Experiment No: 5
Date:28/08/2018
Analytical calculation of starting shock wave
movement inside C. D Nozzle
To calculate the velocity of ‘starting normal shock ‘, which is moving downstream inside
Aim the diverging section of (MACH 2) C-D nozzle by using experimental data.
Every time when pressure is released into the test section, the model inside the test
section is subjected to heavy stress due to starting shock wave. The strength of the
Why this starting shock wave depends on the pressure gradient between inlet and exit.
Experiment? This experiment aims to find out the strength of the moving shock wave, the velocity of
the shock wave and the stress which produces on the model and the capacity of the model
to withstand the stress.
- Mach 2 Convergent Divergent Nozzle
Apparatus - Supersonic Tunnel
Required - Pressure Scanner
- Data acquisition system
𝛾
𝑃0 𝛾−1 2 𝛾 𝑃0 𝜌0 𝛾 𝑇0 𝛾−1
=(1+ 𝑀 )𝛾−1 & ( )= ( ) = ( )
𝑃 2 𝑃 𝜌 𝑇
Use Isentropic table to solve flow properties
Use normal shock tables to calculate flow properties normal shock
Readings from the Pressure Scanner (in psi)
Time (s)
0th 0.1 th
0.2 th
0.3th 0.4th 0.5th 3.1th
second second second second second second second
6.7 14.04 14.324 15.177 17.492 18.385 20.334 58.423
- from stagnation point to the entrance
Formula used 9.2 14 14.06 13.147 16.316 16.803 19.241 55.08
of test section of CD nozzle
10.4 13.94 13.16 11.418 13.94 14.48 15.801 47.387
Distance in (mm)
10.9 13.881 11.186 6.636 7.773 7.714 7.672 27.471
11.4 13.841 11.408 7.181 6.204 6.31 6.737 22.151
12 13.82 11.689 8.167 5.946 6.433 7.86 22.47
13.9 13.847 11.893 9.307 5.696 6.344 9.245 21.142
16.7 13.929 12.598 10.632 4.421 6.217 4.084 16.126
20.7 13.947 13.094 11.63 9.988 5.906 6 13.031
26.8 13.982 13.46 12 10.912 4.906 4.734 11.497
34.9 13.965 13.48 12.511 11.05 10.094 6.462 7.668
45.2 13.965 13.509 12.697 11.929 11.992 10.822 7.438
Note:
1. Pressure value corresponding to position “6.7” can be considered as stagnation
point
2. Stagnation temperature is assumed to be 303 K
3. “10.9” refers throat location, “45.2” refers the inlet of test section
𝑃0
Po/p
𝑃
Time (s)
th th th
0 0.1 0.2 0.3th 0.4th 0.5th 3.1th
second second second second second second second
6.7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- from stagnation point to the entrance
9.2 0.997 0.881 0.866 0.933 0.874 0.946 0.949
of test section of CD nozzle
10.4 0.992 0.828 0.752 0.797 0.788 0.777 0.949
Distance in (mm)
10.9 0.988 0.780 0.437 0.444 0.420 0.375 0.470
11.4 0.985 0.796 0.473 0.355 0.343 0.387 0.379
12 0.984 0.816 0.538 0.340 0.350 0.458 0.385
13.9 0.986 0.830 0.613 0.326 0.345 0.201 0.362
16.7 0.982 0.879 0.701 0.253 0.338 0.215 0.276
20.7 0.953 0.914 0.766 0.571 0.321 0.223 0.223
Table required 26.8 0.945 0.935 0.781 0.625 0.257 0.318 0.197
34.9 0.954 0.941 0.824 0.632 0.549 0.322 0.131
45.2 0.949 0.993 0.837 0.612 0.652 0.532 0.127
Mach Number M
Time (s)
0th 0.1th 0.2 th
0.3th 0.4th 0.5th 3.1th
second second second second second second second
6.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- from stagnation point to the entrance
9.2 0.06 0.14 0.42 0.38 0.32 0.26 0.26
of test section of CD nozzle
10.4 0.1 0.32 0.6 0.32 0.37 0.58 0.32
Distance in (mm)
