Industrial Hygiene

Occupational Safety and Health Center
Outline
–  Fundamental concepts of IH;
•  Confined space
•  Indoor air quality
•  Hazardous wastes
–  Classification of health hazards;
–  Evaluation techniques
–  Environment control measures

What is Industrial Hygiene ?
•  Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art

devoted to recognition, evaluation and control
of environmental factors and stresses arising in
or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort among workers or among
citizens of the community.

Industrial Hygienist…
A specialty in great demand?

Classification of Chemicals
(Based on Nature of Exposure)
1.  Vapor
2.  Fumes
3.  Mist
4.  Gases
5.  Dust
6.  Fibers

1.  Vapors
–  Gases formed when liquid
evaporates
–  Associated with solvents,
adhesives, alcohols, etc.
–  Solvents with low boiling points
form vapors readily at room
temperature

2.  Fumes
–  Volatilized solids that
condense when they contact
air
–  Very small, solid particles
created when hot vapor
reacts with air to form an
oxide
–  Associated with molten
metals & processes like
welding, metalizing and
coating.
3.  Mist
–  Dispersion of liquid particles in the
air.
–  Suspended liquid droplets when
vapor condenses back to liquid.
–  Associated with acids, chlorine,
formaldehyde, phenols, etc. &
processes like electroplating,
atomizing and spraying.

4.  Gases
–  Substances in the gaseous state at room
temperature and pressure.
Examples:
•  Oxygen
•  Chlorine Gas
•  Carbon Monoxide

FORMALDEHYDE
HCHO

•  Carbon Monoxide.
Sources: Tobacco smoke,
engine exhausts,parking
garages.

Volatile Organic compounds
•  Paints, adhesives, air freshener,

•  Photocopiers
•  Perfumes, scents
•  New building materials

5.  Dust
–  Suspension of solid particles in the air.
–  Generated by processes like grinding, drilling
and crushing operations.
–  Respirable Dust – particles are in a size range
that permits them to penetrate deep into the
lungs upon inhalation.
Types:
•  Nuisance
•  Toxic
•  Fibrogenic

Toxic Dust
Silica -A white or colorless crystalline
compound, SiO2 used to manufacture a wide
variety of materials, especially glass and
concrete.

WHAT IS ASBESTOS?
Asbestos is a mineral which consists

of needle-shaped and threadlike fibers
that occur naturally as fiber.

(Based on Physical & Chemical Properties)
1.  Flammables/Combustibles
2.  Corrosives
3.  Toxics/Highly Toxics
4.  Oxidizers
5.  Compressed Gases
6.  Cryogens
7.  Pyrophorics (Air Reactives)
8.  Water Reactives
9.  Explosives/Potentially Explosives
10. Peroxide Forming Chemicals
11. Environmentally Hazardous Substances
Flammable Liquids
- Give off vapors at room temperature
- Have a Flash point below 100o F
Examples: alcohols – methanol, ethanol
esters - ethyl acetate
ethers - diethyl ether
ketones - acetone, cyclohexane
gasoline, lighter fluid, paint thinner

Oxidizers
-  substances that readily decompose
under certain conditions to yield O2 or
react to promote or initiate
combustion of flammable or
combustible materials
-  fire hazard

Compressed Gases
 All compressed gases have large amount of energy
stored in the cylinder from the compression of gas
 Dropping or knocking over a cylinder can cause the
energy to release
 May even propel like a rocket
Examples: acetylene
chlorine
methane
oxygen

Cryogens
 Materials that are extremely cold (-100 °C to -270 °C)
 Upon contact, living tissue can freeze & become
brittle enough to shatter
 Have common properties & hazardous characteristics
w/ compressed gases
Examples: liquid hydrogen
liquid helium

Pyrophorics (Air Reactives)
• Substances which ignite in contact with air
within 5 minutes / spontaneously in air at a
temperature of 130oF or below
•  Used mainly in semi-conductor industry
Examples: sodium, phospine, metals

Water Reactives
• Substances often react violently with water
and may ignite or generate toxic, flammable, or
corrosive gases
Examples: phosphorus

(Based on Physical & Chemical
Properties)
Explosives
  substances and preparations capable by
chemical reaction of producing gas at
such a temperature, pressure and speed
as to cause damage to people and
surroundings
  are chemicals that are capable of
catching fire or exploding if subjected to
certain conditions such as flame, shock
or friction, even static electricity
  includes pure chemicals such as
trinitrotoluene (TNT)

(Based on Health Effects)
1.  Corrosives
2.  Toxic
3.  Irritants
4.  Carcinogenic
5.  Teratogenic
6.  Mutagenic

