TIPOS DE METODOS DE SUPRESION CONTRA INCENDIO

TIPO DILUVIO

Wáter spray systems

Los sistemas de rociado de agua para instalaciones de proceso se especifican de manera

rutinaria debido a la rápida aplicación de los sistemas y la excelente absorción de calor que

representa un sistema a base de agua. Los rociadores de agua también se usan cuando las medidas

de protección pasiva contra incendios (es decir, protección contra incendios, espaciamiento, etc.)

no pueden utilizarse en la práctica. La clave para proporcionar un sistema eficaz es garantizar que

las superficies a proteger reciban densidades de agua adecuadas y que la disposición para activar

los sistemas actúe igualmente. Con mucho, la aplicación más alta es la utilización de los sistemas

de enfriamiento. Las superficies importantes para proteger los recipientes de proceso son los
espacios de vapor y los extremos hemisféricos. Los transformadores eléctricos que contienen

fluidos combustibles se suministran con rociadores de agua donde su valor o criticidad se

considera alto

19.14 Monitors, Hydrants, and Hose Reels Monitors are considered the primary manual

firewater delivery device for process facilities, while hydrants and hose reels are considered

secondary. Monitors are ini- tial manual fire suppression devices that can be activated by operations

with lim- ited firefighting training or experience. Use of hydrants and hoses usually require additional

manpower and previous training. However, the use of a fire hose pro- vides more flexibility in the

application of water sprays and where it may be needed when it is impractical to install a monitor.

Monitors are usually placed at the process areas, while hydrants are placed at the perimeter roads,

accessible to mo- bile fire apparatus. Most monitor pipe connections may also be fitted with fire hose

connections. Hydrants should be considered as a backup water supply source to monitors and fixed

fire suppression systems. Hydrants should be located on the ring main at intervals to suitably direct
water to the fire hazard with a fire hose. Hydrant moni- tors and hose reels should be placed a

minimum of 15 m (50 ft) from the hazard they protect for onshore facilities. Hydrants in process areas

should be located so that any portion of the process unit can be reached from at least two

opposite directions with the use of 76 m (250 ft) hose lines if the approach is made from the upwind

side of the fire. Offshore hydrants are located at the main access ways at the edges of the platform for

each module. Normal access into a location should not be impeded by the placement of monitors or

hydrants. This is especially important for heavy crane access during maintenance and turnaround

activities. For offshore installations, the placement of fire protection devices is more

rigidly regulated. Monitors are normally required by regulations for the heli-deck and on open decks,

such as drilling or pipe deck where the reach and area of coverage can be effective without blockages

that would be encountered in an enclosed module. They can be effectively used in an open deck when

positioned at the edge of the deck. Heli-deck monitors should be arranged so they are normally below

the heli- deck level and should be provided with radiation heat protection screens due to their close

proximity to aircraft hazards. The heli-deck monitors are normally at the highest point in the system,

requiring the highest pressure to the firewater pumps and the source where trapped air will

accumulate. NFPA and other international regulatory bodies provide guidance on the placement of

heli-deck firewater provi- sions.

Monitors should be provided at all rotating equipment handling combustible materials and large

liquid holdup vessels. They should also be located to provide cooling water spray to the process

equipment, preferably from an upwind location. A minimum of two remotely located firewater

monitors provided at sources of potential large combustible material release is usually standard, i.e.,

rotating equip- ment such as pumps, compressors, storage vessels, and tanks. These monitors are

typically placed to provide a water spray in-between the selected equipment be- sides providing

general area protection, i.e., a water spray between two pumps to protect one pump from a seal leak

from another. Where additional monitor cov- erage is desired, but placement is unavailable, such as

at ship loading docks, monitors can be elevated on towers to improve the area of coverage. Where
moni- tors need to be sited in close proximity to a hazard, such as offshore heli-decks, a heat shield

is provided for the operator.

Before final placement is made on a monitor location during design preparation, based solely on

the distance a water stream can reach, verification should be made than an obstruction does not exist

that can block the stream (e.g., pipes and cables trays). Typical practice is to draw “coverage circles”

from the monitor on a plot plan. Where these circles intersect pipe racks, large vessels, or process

columns the water coverage will be blocked and the coverage circle should be modified ac- cordingly.

Generally, where extreme congestion exists, such as in offshore facil- ities, monitor coverage would

be ineffective due to major obstructions and conges- tion. Exposure to personnel activating the device

due to its proximity to the hazard would also be detrimental. Similar coverage for fire hydrants may

also be drawn for straight-length distances of hose segments. These may not have to

accommodate most obstructions such as pipe racks as the hose can be easily routed through or under

the pipe rack. Monitors, hydrants, and hose reels should not be located in areas that are designated

spill collection areas (i.e., tank dikes, spill curbing, drainage swales, etc.).

