`

ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 1 2015 [33
[ – 40] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

Heavy metal
m ana
alysis of industrial efffluent alliied with groundwat
g ter

1
Matta Gagan
G mar Ravindrra1, Kumarr Avinash1 and
, Kum a GJYLI Laura2

2, 2015 ⏐ Acccepted: April 08, 2015 ⏐ Online:

Received: February 02 O June 30,
3 2015

Abstractt Intrroduction
The preesent study is aimed towards the t “Water is esssential to sustains life and a
assessmeent of heavy y metal conntamination of satisfactory (addequate, saafe and acccessible)
ground water affeccted by paaper mill and a suppply must be b available to all. Im mproving
distilleryy industrial effluents
e at Saharanpur
S c
city acceess to safe drinking waterw can result
r in
in Indiaa. Samples of grounnd water and a tanggible benefitts to health. Every efforrt should
industrial effluent weere analyzedd and comparred be made
m to achieve a drinkking water quuality as
with Woorld Health Organizatioon (WHO) and a safee as practicaable”. (W.H H.O.; Guidellines for
BIS stanndards for various
v heavvy metals, viz.
v Drinnking Water Quality, 1991,1 1997). “Once
Cu, Zn, Ni,N Cr, Fe anda Mn. Theese were fouund the water is pollluted, life is polluted; once
o the
to be verry high in grround waterr and industrrial watter is exhauusted, civilizzation is exhhausted;
effluent. Thus, untrreated indusstrial efflueents once the waterr disappearss, the humaan being
can causse an enviro onmental thrreat to grouund disaappears; prootecting the water resources is
water resources and d affects sooil quality and
a prottecting the human
h beingg” (Mingjunn, 2010).
agricultuural plant prooductivity. There
T is a neeed Thee problem of o water poollution and quality
of proper treatmen nt and maanagement of deggradation inn the develloping counntries is
industrial effluent an nd waste prroducts, befofore incrreasingly beecoming a thhreat to thee natural
dischargiing into any aquuatic systeem, watter resourcees (Matta et e al., 20100; Matta
agricultuural field andd on open lannd area 2010; Matta, 2014; Matta, M 2015)). This
phenomenon iss attributedd to the increasing
Keyword ds: Water an nalysis | hand pump wateer |
quest of thhese counntries to attain
industrial effluents | heavy
h metalls
induustrializationn status andd diversificaation of
For corresspondence: the national deevelopment goalsg and Kenya
K is
1
Departmennt of Zoology & Environmental Science, Gurukuula no exception
e too this phenoomenon (Kitthiia and
Kangri Unniversity, Haridw war, India Khrroda, 20111). The water w resouurce is
2
Faculty off Professional Scciences, Universiity “Aleksander
Moisiu” Durres,
D Albania inaddequate whhich forces the authorrities to
Email– drggaganmatta@hottmail.com estaablish the deesalination program
p thrroughout
33
 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40
the counntry (Matta, 2014; Mattta and Kum mar,
2015; Matta,
M 2015; Matta et al.., 2015; Mattta,
2015). Inn addition, reclaimed
r seewage waterr is
on the increase
i to be used inn farming and a
industrial sectors. As
A a result of this practiice,
there is a wide spreads of heavy mettals
throughoout the envirronment. Thhere is a stroong
indicationn that the heavy
h metalss in Oman are
spreadingg rapidly thrroughout diffferent habittats
because of rapid in ncrease in population
p a
and
industries (Al-Bahry et al., 2011, Al-Musharrafi
et al., 20012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c; Al-Rawahi
et al., 2007).
Trace heavy metals, such as arseenic, cadmiuum,
lead, chhromium, nickel, and mercury, are
importannt envirronmental pollutannts,
particularrly in areass with high anthropogennic
pressure. In addition n to these metals,
m coppper,
manganeese, iron, an nd zinc are also important
trace miicronutrientss. The pressence of traace
heavy meetals in the atmosphere,
a soil, and waater
can causse serious problems to all organism
and the ubiquitous bioavailabbility of theese
heavy metals
m can result in bioacccumulationn in
the food chain which h especiallyy can be highhly
dangerouus to human n health. A study revieews
the heavyy metal conttamination inn several areeas
of Pakiistan over the pastt few yeaars,
particularrly to asssess the heavy meetal
contaminnation in waater (ground water, surfaace
water, and
a waste water), sooil, sedimennts,
particulatte matter, and
a vegetablles. The listted
contaminnations affeect the drrinking waater
quality, ecological environment, and foood
chain. Moreover,
M the
t toxicityy induced by
contaminnated water, soil, and veegetables poses
serious thhreat to hum
man health (Waseem
( Am mir
 