Toxic Chemicals
-  Overexposure can cause injury or death
-  Chemicals with a lethal dose (LD50) of >50 and
<500 mg/kg body weight
-  Chemicals with a lethal concentration (LC50) in
air of >200 and <1000 ppm
Examples: phenol, cyanide

! Classification of Chemicals
Irritants
-  Non-corrosive substances, which can
cause inflammation through immediate,
prolonged or repeated contact with the
skin or mucous membrane.
Examples:
 Inflammation of the skin
 Eye irritation
 Irritation to the respiratory system

Hazards covered by theGHS
Classification
Physical Hazards:
•  Explosive
•  Flammability
•  Oxidizers
•  Self-Reactive
•  Pyrophorics
•  Self-Heating
•  Organic Peroxides
•  Corrosive to Metals
Environmental Hazard: Hazardous to Aquatic

Environment
Mixtures
GHS Pictograms and Hazard
Classes
Flame Flame over Exploding Bomb
Flammables Circle Explosives Corrosion Gas Cylinder
Self Reactives Oxidizers Self Reactives * Gases under
Pyrophorics Organic Peroxides Organic Peroxides Pressure
Self Heating
Exclamation Chronic Health

Skull and Mark Environment Hazard
Crossbones Irritant * Environmental *Carcinogen
* Acute toxicity Dermal Sensitizer Toxicity *Respiratory Toxicity
(severe) Acute toxicity (harmful) *Reproductive
Toxicity
*Target Organ
Toxicity
*Mutagenecity

What is a Hazardous
Chemicals
A Health Fire and Dangerous for
Risk Explosion Environment
Hazard
•  Toxic •  Explosive •  Toxic to living

•  Corrosive •  Oxidizing organism
•  Irritant •  Flammable •  Persists in the
•  Sensitizing environment
•  Bioaccumulation

Confined Spaces
Any space with one or more of the following
characteristics:
"   Limited or restricted means for entry or exit;
"   Not designed for continuous employee
occupancy;
"   Unnatural ventilation;
"   Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter and perform work.

Confined Spaces
Examples:
"   Storage Tanks "   Pipelines
"   Sewers "   Trenches**
"   Boilers "   Pits**
"   Manholes "   Silos
"   Tunnels "   Vats

"   Wells

Confined Spaces
" Hazards
  Flammable:gases &
vapors   Fire & Explosion
"   Toxic Gases   Acute illness or death
"   Oxygen deficiency   Acute illness or death

Indoor Air Quality
•  Physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of indoor air in workplaces with no internal
industrial processes or operations that can affect
the comfort and health of the occupant
•  Applied to non-industrial indoor environments:
Offices, public buildings (schools, hospitals,
theaters, restaurants, etc.)

Sources of Indoor Air
Pollutants in Buildings
Carbon
Biologicals Occupants
Monoxide Formaldehyde
(mold,
and other
bacteria, dust
chemicals VOCs from
mites, pollen)
products,
furnishings,
machines
37
Characteristics of
Hazardous Wastes
Any waste that
exhibits one or
more of these
characteristics is
considered
Toxic hazardous waste
Ignitable
Corrosive
Reactive
Republic Act 6969
Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Waste Control Act of 1990
Title II: Toxic Substances

(Chemicals & Chemical
Substances)
Title III: Hazardous Wastes
Policies, Requirements &

Procedures

Health Hazards are . . .
Physical Hazards
These include exposure to excessive level of . . .
  Noise
  Vibration
  Temperature
Extremes
  Pressure Extremes
  Radiation

Health Hazards are . . .
Biological Hazards
These include. . .
  Insects, molds, fungi and

bacteria
  Sanitation and
housekeeping
  Removal of industrial
waste and sewage
  Food handling
  Personal cleanliness
And
Ergonomics Hazards
These include. . .
  Improperly designed tools

or workareas
  Improper lifting or
reaching
  Poor visual condition
  Repeated motion in
awkward position

Hazards Recognition
Recognition of the different hazards can be accomplished by. . .
  Walk-through survey/Ocular inspection

  Reviewing process involved
  Knowing the raw materials used, products and by-
products
  Gathering of workers
complaints
  CSDS/MSDS

Sources of Information about the
Chemicals being Used?
•  Labels
•  Chemical Safety Data Sheets

GHS
Classification

Hazards covered by the harmonized
Physical Hazards:
criteria
•  Explosive
•  Flammability
•  Oxidizers
•  Self-Reactive
•  Pyrophorics
•  Self-Heating
•  Organic Peroxides
•  Corrosive to Metals
Environmental Hazard: Hazardous to Aquatic

