Âdityas

In Hinduism, Âdityas (Sanskrit: आिद य Ādityá, pronounced [ɑːd̪ it̪jɐ]), meaning "of
Adityas
Aditi", refers to the offspring of the goddess Aditi and her husband the sage
Kashyapa.[1] The name, Aditya, in the singular, is taken to refer to the Sun God,
Affiliation Adityas
Surya. Abode Heaven
Mantra Aum Adityebhyah
The Rig Veda mentions 7 Adityas, along with Martanda, who is considered as the
Namah
eighth Aditya.
Weapon Various
The Bhagavata Purana[2] lists a total of twelve Adityas as Sun-gods. In each month
Mount Horses and many others
of the year a different Aditya is said to shine. According to the Vaishnava tradition
Consort Various
of Hinduism, each of these Adityas is a different expression of the Supreme God
Vishnu in the form of the Sun-God.[3] Parents Aditi

Contents
Vedas
Bhagavata Purana
Characterisation
Linga Purana
Vedanta and Puranic Hinduism
Brahmanas
Adityas as Nakshatra Devtas
Ahura-Mazda and Aditya
See also
Further reading
References
External links

Vedas
In the Rigveda, the Âdityas are the seven celestial deities, sons of Âditi,

1. Varuna
2. Mitra
3. Surya
4. Chandra
5. Kamadeva
6. Agni
7. Indra
The eighth Âditya (Mārtanda) was rejected by Aditi, thus leaving only seven sons. In the Yajurveda (Taittirīya Samhita), their
number is given as eight, and the last one is believed to beVivasvān. Hymn LXXII of the Rig Veda, Book 10, also confirms that there
are nine Adityas, the eighth one beingMārtanda, who is later revived as Vivasvān. [4]
 "So with her 'seven sons', Aditi went forth to meet the earlier age. She brought Mārtanda thitherward away to spring
to life and die again"

The Âdityas of the Rig Veda are "devas", a distinct class of gods and are different from other groups such as the Maruts, the Rbhus or
the Viśve-devāḥ (although Mitra and Varuna are also associated with the latter). [5]

Bhagavata Purana
In the Bhagavata Purana, the names of 12 Adityas are given as:

1. Vishnu (The head of all the Adityas[6])

2. Aryama
3. Indra
4. Tvashtha
5. Varuna
6. Dhata
7. Bhaga
8. Parjanya (Savitr?)
9. Vivasvan
10. Amshuman
11. Mitra
12. Pushya
In each month of the year, it is a different Aditya who shines as the Sun-God.[2] As Indra, Surya destroys the enemies of the gods. As
Dhata, he creates living beings. As Parjanya, he showers down rain. As Tvashta, he lives in the trees and herbs. As Pusha, he makes
foodgrains grow. As Aryama, he is in the wind. As Bhaga, he is in the body of all living beings. As Vivasvana, he is in fire and helps
to cook food. As Vishnu, he destroys the enemies of the gods. As Amshumana, he is again in the wind. As Varuna, he is in the waters
and As Mitra, he is in the moon and in the oceans.

Characterisation
The Aditya have been described in the Rig Veda as bright and pure as streams of water, free from all guile and falsehood, blameless,
perfect.

This class of deities has been seen as upholding the movables and immovable Dharma. Adityas are beneficent gods who act as
protectors of all beings, who are provident and guard the world of spirits and protect the world.In the form of Mitra-Varuna, the
[7]
Adityas are true to the eternal Law and act as the exactors of debt.

In present-day usage in Sanskrit, the term Aditya has been made singular in contrast to Vedic Adityas, and are being used
synonymously with Surya, the Sun. The twelve Adityas are believed to represent the twelve months in the calendar and the twelve
, they are referred as Dvadashadityas.[8]
aspects of Sun. Since they are twelve in number

The 12 Adityas are basically the monthly suns which is the ancient word for the earth moon barycenter for lunar month. These are
also called as the 12 purushas pertaining to the 12 lunar months of the year. Here the months refer to the lunar months. In astronomy
the lunar months with a solar sankranti is said to have an Aditya or purusha. The month without a sankranti is said to be neutar and is
said to be extra month or the intercalary lunar month.