et al.,
a 2014).
Imp
pacts
Thee use of pooor quality ground waater, for
drinnking purpooses in the vicinity off highly
pollluting indusstries and inndustrial areeas have
imppacts on public
p healtth and vuulnerable
grouups. The common chemicalc poollutants
harmmful to hum
man health fouund in grounnd water
due to industrrial discharrges are chhlorides,
nitrates, heavy metals and organic mattter. The
commmon healthh problems caused by ground
watter pollutionn include miiscarriage, loow birth
weight, birth defects andd prematuree infant
deatth. Adults and children suffer froom skin
probblems, eyee irritation and neurrological
probblems like dizziness,
d seiizures, fainting, etc.
Em
missions to aq
quatic envirronment:
Coppper: Samannidou et al. (1991) estimaated that
hummic substancces (~2-3 mgg/litre) weree able to
cause the longg-term releaase of 70-80% of
copper in the tw
wo rivers of northern Grreece. In
ms,
experimental sttudies copper was rem mobilized
by synthetic coomplexing agents
a moree readily
thann other metals
m testedd (cadmium m, lead,
mannganese and chromium)..
Zinc: Anthroppogenic inpputs of zinnc from
minning and manufaccturing prrocesses
(prooduction of zinc, iron, chemicals,
c p
pulp and
paper, and pettroleum prooducts) into aquatic
ecosystems aree given as 33 000- 178 1 000
tonnnes/year. Total
T worlddwide inpuut was
estim
mated to bee 77 000–375 000 tonnnes/year
(Nriiagu & Pacyyna, 1988).
Nickel: Concenntrations of nickel
n in freeshwater
systtems are geenerally lesss than 2-10 µg/litre
(Stookes, 1981). On the basis of determminations
34 
 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40 

of nickell concentratiions in 969 water suppllies 35 µg/litre

µ (Durrfor & Beckeer, 1964).
in the USAU durin
ng 1965-70,, the averaage Ironn: The preseence of Iron in drinking water is
concentraation of nickkel in water samples takken objeectionable for a nuumber of reasons
at the coonsumer's taap was 4.8 µg/litre (NA AS, unreelated to heealth. Underr the pH coonditions
1975). Inn Italy, nickeel levels in drinking-waater exissting in driinking wateer supplies, ferrous
were mosstly below 10 µg/litre (C Clemente et al.,a salts are unstabble and preccipitate as innsoluble
1980). Schumann
S (1
1980) measured levels of ferrric hydroxidee, which setttles out as ruusty silt.
6.8-10.9 µg/litre in the Germaan Democraatic Succh water tasstes unpalattable, promootes the
Republicc. Leaching processes frrom water taaps grow wth of "ironn bacteria" annd the silt gradually
g
and fixtuures contribuute to nickell levels alreaady reduuces the floow of water in the pipiing. The
present ini drinking--water. Beetween 18 and a recoommended guideline
g levvel of iron in
i water
900 mg of nickel werew leached from 10 ussed is 0.3 ppm.
water taaps, which had been filled, in an Mannganese: Anaerobic
A groundwaterr often
inverted position, wiith 15 ml deeionized watter, conntains elevvated leveels of dissolvedd
and left overnight
o forr 16 h (Straiin et al., 19880). mannganese. Thhe presencee of Mangaanese in
In Denm mark, levels of
o up to 4900 µg/litre were drinnking water is
i objectionaable for a nuumber of
observedd, when waterw was left standiing reassons unrelated to healthh. At concenntrations
overnighht in nick kel-containinng plumbiing exceeding 0.155 ppm Mannganese impparts an
fittings (A
Andersen ett al., 1983). In areas where unddesirable taste to bevverages andd stains
nickel is mined, as much
m as 200 µg nickel/liitre plummbing fixturres. The reccommended value is
has been recorded in n drinking-w water (McNeely 0.1 ppm.
et al., 19972). Assumming a dailyy intake of 1.5
Maaterials and Methods
litres watter and a lev
vel of 5-10 µg nickel/littre,
the meann daily intakke of nickel from water for Pressent study was
w carried out o at different sites
adults woould be betwween 7.5 andd 15 µg. of Saharanpur district (U.P.), India. Several
watter sources are selectedd as samplinng sites,
Chromiuum: Most su urface waterrs contain veery
out of which water sampples were collected
c
low leveels of chro omium. The T chromiuum
from
m hand puumps (as groundwater,
g , comes
content inn surface waater in the Tiia-ding counnty,
undder the viccinity of SPM S and distillery
d
Shanghaii, ranged frrom 0 to 800 µg/litre (2256
induustry, to check imppacts of inndustrial
samples). According g to the Yang-Pu
Y waater
effluuents) and industrial efffluent drainnage for
works, which
w is thee biggest water
w works in
heavvy metal anaalysis. Following sites:-
Shanghaii, the chrom mium levels in well waater
are beloow 50 µg g/litre. (Chen Binghenng, A. Star paper mill
m industryy
personal communicaation to thee Task Grouup, 1. Pragpur near Saharaanpur
1986). The
T mean leevel in the drinking-waater 2. Lakhnouur near Taprri railway staation
supplies in 100 citiess in the USAA was only 0.43 3. Belda juunardar near Nagal
µg/litre, with a rangee from barelly detectablee to
35 
 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40 