Environment
Mixtures
Fire Hazard (Red)
Flash Points
4 - Below 73 F
3 - Below 100 F
2 - Below 200 F
1 - Above 200 F
0 - Will not burn
Health Hazard Instability

(Blue) 0 (Yellow)
4 - Deadly 4 - May Dentonate
3 - Extreme Danger 3 - Shock and Heat May
2 - Hazardous
3 0 Detonate
1 - Slightly Hazardous 2 - Violent Chemical Change
1 - Unstable if Heated
0 - Normal Material ox 0 - Stable
y
Specific Hazard
(White)
Oxidizer ---- OXY
Acid ---- ACID
Alkalai ---- ALF
Corrosive ---- COR
Radiation Hazard ----
Use No Water ----
Polymerizes ---P
No special hazard ----

What is CSDS / MSDS?
•  A summary of the important health,

safety and toxicological information on
the chemical or the mixture ingredients.

Contents of the CSDS / MSDS
1.  Identification of the chemicals
2.  Composition/Information on ingredients
3.  Hazards identification
4.  First-aid measures
5.  Fire-fighting measures
6.  Accidental Release Measures
7.  Handling and Storage
8.  Personal Protection

Contents of the CSDS / MSDS
9.  Physical and Chemical Properties
10.  Stability and Reactivity
11.  Toxicological Information
12.  Ecological Information
13.  Disposal Considerations
14.  Transport Information
15.  Regulatory Information
16.  Other Information

Recognition of Occupational Hazards
Noise
Mist
Solvent Vapor
Dust
Spray Painting
Heat
Illumination
Non-ionizing radiation
Toxic Gas
Metal Fumes
Dust
Ergonomic
Welding
Biologic Hazards
Chemicals
Ergonomic
Health Care
Noise
Heat
Dust
Fumes
Foundry
Heat
Noise
Silica/Asbestos Dust
Solvent vapor
Toxic gases
Vibration
Ergonomic
Construction
Illumination
Non-ionizing radiation
Ergonomic
Computer Work
Noise
Vibration
Dust
Heat
Ergonomic
Quarrying

Noise
Hand arm Vibration
Dust
Ergonomic
Drilling
Heat
Chemicals/Pesticides
Ergonomic
Biologic Hazards
Farming
Evaluation
  Determination of the magnitude or level

of hazards with the use of IH equipment;
  Analysis of samples; and
  Comparison of results of measurement to
standards

Work Environment Measurement
Refers to the
determination of
environmental stresses
and their hazardous
effects on worker’s health
through direct
measurement of
hazardous using IH
equipment.

Rule 1070 of Occupational
Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS)
Rule 1077 : Working Environment Measurement (WEM)
• The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the
working environment in comfortable and healthy conditions for
the purpose of promoting and maintaining the health of his
workers.
• The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other
workplaces where hazardous work is performed and shall keep a
record of such measurement which shall be made available to
the enforcing authority.
• The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be necessary
but not longer than annually.

Purposes of WEM
  To determine the magnitude of harmful

environmental agents;
  To physically check the environment through
measurement;
  To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw
materials, production process and working
methods;
  To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful
substances;
Purposes of WEM
  To generate environmental data to interfere

medical & epidemiological effects.
  To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental
control measures adopted to improve the
workplace; and
  To maintain favorable environment conditions.

Types of Monitoring
  Personal Monitoring
  Area/Environmental Monitoring

Area/Environmental
Sampling
Filter Holder
Elutriator

Air Sampling Pumps

Impingers

Filters
Filter Cassette
Filter Cassette
Plugs
Support
pad
Filter

Detector Tubes

Direct-Reading Instruments
Instruments like:
•  Combustible Gas
Detector
•  Oxygen Monitor
•  Toxic Gas Detector
•  Detector Tube Pump
can be use for on-the-
spot assessment of the
ambient air.
(color detector tubes.)
Evaluation

Evaluation
•  The measurement data will be
compared with existing standards /
guidelines:
–  Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
–  Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
–  Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
–  Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
–  Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(MACs)

Exposure Standards &
Guidelines
"   Standards
* Legally acceptable exposure limits
(Rule 1070, OSHS establishes the TLVs)
"   Guidelines
* Recommended maximum exposure which
are voluntary and not legally enforceable

Standards…..
Occupational Safety and Health

Standards of the Philippines
"   Formulated in 1978 in compliance
with the constitutional mandate for
the safety and health of the workers.
"   In August 1989, the revisions made
by BWC, ILO Manila Office and the
tripartite sector were finally approved
by the Secretary of Labor &
Employment.