Linga Purana
According to the Linga Purana,[9] the Adityas are:

1. Brahma
2. Vishnu
 3. Indra (The head of Ādityas)
4. Tvaṣṭṛ
5. Varuṇa
6. Dhata
7. Bhaga
8. Savitṛ
9. Vivasvat
10. Amshuman
11. Mitra
12. Pūṣan

Vedanta and Puranic Hinduism

In the Chandogya Upanishad, Âditya is also a name of Viṣṇu, in his avatar as Vāmana. His mother is Aditi.

The Ādityas in the Vishnu Purana[10] are:

1. Vishnu (This Sun-God is the head of all the Adityas[6])

2. Aryaman
3. Śakra
4. Tvaṣṭṛ
5. Varuṇa
6. Dhūti
7. Bhaga
8. Savitṛ
9. Vivasvat
10. Aṃśa
11. Mitra
12. Pūṣan

Brahmanas
The Vedas do not identify the Âdityas and there is no classification of the thirty-three gods, except for in the Yajurveda (7.19), which
says there are eleven gods in heaven (light space), eleven gods in atmosphere (intermediate space), and eleven gods in earth (observer
space). In the Satapatha Brahmana, the number of Ādityas is eight in some passages, and in other texts of the same Brahmana, twelve
Adityas are mentioned.[11] The list of 12 Adityas is as follows:

1. Yama
2. Aryaman
3. Indra
4. Ravi
5. Varuṇa
6. Dhātṛ
7. Bhaga
8. Savitṛ
9. Sūrya or Arka
10. Aṃśa
11. Mitra
12. Dakṣa

Adityas as Nakshatra Devtas

Adityas are responsible for proper functioning of the universe and in Hindu cosmology they are given lordship over celestial
constellations, called Nakshtras in Jyotish. Nakshatras are forces of universal intelligence which are intertwined with the birth-death
cycle of life, identity of all created beings, events and day to day consciousness in our lives. Adityas manage the Shakti of the
nakshatras. Here are few examples.

1. Bhaga has lordship overPurva Phalguni Nakshatra. Bhaga is bestower of fortune. Bhaga in Sanskrit means "a
portion" so our portion in life is regulated by this divine celestial being. Many a times this is related to fortunate
marriages, or fortune from marriage and partnerships. It is a very worldly nakshatra bestowing divine intelligence
with respect to worldly gains in life. Beings born when Purva Phalguni is rising in the east are literal physical
manifestation of this energy.
2. Aryama, the God of Patronage, is an Aditya who is the lord ofUttar Phalguni nakshtra and as suggested by the
name, a person born under the auspices of Aryama finds many lucky opportunities with benefactors in their lives,
among many other qualities that are possessed by this divine being.
3. Savitur, rules over Hasta Nakshatra and is the cheerful Aditya who manages worldly skills and artistry . Handiwork of
all kinds, from needlework, pottery making to technical skills industry , sleight of hand pick pockets, magicians, and
Reiki masters all are blessed by the divine intelligence and benevolence of this Aditya.
4. Mitra, rules over Anuradha nakshtra they are the peacekeepers of this world.
5. Varuna, rules over Shatbhishak nakshatra the nakshatra of 1000 healers and gives a person intelligence about all
sorts of medicine. Varuna as its ruling Adityais lord keeper of law, hence themes of crime and punishment, law and
order fall under his rulership. Varuna in RigVeda is to be feared and not taken lightly .
This makes Vedic Adityas not some conceptual, abstract, or mythological characters in a story book, but part of the visible
cosmology and the everyday realities of our daily lives. We manifest their qualities in our lives and as such are part of the divine
ourselves.

