Plasma physics

PRESENTED BY SAFDER HUSSAIN

AND

FAIZ UR RAHMAN
 OUTLINE

 INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA
 HISTORICAL BACKGRONUD
 PROPERTIES OF PLASMA
 NATURAL OCCURANCE OF PLASMA
 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMA
 PLASMA PRODUCTION AND CONTROL
 APPLICATION OF PLASMA PHYSICS
 CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA

 More then 99% mass of universe is in plasma state

 The fourth state of matter
 Plasma exists at very high temperature
 In plasmas, atoms and molecule lose their electrons, creating a mix of charged particles, making
it highly conductive
 plasma is not just a laboratory curiosity. It exists abundantly in the universe, including stars,
lightning, and auroras
 Plasma boasts exceptional features, including high electrical conductivity, responsiveness to
to magnetic fields, and the ability to emit light
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 The term ‘plasma’ was first introduce in 1920s by American chemist Irving Langmuir ,who
recognized that ionized gases behaved differently from other states of matter. His
work laid to the foundation for the study of plasmas as a distinct state
 More recent years, plasmas have found applications in medical treatments. Cold atmospheric
plasmas have been explored to cancer treatment
 During world war -2 physicists began investigating nuclear fusion, which powers the sun and
hydrogen bombs. They realized that extremely high temperatures were required to initiate
controlled fusion reactions, leading to the study of high temperature plasmas in nuclear fusion
research
The nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium
Is the process where hydrogen atoms
Combine under high temperature and
Pressure to form helium, releasing a
Substantial amount of energy in the sun
And potentially for future energy
Generation on earth.
WHY IT’S FASCINATING

 Infinite clean energy; fusion has the potential to provide virtually unlimited clean energy ,
with no green house emissions
 Energy density; fusion reaction release an extraordinary amount of energy. A small amount
of fuel can produce a vast amount of power, making it highly efficient
 stellar inspiration; fusion is the same process that powers stars including our sun. harnessing
this energy source on earth would belike bringing a star’s power to our
planet
 Climate solution; fusion has the potential to game changer in the fight against climate change
as it can provide large scale carbon free energy
 Challenges to overcome; while the potential is immense, achieving sustained and controlled
fusion on earth remains a complex and engineering challenge
 PROPERTIES OF PLASMA

 Plasma is formed when atoms or molecule lose or gain electrons, resulting in a mix of charged
particles, including ions and free electrons
 Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity due to the presence of free electrons
 Plasmas respond to magnetic fields, and their behavior is influenced by magnetic confinement
 Plasmas typically have low viscosity, which allows for rapid particle movements and complex
fluid dynamics
 Plasmas can transition into other state of matter, such as becoming a gas when they cool or
recombine into a solid when conditions changes
 Plasmas as a high energy state of matter, characterized by elevated temperatures and kinetic
energies of its constituent particles
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF PLASMA

 Stars including our own sun, are composed primarily of plasma

 The sun emits a constant stream of charged particles known as the solar wind. This
stream, composed of electrons and protons, forms a plasma as it travels through the
vacuum of space
 Auroras, such as the northern and southern lights, are dazzling light displays caused
by the interaction of solar wind with earth’s magnetic fields
 Lightning is another natural occurrence of plasma
 Flames from candles, campfires, and other sources contain ionized gases and emit
light due to the presence of a plasma
 Plasma is abundant in the vacuum of space. It fills the interstellar and interplanetary
regions
 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMA

 Thermal plasmas have particles with a high kinetic energy, typically at high temperature
e.g. stars
 Non-thermal plasmas have particles with a wide range of energies, with some at low temperatures
they are used in applications like plasma based materials processing and environmental treatments
 Astrophysical plasmas exists in cosmic environments, such as stars galaxies and interstellar space
 Laboratory plasmas are created and controlled in laboratory setting for research and practical
applications
 Magnetized plasmas are influenced by strong magnetic fields, magnetized plasmas are commonly
used in controlled fusion experiments like tokamaks
 Unmagnetized plasmas have a negligible effect on their behavior
 Magnetic fields are used to contain and stabilize the plasma, as seen in devices like tokamaks
Tokamaks fusion test reactor
 PLASMA PRODUCTION AND CONTROL

 Plasma created by heating a gas to high temperatures ;

plasma can be generated by some common methods
1) Thermal heating
2) Magnetic confinement
3) Radiofrequency heating
 Control and stability ;
1) Precise control of magnetic fields to contain and stabilize the plasma
2) Using sensor and computer systems
3) Utilizing diagnostics tools like spectroscopy and interferometry
to monitor the plasma behavior
 APPLICATION OF PLASMA

 Plasma is the key component in controlled nuclear fusion

 Material processing
1) Plasma welding
2) Plasma spraying
3) Plasma cutting
 Lighting
1) Plasma is used in fluorescent lamps and neon signs
2) Plasma TVs and displays use ionized gas to create images
 Medical application
1) Low temperatures plasmas is used to sterilize medical instruments and equipment
2) Plasma can be used for tooth whitening and cavity treatment
 CONCLUSION

 Plasma, the fourth state of matter that have a wide range of applications
 It plays a significant role in lightening technologies
 Plasma has applications in medical procedures
 Aerospace and defense benefit from plasma
 Plasma is used in material cutting equipment
 It controlled nuclear fusions, plasma is the medium where hydrogen isotopes
fuses to release energy,
 Ongoing research and innovations in plasma science hold the promise of even more
applications and discoveries in the future
THANK YOU