B. Distilllery industrry grouundwater are withhout any health

1. Tapri
T main in
ndustry signnificance anda scatterr mostly around
0.022mg/l. The monthly avverage conceentration
2. Tapri,
T Yusufp
pur
of Copper
C in trreated and untreated watter from
3. Lakhnour
L
all the
t three soources was recorded
r 1.2 to 2.96
C. Grou
und Water mg//l.
1. Nagal,
N Saharaanpur Thee distributionn and transport of zinc in i water,
2. Naveennagar
N , Saharanpurr sediiment and soil are deependent uppon the
3. Himmatnagar
H r, Saharanpuur speccies of zinc present andd the characcteristics
A kit containing
c sample
s colleection bottlles, of the
t environm ment. The solubility
s off zinc is
standard chemical reagents,
r gllassware’s, pH p primmarily deterrmined by pH. At aciidic pH
meter, thhermometer and other accessories was w m be present in the aqueous
valuues, zinc may
used forr sampling. Samples were w collectted phaase in its ioniic form. Zinnc may preciipitate at
fortnightly througho out the stuudy period in pH values greaater than 8.00. It may allso form
morning hours (7 A. A M.-10A.M M). Water was w stabble organic complexes, for exampple, with
collectedd after discaarding the stagnant
s waater hummic and fulvvic acids. Thhe formation of such
where ass it was after sufficient wastages froom commplexes cann increase the t mobilityy and/or
hand puump. At the industriall drain/surfaace soluubility of zinc.
z Zinc is unlikelyy to be
water, reepresentativee samples weere obtainedd at leacched from soil
s owing to
t its adsorpption on
15-60 cm m depth bellow surfacee. Plastic Jeerry clayy and orgganic mattter. Zinc is not
cans andd glass bottlees of 1-2 littres thoroughhly biom magnified. The absorrption of zinc z by
rinsed were
w used for
f collectioon. The waater aquuatic animalss tends to be from wateer rather
samples collected fro om different sources were thann food. ZincZ occurss ubiquitouusly in
analysed in the labo oratory with the proceduure envvironmental and bioological samples. s
as recom mmended by b standardd method of Conncentrations in soil seediments annd fresh
examinattion and waastewater (A APHA, 19885). watter are strrongly deteermined byy local
The analysis was carrried out forr various heaavy geological and anthropogeenic influennces and
metals as Cu, Zn, Ni, N Cr, Fe & Mn. Doubble thuss vary subsstantially. Natural
N backkground
distilled water
w was used throughoout the studyy. totaal zinc conceentrations arre usually < 0.1–50
µg/llitre in fressh water Inn anthropoggenically
Results and
a Discusssion
conntaminated samples, zinc levels of up to 4
Physico-chemical an nd heavy meetal analysis of
mg//litre in wateer, 35 g/kg inn soil, 15 µgg/litre in
water waas done, andd the significcant parametters
estuuarine wateer, and 8 µg/m3 in air are
are represented in Taable 1 – 3.
founnd.Mean daaily zinc inttake from drinking-
d
Copper isi an essenttial trace eleement with an watter is estimaated to be < 0.2 mg/dday. The
optimal daily oral intake of 1-2mg/persoon. averrage concenntration of zinc was 1.40 to
Naturallyy occurring copper cooncentration in 5.033mg/l.
36 
 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40 

Concentrrations of irron in drinkking-water are galvvanized iron pipes arre used for water
normallyy less than 0.3 mg/litree but may be disttribution. Thhe highest value of alll heavy
higher inn countries where
w variouus iron salts are mettals, except Mn was at site 3 of staar paper
used as coagulating
c agents in water-treatm
w ent milll, but for thhe distillery effluent site 3 was
plants and
a where cast ironn, steel, and a observed with higher
h value of all heavyy metals.

