Lecture Slides on

[ME 4201]
Applied Thermodynamics-II

by
Md. Golam Kibria
Lecturer, Dept. of ME
 Reference Books
– Engineering Thermodynamics (4th Edition)
Work and Heat Transfer
•Gordon Rogers & Yon Mayhew
– Engineering Thermodynamics
•Dwight C. Look, Jr. & Harry J. Sauer, Jr.
–Thermodynamics
An Engineering Approach
•Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles
–Steam Turbine Theory and Practice
•William J. Kearton
–Thermodynamics for Engineers (SI Version)
•Jesse S. Doolittle & Francis J. Hale
 Plasma
What is plasma???
The word Plasma come from the Greek and means “something molded”.
A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of
positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.

(b)
(a)
Plasma is the fourth state of matter ???
 Properties of plasma

➢ Because plasma consists of charged particles, plasma reacts

to electromagnetic fields and conducts electricity.

➢ Like gas, plasma has neither a defined shape nor volume.

➢ When plasma is exposed to a magnetic field, it may assume

structures, including layers, filaments and beams.
 Plasma production
➢ By raising the temperature of a substance until a reasonably
high fractional ionization is obtained.
➢ By ionization process that raise the degree of ionization
much above its thermal equilibrium value.
➢ By photoionization process.

➢ By gas discharge method.

 Application of Plasma
➢ Gas discharging.
➢ Controlled thermo nuclear fusion.
➢ Space physics.
➢ Modern astrophysics.
➢ MHD energy conversion and ion propulsion.
➢ Solid state plasma.
➢ Gas laser beam.
The most important application of plasma is controlled thermo
nuclear fusion.
 Plasma Confinement
The confinement which use some type of magnetic field configuration is called
plasma confinement.
4 approach for magnetic confinement:
1. Open system (magnetic mirror).
2. Closed system (Tokamark).
3. Theta pinch device.
4. Laser pillet fusion.

Fig-1. Open system (magnetic mirror). Fig-2. Closed system (Tokamark).

 Plasma Confinement

Fig-3. Theta pinch device. Fig-4. Laser pillet fusion.

 Pinch Effect
Lateral constriction of the plasma in the plasma column is known as pinch effect.
If the plasma is laterally compressed, then the density and temperature is increased ,
it is called lateral constriction.

➢ Dynamic pinch.
➢ Equilibrium pinch.
Nuclear Fusion Reaction
 Fusion Breeder
The fusion breeder is a fusion reactor designed with special blankets to maximize the
transmutation by 14 MeV neutrons of Uranium-238 to plutonium or thorium to
uranium-233 for use as a fuel for fission reactors.