STUDIES ANALYSING FWD TEST RESULTS

S.No. PAPER NAME JOURNAL OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION

BISDEF Computer program is used for

back calculation analysis. Modulus of
surface layer is assigned as linear
elastic. Some graphs are obtained as In addition to BISDEF, BISAR & WESLEA
To predict structural output. (i) Layer Mod. Vs Location, 1 to are also used to verify results. Pavement
Journal of Traffic &
1 Dynamic Analysis of FWD capacity of pavement by 7 for base, sub base & subgrade. (ii) Temperature is also considered. Analysis
Transportation Engg.
analyzing FWD test results. Dynamic Deflection basin at various cannot be done on single location, it needs
location from non linear analysis. (iii) multiple location to get realistic results
Comparison of average vertical strain at
top of subgrade using WESLEA,
FEM,MET.

(i)FWD measures force applied &

Analytical Empirical Pavement
2 infinite subgrade. If rock layer exists, an
Evaluation using FWD
(i)To determine modulus of
each structural layer in
pavement system using FWD
Transportation with ELMOD computer prog.
Research Record (ii) An overlay design has
also been carried out with
analytical determination of
Elastic Moduli.
reading stored in a magnetic tape &
then ELMOD computer program is used
to read FWD data. (ii)Theoretical
models VESYS & MMOPP are used to
ELMOD works under assumption of a semi
predict future pavement performance in
terms of roughness, rutting, cracking.
error in moduli can be expected
(iii)Overlay thickness is also determined
if residual life of pavement is
insufficient.
(iv)Elastic Modulus is also calculated
using MET.
 STUDIES ANALYSING FWD TEST RESULTS
S.No. PAPER NAME JOURNAL OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
Pavement response to FWD is evaluated using
Field data on pavement response to FWD
(i)To provide rational multidegree freedom elastodynamic analysis
were analyzed using elastodynamic
interpretation of FWD based on fourier synthesis. Dynamic & Static
technique. Static analysis of FWD
performance based on analysis of pavement are compared. Dynamic
Dynamic Analysis of Transportation overestimates (by back calculating from def.
3 elastodynamic analysis. solution obtained by multilayer computer
FWD Data Research Record data) the stiffness of pavement layer. If
(ii)Dynamic response of program "Dynamic". Static solution obtained
subgrade was smaller then larger difference
pavement is verified using by Dynamic computer at zero freq.
would have been obtained from static &
field data. CHEVRON computer program also used to
dynamic test results.
compare results.

A simple & direct method YONAPAVE is

To determine structural needs used for structural evaluation & overlay YONAPAVE sol. were reduced to simple eq.
Direct method for
of flexible pavement such as design. There are two phases: (i) NDT that can be solved by calculator which makes
evaluating structural
Transportation Eff. Structural no. (SN), pavement evaluation phase. (ii) Overlay it easy to det. SN eff. & subgrade moduli in
4 needs of flexible
Research Record subgrade mod. & overlay design phase. YONAPAVE is based on the field. The FWD def. basins can be translated
pavement with FWD
required to accommodate interpretation of measured FWD def. basins into SN eff. Values & subgrade moduli to
deflections.
future needs. using Hogg model of a thin slab, temperature monitor structural behaviour with time.
corrections were also madeof SN eff.