Parameter Site -1 Site -2 Site -3 B.I.S. W.H.O

Copper 1.42+ 0.24 1.54+ 0.39 1.96+ 0.58 3 --
Zinc 3.75+ 1.55 4.17+ 0.27 4.5+ 0.53 15 -- Tab
ble 1: Averaage values forr Heavy
Nickel 2.28+ 0.04 2.33+ 0.69 2.54+ 0.46 1 3
Chromium 1.51+ 0.30 1.53+ 0.005 1.97+0.10 2 -- Metal at
a different Sampling
S
Iron 2.89+ 0.73 3.26+ 1.00 4.12-+ 1.49 1 3 Site of Star paper mill
m with
Manganese 1.50+ 0.06 1.93+ 0.47 1.76+ 0.10 -- 2 comparisson to BIS andd WHO.

Parameter Site -1 Site -2 Site -3 B.I.S. W.H.O

Copper 1.32+ 0.12 1.38+ 0.11 1.43+ 0.18 3 --
Zinc 2.83+ 0.23 2.72+ 0.16 3.08+ 0.09 15 -- Tabble 2: Averaage values forr Heavy
Nickel 1.94+ 0.69 1.47+ 0.08 2.32+ 0.32 1 3
Chromium 1.20+ 0.18 1.36+0.11 1.55+ 0.27 2 -- Metal at a different Sampling
S
mgg/litre.Site ofSiDistillery
Dmilar efflusym mptoms,
uent with
Iron 2.24+ 0.71 3.39+ 1.07 3.23++ 0.42 1 3
Mangnese 1.28+ 0.062 1.42+ 0.12 1.62-0.20 -- 2 occcasionally
comparisleeading to dea
son to BIS anddath,
WHO.

Parameter Site -1 Site -2 Site -3 B.I.S. W.H.

O
Copper 2.66+ 0.26 2.61+ 0.24 2.64+ 0.32 1 2
Zinc 2.34+ 0.94 2.71+ 0.52 2.78+ 0.39 5 5 Taable 3: Averrage values foor Heavy
Nickel 2.31+ 0.27 2.52+ 0.34 2.35+ 0.22 0.02 0.006 Metal at different Sampling
Chromium 1.27+ 0.31 1.24+ 0.05 1.34+ 0.04 0.05 0.05
Site of
o Groundwaater with
Iron 3.34+ 0.32 3.58+ 0.08 3.62+ 0.30 0.3-3 0.3-3
Mangnese 1.20+ 0.70 1.30+ 0.10 1.41+ 0.09 0.1-0.15 0.1 comparrison to BIS annd WHO.

Copper is a redd dish-brown, ductile and a havve been repoorted follow wing the inaadvertent
malleablee metal. Milld overdose and deficienncy intravenous adm ministrationn of large doses
d of
of copper can cause cardiac hyppertrophy, pooor zincc. Kidney diialysis patieents exposedd to zinc
neuronal myelinaation, bllood vesssel throough the usee of water stored
s in gallvanized
abnormallities, impaiired immunee response and a unitts have deeveloped symptoms
s o zinc
of
Gastrointtestinal, respiratorry, rennal, toxiicity that were
w reversibble when thhe water
haematollogical symp ptoms. Meann concentratiion wass subjected to activated carbon fiiltration.
of moree than 2mg g/l, could lead to livver Nickel from vaarious indusstrial processses and
cirrhosis in babies. Poisoning incidents with w otheer sources finally reeach waste water.
symptom ms of gastroointestinal distress,
d naussea Drinnking-water generally contains less than 10
and diarrrhoea have been
b reportedd after a single µg nickel/litre,
n but occasionnally nickel may be
or short--term expossure to conncentrations of releeased from the
t plumbinng fittings, resulting
r
zinc in water or beverages
b o 1000- 25500
of in concentration
c ns of up to 500 µg nickkel/litre.

