ine erin g
For Pier s
CD is the dr ag co efficient.
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Wind Loading according to BD 37/01
BD 37 specifies:
Partial safety factors for different load com binations
(Wind loading in load combination 2 - Table 1)
Load on relieving areas
Shielding effect
Longitudinal loading
Vertical loading (lift)
Effects of solid/open parapets
Where wind tunnel tests are required
(w here CD and CL are beyond the scope of the code)
Need to consider:
Transv erse load: Pt
Vertical load: Pv
Longitudinal load: Pl
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Wind Loading according to BD 37/01
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Wind Loading to Eurocodes
Eurocode 1 – Part 4 – 1
Eurocode 1 – Part 4 – 1
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Mean wind velocity, vm(z)
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Turbulence Intensity = Iv(z) = standard dev iation / mean wind velocity
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Aerodynamic effects
In addition to the static (or quasi-static) wind loading,
aerodynamic effects also need to be considered in design
Aerodynamic effects
Limited amplitude response –
oscillations of limited amplitude caused by shedding of v ortices
Or
oscillations caused by f luctuations in wind
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Turbulence response
The forces and mom ents gen erated b y wind on br idge decks fluctuate
over a wid e rang e of frequencies. If sufficient energ y is present in
frequencyb ands encompassing on e or mor e natural frequen cies of the
structure, o scillations may be cau sed.
For long span structures (>500m), the inter action bet ween the br idge and
the wind is complex and wind tunnel tests ar e often carried out
Vortex shedding
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Aerodynamic effects
Limited amplitude response: could cause dam age (fatigue), but can be designed for.
Aerod yn amic effects are g enerally only important for long-span or "light" bridges,
e.g., footbridges, long-span suspen sion bridges.
For long span bridg es, wind tunnel tests are g ener ally carried out.
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Vortex shedding
Vortex shedding
Visualisation of vortex
shedding from surf on the
ocean as a sea current flows
across an island
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Vortex shedding from square
Re-attachment
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Vortex shedding plate
Vortex shedding
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Vortex shedding
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Vortex shedding
Plate and box girder bridges (decks which present a "bluff' section to the
wind) are prone to v ortex shedding oscillations.
Vortex shedding
To reduce vortex shedding effects:
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Helical strakes
used to suppress
vortex shedding
from a chimney
Stockwell absorber
used to suppress
vortex shedding
from cables
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Galloping or stall flutter
Once this wind speed has been reached, the amplitude of v ibration
continues to increase with wind speed.
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Classical flutter
Non-oscillatory divergence
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Aerodynamic instability
Galloping
Flutter
non-oscillatory divergence
BD 49/01
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Objectives of BD 49/01
To provide guidelines for wind tunnel tests
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Format of BD 49/01
Normal
Normal Normal
construction height Geometr y
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Flow chart
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Wind Tunnel Tests
Wind tunnel tests can be used to determine:
Loads and pressure
distributions due to turbulent wind
Aeroelastic model
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Bridge Investigation
Purpose:
Suitability
General suitability of the bridge site
Design
Provide data required for design
Construction
Plan best method of construction
Effect of change
Deter mine changes that may arise due to bridge construction
Choice of site
Advise on the relative suitability of different sites
Bridge Investigation
Investigations requires:
Reconnaissance survey
Preli minary office study and site visit
Waterway investigation
Hydrology studies, hydraulic studies, scour
evaluation and prediction, design of scour protection
Soil investigation
Geological studies, sub-surface investigation, field
testing, laboratory testing
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Hydraulic Action
Hydraulic Action
Need to consider:
Normal flow
Flood conditions
Scour
Change in direction of flow
(eg, effect of tides, sediment)
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Hydraulic Action
Hydraulic Action
The design of the bridge should aim to prevent failure due to water
loads, scour, etc.
Designer must
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Hydraulic Action
Normal flow
P = ½ p V 2 A CP
except that p is the density of water (1,000kg/m 3) rather than air.
Hydraulic Action
Drag factors
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Hydraulic action
Flood conditions
Hydraulic action
Scour is caused by erosion of the river bed around piers and abutments. It
can cause undermining of the foundations and the ev entual collapse of the
bridge.
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Hydraulic action
General scour results in a lowering of the river bed level across the
width of the river. Few formulae are available.
Where both types occur, the total depth of scour can be taken as the
sum of the general and local scour. More refined methods are available.
Hydraulic action
Effects of scour:
Under mining of pier or abutment
Reduction in soil resisting lateral loads on bridge structure
Additional lateral loads due to hydraulic forces on exposed piers
Reduction in bearing capacity of foundations due to removal of
overburden
Reduction in pile capacity due to loss of skin friction
Increased bending stresses in piles
Failure of embankments, retaining w alls, approach roads
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Hydraulic action
Hydraulic action
Scour protection
gabions
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Scour protection
Hydraulic action
Scour protection
Rip-rap
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Hydraulic action
Scour protection
Sheet piles
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Some recent examples
Bridge washout
Scour around
abutment
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Some recent examples
Retaining walls
washed away
END OF LECTURE
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