Guidelines, Reference …

Threshold Limit Values
Exposure guidelines established for

airborne concentration of chemical
compounds.
  TLV - TWA
  TLV - STEL
  TLV - C

STELs
Are defined as 15-minute average exposures

which should not be exceeded at any time
during a workday even if the 8-hour TWA is
within acceptable levels.
These are the maximum concentrations that a
person maybe exposed to at any given 15-
minute time in a work shift.

Ceiling Values
Are concentrations that should not be

exceeded during any part of the workday--
not even for an instant.
Ceiling values are usually best determined with

direct-reading instruments.

TLV of Airborne Contaminants
GASES VAPORS
CO 50 ppm Acetone 1,000 ppm

Benzene 25 ppm-C
CO2 5,000 ppm
Toluene 100 ppm
Cl2 1 ppm Methanol 200 ppm
Ethanol 1,000 ppm
O2 18%
Methyl 100 ppm-C
Chloride

Sound Level Meter
Microphone
Windscreen
Function Selector
Preamplifier
Digital Display
Mounting Ring
Analog Meter
Level Range Selector
Control Section

Permissible Noise Exposure
Duration per day, Sound Levels, dBA,
hours low response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1–½ 102
1 105
½ 110
1/4 115
* Ceiling value : No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed

Standards / Guidelines

Heat
•  Environmental and physical work factors that

constitute the total heat load imposed on the
body
•  Unit of measurement: WBGToC
•  Instruments Used:
Globe thermometer
Natural Wet Bulb thermometer
Psychrometer

Heat Stress
Excessive Heat Load
Factors influencing heat stress
1.  Air Temperature
2.  Air Humidity
3.  Air Velocity
4.  Radiant Temperature
5.  Physical Workload
6.  Work Rest Regimen

Examples of Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit
Values [Values are given in 0C and (0F) WGBT]
Workload
Work-Rest Regimen
Light Moderate Heavy
Continuous work 30.0 (86) 26.7 (80) 25.0 (77)
75% work – 25% Rest, 30.6 (87) 28.0 (82) 25.9 (78)
each hour
50% work – 50% Rest,

31.4 (89) 29.4 (85) 27.9 (82)
each hour
25% work – 75% Rest,

each hour 32.2 (90) 31.1 (88) 30.0 (86)

Heat Stress Monitor
Classical
Electronic
Illumination
•  Purpose of Lighting in Industry

To provide adequate lighting at the
place of work for the specific operation /
task performed
•  Unit of measurement: lux
•  Instrument Used: Luxmeter

Measures of stream of light falling on a
surface
Luxmeter - instrument to measure

illumination
Lux - unit of measurement

WEM Equipment
Photo cell
Control Buttons
Digital Display
Lux Meter
Recommended Illumination Levels

Process Flow Chart
Back
Plant Layout
Occupational Safety and Health Center Back

Work Environment Control
Comprises of measures which aim at the
elimination or reduction of exposure of
workers to potential work environment
hazards.

“The correct recognition and
careful evaluation of the hazards
are extremely important and will
constitute the basis of appropriate
control measures”

Generalized Diagram of
Methods of Control
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER

Methods of Control
Dip
Tank

General Environment Control
Measures
1.  Engineering control
2.  Administrative control
3.  Use of Personal Protective
Equipment

Ventilation
  The process of supplying or

removing air by natural or
mechanical means to and from any
space.

Types of Industrial Ventilation
•  General or Dilution Ventilation

•  Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

General Ventilation
•  It aims at the supply and removal of

air in the work environment so that
the possible contaminants are diluted
to levels considered to be not
harmful to health.

General or Dilution Ventilation
1. Natural 2. Mechanical
Ventilation Ventilation
Preferred if significant
health hazards exist

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
"   It aims at the removal of the air

contaminants from the point of
dispersion or generation before they
contaminate the work environment
and reach the breathing zone of the
workers in harmful concentration.

LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
SYSTEM
Duct
Air Cleaning Device
Hoods Fan
Enclosure
Exterior
Receiving
Administrative Control
1. Reduction of work periods

2. Adjusting work schedules
3. Employee information and training
4. Job Rotation
5. Education of supervisors

Personal Protective
Examples: Equipment
"   Dust/Gas Respirators
"   Safety Goggles/Spectacles
"   Face Shields
"   Gloves
"   Aprons
"   Safety Shoes
"   Helmets
"   Earplugs/Earmuffs

Summary
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Hazards
Safe and Healthy Working Environment


Industrial Hygiene

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Occupational Safety and Health Center

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