37 
 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40 

In terresstrial plants, nickel levvels above 50 mannganese poisoning, 3 of o which weere fatal
mg/kg dry d weight are usuallly toxic. The T (inccluding one suicide), inn a small Japanese
J
significannce of Nick kel from health point of commmunity. Abbout 400 dryy-cell batteriies were
view is mainly du ue to its high
h allergennic founnd buried within
w 2 m ofo a well ussed as a
potential. The WH HO limit for f Nickel is watter supply. The
T mangannese contennt of the
0.02mg/ll. (WHO, 200a). It is i not know wn watter was abouut 14 mg/litree and concenntrations
whether chromium is i an essentiial nutrient for of 8 and 11 mg/litre
m were found in 2 other
plants, buut all plants contain the element (upp to wellls. All 16 inntoxicated subjects drannk water
0.19 mg//kg on a wett weight bassis). Almost all fromm these wells.
w The subjects exhibited
e
the hexaavalent chrom mium in the environment psychological and neurrological disorders
d
arises froom human acctivities. It isi derived froom assoociated with manganese poisoning, anda high
the induustrial oxidaation of minned chromiuum mannganese andd zinc leveels were foound in
deposits and possiblly from the combustion of orgaans at autopssy.
fossil fueels, wood, paper,
p etc. The
T burning of Con
nclusion
fossil fueels, and wasste incineratiion are sourcces Bassed on this study,
s it apppears that thhe major
of chrom mium in aiir and wateer. Hexavalent sourrce of heavvy metal conntamination is from
chromium m causes marked
m irriitation of thet induustrial efflueent and sluddge. On the basis of
respiratorry tract. Ulcceration andd perforationn of observation, it i was cooncluded thhat the
the nasall septum haave occurredd frequently in induustrial efflueents are deteeriorating thee ground
workers employed in n the chrommate produciing watter quality with
w special reference to heavy
and hexxavalent ch hromium-using industriies. mettals in the vicinity
v of Saaharanpur inndustrial
The averrage lethal dose of iroon is 200–2250 areaa. These toxxic elementss may causee severe
mg/kg off body weig ght, but deathh has occurrred probblems to human
h beinggs and anim mals by
followingg the ingestiion of dosess as low as 40 enteering into the food chains. Untreated U
mg/kg off body weig ght. Autopsiees have show wn induustrial efflueents containn higher amoounts of
haemorrhhagic necrossis and slouughing of areeas Cd, Pb, Zn, Cuu, Mn and Fe F and enhaance the
of mucossa in the sto omach with extension innto conncentration ofo the heavyy metals in irrigated
i
the subm mucosa. Chronic iron ovverload resuults surfface soils (X
Xiog et al., 20001).
primarilyy from a genetic disordder
• Thhe results inndicated thatt the concenntrations
(haemochhromatosis) characterizeed by increassed
off studied heavy
h metaals were leesser in
iron absoorption and from diseasses that requuire
inndustrial efffluent than toxicity thhreshold
frequent transfusionss. Adults haave often takken
limmit in irriggation wateer. Even maximum
m
iron suppplements forr extended periods
p withoout
vaalues of this study were below toxiccity level
deleteriouus effects, and an inttake of 0.44–1
exxcept for grooundwater.
mg/kg of body weig ght per day is unlikely to
• Thhe controllinng efforts byy industrial ETP’s
E or
cause advverse effectss in healthy persons.
p
otther authoritties have beeen effectivee in that
Kawamuura et al. (1
1941) studieed 16 cases of
arrea.
38 
 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40 

• The cooncentrationn of heavy metal (except 108. WH

HO, 1991.
Zn), inn groundwateer were abovve the BIS anda CS. Copper. Environmenntal Health Criteria
IPC
WHO standards
s wh hich reveals that the usee of 200. WH
HO, 1998.
these hand
h pump water is noot suitable for CS. Nickel. Environmenntal Health Criteria
IPC
drinkinng purposes. 108. WHHO, 1991.
• The loong term consumption
c n of all theese
Kithhiia, S. M. and Khroda, G. M. (2011):
heavy metals cann cause diffferent diseases
Sedimennts yields annd Transporrt within
like Brrain and Kidney
K damaage, cancer in
the Naiirobi River basins, Keenya: In
human body, dermatitis.
River, Coastal and E
Estuarine
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R © 2011
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Fisher D. C. (2001): Copper. In: Sullivan JB Jr. Mattta Gagan, Gaurav Bhaadauriya and Vikas
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w
water as a fuunction of redox
r potenttial Uttarakhaand. Journal of Chemiical and
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 Matta et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/33 – 40 

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( Waseem, A., Arshad,
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