A multi layer finite element model (FEM) was After a study, highlighting the sesitivity of
Dynamic response of a To predict the dynamic
Soil Dynamics & developed & validated by in situ tests. the model to the layer's thickness & Youngs
flexible pavement behaviour of flexible
5 Earthquake Engg. Dynatest ELMOD to estimate the modulus of modulus, a comparison with other models &
submitted by impulsive pavement structure subjected
(Elsvier). pavement layers was used. Comparison b/w diff. Backcalculation method was made &
loading. to an impulsive load.
static & dynamic models was done. gives satisfactory results.
 STUDIES ANALYSING FWD TEST RESULTS
S.No. PAPER NAME JOURNAL OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
Finite Element (i) To develop FEM that can
Finite Element Model is developed to
Modelling & Parametric simulate FWD loading on The developed finite element model for each
simulate flexible pavement behaviour under
Analysis of viscoelastic Const. & Building pavement. P. layer & interaction b/w diff. layers &
6 impulsive FWD loading. Parametric analysis
& non linear pavement Material (ELSVIER). (ii) To analyze important boundary conditions successfully captures
was used to analyze primary factors affecting
responses under dynamic factors that should be the distinctive constitutive model.
model results, temp. gradient, etc.
FWD loading. considered in FE analysis.
To evaluate the structural
FEM computer program to analyze test Resilient Modulus of subgrade determined in
condition of jointed airfield
pavement. Deflection Basin to determine situ using FWD. Subgrade Modulus under
Structural Evaluation of concrete pavement using
Journal of moduli of pavement layers. FWD the interior of the slab is greater than under
7 Air Field rigid pavements NDT. In terms of resilient
Transportation Engg. measurements was used to determine load jointed edge. Results show that there is no
using FWD. modulus, subgrade modulus,
transfer efficiency. Winkler Model was used one to one correlation b/w deflection eff. &
joint efficiency, location of
to evaluate void area beneath slab. stress eff.
voids etc.

Dynamic analysis using FEM to evaluate the

Evaluation of layer To develop a more efficient effects of FWD testing was carried out & its
A pseudo static back calculation program
properties of flexible pseudo static backcalculation reliability was verified by comparing results
Const. & Building DYN- BAL (Dynamic Balmat) was developed
8 pavement using pseudo procedure that can predict with ABACUS. By converting FWD
Material (ELSVIER). to calculate the layer moduli after converting
static analysis procedure pavement properties using dynamic surface deflection into pseudo static
dynamic deflection into static deflection.
of FWD. FWD. surface deflection, a procedure to consider
dynamic effect of FWD test was examined.

Measurements of Sonic method was used which is based on

To determine JPCP Sonic method & temperature measurement
deflections & Structural & Physical principle of subjective evaluation of a sound
deflections to load. Also to are relevant tools to determine pavement
9 determination of JPCP aspects of Const. response, caused by 4-5 kg steel ball from a
determine Load Transfer deflection. No complex software is available
Pavements stiffness by Engg. (Procedia) height of 1m on concrete slab. Verification is
Efficiency at slab joints. for determining JPCP bearing capacity.
FWD. done by Dipstick device.
 STUDIES ANALYSING FWD TEST RESULTS
S.No. PAPER NAME JOURNAL OBJECTIVES
(i) To explore the feasibility
of characterizing subgrade
soils employing FWD
deflection measurements
FWD for estimating Journal of
10 directly on subgrade. (ii) To
subgrade elastic moduli. Transportation Engg.
discern the changes in the
Resilient Modulusof the
subgrade as subsequent layers
of pavement are constructed.
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
Dynamic cone penetrometer was used to
Subgrade is non uniform in 12 test sections.
investigate how subgrade soil could be
Backcalculated modulus value from FWD
characterized at 12 prepared subgrades for
deflection measurements on prepared
calculating (Mr). (ii) Fwd measurements were
subgrade matches the laboratory value.
taken on prepared subgrade & FWD tests
Backcalculated subgrade modulus (E - back
were repeated after constructing the pavement
2) increases by 40% for fine soils & 100%
layers. MODULUS 5 program was used for
for coarse soils.
backcalculation purpose.

Results indicate that plate responses are

Two types of dynamic soil models are significantly influenced by dynamic model &
Dynamic soil models for Transportation To investigate the influence
considered in the present study, namely various parameter.The accuracy of evaluating
backcalculation of Geotechnics & of forward soil models for
11 dynamic half space model & dynamic model elastic moduli based on dynamic
material properties from Geoecology. (Procedia Backcalculation of soil
with the presence of shallow stiff layer are backcalculation analysis is significantly
FWD def. data. Engg.) properties.
considered. depended on forward dynamic soil models
employed in the backcalculation process.