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Rare earth elements are relatively plentiful in the earth's crust, with cerium being
the 25th most abundant element at 68 parts per million. This makes it as abundant
as copper. Because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are
typically dispersed. This means they are often found in concentrated enough
clusters to make them viable to mine. It was the scarcity of these minerals that led
to them being called rare earths. Rare earths are categorised into light elements
(lanthanum to samarium) and heavy elements (europium to lutetium). The latter
are less common and consequently more expensive.

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Chemically, rare earths are strong reducing agents. Their compounds are
generally ionic and they display high melting and boiling points. Rare earths are
relatively soft when in their metallic state while those with a higher atomic number
tend to be harder. Rare earths react with other metallic and non-metallic elements
to form compounds each of which has specific chemical behaviours. This makes
them indispensable and non-replaceable in many electronic, optical, magnetic, and
catalytic applications. Rare earth compounds are commonly fluorescent under
ultraviolet light, which can assist in their identification. Rare earths also react with
water or diluted acid to produce hydrogen gas.

Click here for a Summary of Rare Earth Elements and their

Applications

Click here for a Summary of Rare Earths Compounds and their

Applications

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