Monitors can be set and locked in place, while the operator evacuates or attends to other

emergency duties. A residual pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi) is required for most monitors to

effectively provide suppression and cooling water (NFPA 14) and should be verified when several

are flowing simultaneously in a high risk area. Oncoming or cross-wind effects may reduce the

performance of water monitors. When winds of 8 km/h (5 mph) are present they may reduce the range

of water sprays by as much as 50%. Consideration should be given to the placement of monitors when

the normal wind speed is such to cause performance effects. Hard rubber hose is preferred to

collapsible fabric hose for process area hose reel and for preference of immediate availability. The

tuber hose should not be al- lowed to be stored or exposed to direct sunlight for any considerable

period of time as it will cause deterioration of the material. The surface slope at the placement of all

hydrants, monitors, and hose reels should be slightly away from the device itself so water will drain

away and prevent corrosion effects. Where automotive traffic may be prevalent, protective posts
or railings may be provided around the devices to prevent impacts. The protective barriers should not

affect the hose connection, use of hoses, or obscure the spray from monitors. The post should be

provided with highly visible markings or reflec- tive paint.

19.14.1 Nozzles There are a variety of nozzles that can be provided for hoses and monitor

appli- ances. They are capable of projecting a solid, spray, or fog stream of water depend- ing on the

requirements and at varying flow rates. Straight stream nozzles have greater reach and penetration,

while fog and water sprays absorb more heat be- cause the water droplets contain a greater surface

area for heat absorption than straight water streams. Fog and water spray nozzles are also sometimes

used to assist in the dispersion of vapor or gas releases. A 32 L/s (500 gpm) nozzle with an adjustable

combination straight stream and fog tip is normally provided for fixed installation hoses. Nozzles up

to 63 l/s (1000 gpm) may be used at high hazard locations. Higher capacity nozzles are retrofitted to

existing systems, and both the firewater capacity and the drainage sys- tem capacity should be

reviewed for adequacy. Where foam agents are available, the nozzles should have the capability to

aspirate the foam solution if desired.

TESTEO DE SISTEMAS

A-2.1 General Considerations Testing of firewater distributions systems is performed to

determine if the condi- tion of the system is adequate to support a worst case credible event (WCCE)

need for firewater. The condition of the piping, leaks, existence of closed valves or sedi- ment,

operability of valves for firewater delivery systems (sprinklers, deluge, hose reels, monitors) should

be determined annually, but at a minimum every 5 years (NFPA 25, Chapter 7). Typically a network

of firewater mains is provided in a process facility that forms loops. These can be segregated into

sections or legs and performance of each can be determined by flow tests. Flow tests release quantities

of water that can then be measured and graphed. Performing an initial acceptance baseline test and

record- ing the results year to year can show the performance of the firewater system and projections

of the useful life of the system can be determined. The flow is measured by the use of a pitot tool that

is inserted into water flow to measure the velocity pressure of the fluid flow. Engineering tables are
available that convert the velocity pressure into flow based on the outlet size using the

formula Q = (A) × (V), where Q = Quantity, A = Area, V = Velocity. The following is a generic test

procedure that may be used to undertake a flow performance test of the firewater distribution

network. Determine which fire main is to be analyzed. Within this segment, select the hy- drants that

are the most remote on the system from the source of supply. Most re- mote is intended to mean the

most remote hydraulically and the selected hydrants may not be the most remote physically. A test

hydrant and flow hydrant(s) are then identified. The data collected will refer to the test hydrant. The

flow hydrant is the next downstream hydrant(s) from the test hydrant. It is imperative that the water

mains are flowing in one direction only during the test (i.e., from the test hydrant to the flow hydrant).

In the case of looped and grid- iron mains, the water may be flowing in two directions and then issuing

from the flow hydrant depending on the particular test being undertaken.

A-2.2 Firewater Distribution System A-2.2.1 Testing

Procedure • Make preparations to conduct the testing—

prepare scheduling, coordinate with operations, obtain calibrated pressure gauges (no greater than

±3% accuracy) and pitot tube measurement tool, ensure water flows will not affect

operations, etc. • Choose the “test hydrant” for the static and residual pressure readings and record

the date, time, and location of the test. Remove one of the hydrant outlet caps and attach a recently

calibrated pressure gauge cap fitted with a petcock valve. Slowly open the hydrant and bleed off any

trapped air through the petcock valve on the pressure gauge cap, then close the petcock

valve. • Record the reading on the pressure gauge as the fire flow static pressure. Leave the test

hydrant valve

open. • Continue along the fire main in the direction of water travel to the next hydrant identified as

the “flow hydrant(s).” Remove the flow hydrant outlet caps and

ver- ify the outlet internal diameter t to the nearest 1/16 of an inch. • Determine the flow hydrant co

efficient of discharge, “C” (see Appendix B4).

 • Slowly open the flow hydrant full bore and wait at least 1 min or longer until the flow

stabilizes and a clear stream is

established. • Insert the pitot tube flow measuring tool into the center of the flow hydrant out- let

water flow, bleed off air from the pitot tool, and then measure the pitot gauge pressure. The pitot tube

tip must be inserted into the center of the water flow stream at a distance of one-half the diameter

away from the outlet of the hydrant to obtain an accurate

reading. • Record the pitot tube gauge pressure. If the gauge pressure needle is oscillating,
IMPACTO AMBIENTAL GLP