Ahura-Mazda and Aditya

Avestan Ahura derives from Indo-Iranian Asura, also attested in an Indian context as RigVedic Asura. Avestan Daivas are considered
synonymous to Vedic Devtas, or Adityas.

Vedas and Zoroastrian Avesta have a common nameAhura-Mazda, which may refer to some Vedic God (sometimes in Rigveda some
demigods or devatas are worshipped as "asura", which in Zoroastrianism is Ahura-Mazda. See also: Vishnu sahasranama (Aditya: 39
aadityah, 563 aadityah - Son of Aditi). Ahura-Mazda is commonly considered a link between Avestan Zoroastrianism and Asuras of
Vedic literature, however there is no one specifically called Ahura Mazda in the Vedas.

For evolutionary reasons Asuras and Devtas fought great battles. Adityas, sons of Rishi Kashyap and Aditi always followed the
guidance of Trimurti, or the Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and are responsible for proper functioning of the universe, Asuras
challenged their authority at various occasions. Most significantly there are constant battles for the Elixir of Immortality, called
Amrit, between the two. This could explain why Avestan Asura-Mazda advised his followers to stay away from Daivas or Vedic
Devtas, calling them untrustworthy and unscrupulous shining beings to be avoided at all cost.

Devtas including Adityas are considered benevolent, and worshiped in the Vedas. There are various types of Devtas in Hinduism and
Buddhism, all of them are venerable.

Historically there was little difference between Asuras and Devtas during the times of Veda. Many of them were highly regarded, and
comparable to necessary forces of nature. In post Vedic era especially in the narratives of Puranas many Asuras became synonymous
with trouble makers, who come into conflict with Mahadev Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma and Indra wreaking havoc on civilizations. There
are some famous Asuras-Devtas conflicts including Samudra Manthan regarding churning of the Ocean. There are some famous
Asuras such as Vritra-Asur, Bana-Asur,and Bhasma-Asura who challenge Adityas and specifically Indra, the king of Devtas.

Going by Sanskrit definitions Asura is opposite of Sura. Sura is anything that is in harmony, in tune with laws of nature, called
eternal truth or Sanatan Dharam. A-Sura is a being or force of nature which is chaotic, disorderly
, and out of tune.

See also
Thirty-three gods
 Rudras
Vasus
Ashvins
Indra
Prajapati
Aditya

Further reading
On the Adityas

References
1. Werner, Karel (2005). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism(https://books.google.com/books?id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ&pg=
PA17&dq=%C4%80dityas+offspring+aditi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=omfSVLutGIu1yA T9ooGYBg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBA#v=o
nepage&q=%C4%80dityas%20offspring%20aditi&f=false). Routledge. p. 17.
2. Srimad Bhagavata Purana 12.11.27-49
3. Srimad Bhagavata Purana 12.11.45: All these personalities are the opulent expansions of the Supreme Godishnu,
V
in the form of the sun-god. These deities take away all the sinful reactions of those who remember them each day at
dawn and sunset
4. Rig Veda - Hymn LXXII - Seven Sons of Aditiand Martanda (http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10072.htm)
5. Rig Veda Book 10, Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith (http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rvi10.htm)
6. Bhagavad Gita 10.21: "adityanam aham vishnur" meaning "Of the Adityas I am ishnu"
V
7. Rig Veda Book 2, XXVIIth Hymn, Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith (http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02027.
htm)
8. Sathyamayananda, Swami.Ancient sages. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 173.ISBN 81-7505-356-9.
9. http://www.astrojyoti.com/lingapurana-6.htm
10. Vishnu Purana: Book I: Chapter XV(http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp050.htm)
11. Muir, John (1863). Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India(https://
books.google.com/books?id=g2hWJtKCqtwC) . Williams and Norgate.p. 102

External links
Media related to Adityas at Wikimedia Commons

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