10.9 0.12 0.56 1.08 1.08 1.12 1.2 1.02
11.4 0.12 0.54 1.02 1.24 1.26 1.3 1.2
12 0.14 0.5 0.92 1.28 1.26 1.18 1.2
13.9 0.14 0.45 0.8 1.3 1.26 1.06 1.2
16.7 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.48 1.28 1.64 1.42
20.7 0.1 0.32 0.55 0.86 1.32 1.38 1.56
26.8 0.08 0.28 0.54 0.5 1.44 1.37 1.66
34.9 0.08 0.26 0.5 0.75 0.9 1.32 1.74
45.2 0.08 0.26 0.48 0.70 0.74 0.52 1.96
Diagram / Photo
- Nil -
required
- Procedure
1. Firmly fix the Mach 2 CD nozzle inside test section of supersonic wind
2. tunnel
3. Run the pump until reservoir filled with enough air pressure (approx: 100 psi)
4. Close the side doors of test section with proper lock systems.
5. Connect the pressure scanner ports with respective pressure ports of CD nozzle.
6. Switch on the pressure scanner with USB drive connected (as procedure
Procedure
mentioned in the manual)
7. Open both the pressure valve of supersonic wind tunnel simultaneously so that to
create pressure difference between inlet and exit of CD nozzle
8. Keep the pressure valve in open condition until reservoir pressure reach zero.
9. Switch off pressure scanner
10. Take out the reading from the USB drive using software ‘Pressure Scanner V 1.1’.
𝑷𝟎
1. 𝑷
(for various time intervals) Vs X (Distance in (mm))
Graph Required 2. Mach Number (M) (for various time intervals) Vs X (Distance in (mm)
(Tip: Use Matlab or Excel to plot graph)
Model Graph (For
Refer “ PLOT 1 and PLOT 2 ” in Appendix B
Ref)
Refer “Flow Variation through Convergent Divergent Nozzle” in Appendix A
Inference
Refer “Starting Shock wave” in Appendix B
Conclusion
Do stress analysis for a missile shaped model by taking the moving shock “strength” as
Activity
initial condition and suggest the right material which can withstand the applied stress.
1. High-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing “Alan Pope, Kenneth L. Goin” Krieger Pub Co
2. Gas Dynamics “ Ethirajan Rathakrishnan” PHI Learning Private Limited-New Delhi
Further Readings
3. Modern compressible flow “J.D.Anderson” Tata McGraw Hill
APPENDIX A
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Flow Variation through Convergent Divergent Nozzle
The usual configuration for a converging diverging (CD) nozzle is shown in the
figure. Gas flows through the nozzle from a region of high pressure (usually referred
to as the chamber) to one of low pressure (referred to as the ambient or tank).
The chamber is usually big enough so that any flow velocities here are negligible.
The pressure here is denoted by the symbol p0. Gas flows from the chamber into the
converging portion of the nozzle, past the throat, through the diverging portion and
then exhausts into the ambient as a jet.
The pressure of the ambient is referred to as the 'back pressure' and given the symbol
pb.
A simple example
. Imagine you are controlling the
pressure in cylinder B, and measuring
the resulting mass flow rate through the
nozzle.
You may expect that the lower you
make the pressure in B the more mass
flow you'll get through the nozzle. This
is true, but only up to a point.
After certain value, it doesn't matter
how much lower you make the back
pressure (even if you make it a vacuum)
you can't get any more mass flow out of
the nozzle. We say that the nozzle
has become 'choked'.
You could delay this behavior by
making the nozzle throat bigger (e.g. grey line) but eventually the same thing would
happen.
The nozzle will become choked even if you eliminated the throat altogether and just
had a converging nozzle.
Reason for this behavior
In a steady internal flow (like a nozzle)
the Mach number can only reach 1 at a
minimum cross-sectional area.
When the nozzle isn't choked, the flow
through it is entirely subsonic and, if
you lower the back pressure a little, the
flow goes faster and the flow rate
increases.
As you lower the back pressure further
the flow speed at the throat eventually
reaches the speed of sound (Mach 1).
Any further lowering of the back
pressure can't accelerate the flow
through the nozzle anymore, because
that would entail moving the point
where M=1 away from the throat where
the area is a minimum, and so the flow
gets stuck.
The flow pattern downstream of the
nozzle (in the diverging section and jet)
can still change if you lower the back
pressure further, but the mass flow rate
is now fixed because the flow in the
throat is now fixed too.
The changes in the flow pattern after
the nozzle has become choked very
important if you were using this nozzle
to accelerate the flow out of a jet
engine or rocket and create propulsion,
or if you just want to understand how
high-speed flows work.
The flow pattern
Figure 3a shows the flow through the
nozzle when it is completely subsonic
(i.e. the nozzle isn't choked). The flow
accelerates out of the chamber through
the converging section, reaching its
maximum (subsonic) speed at the
throat. The flow then decelerates
through the diverging section and
exhausts into the ambient as a subsonic jet. Lowering the back pressure in this state increases
the flow speed everywhere in the nozzle.
Lower it far enough and we eventually get to the situation shown in figure 3b. The flow
pattern is exactly the same as in subsonic flow, except that the flow speed at the throat has
just reached Mach 1. Flow through the nozzle is now choked since further reductions in the
back pressure can't move the point of M=1 away from the throat. However, the flow pattern
in the diverging section does change as you lower the back pressure further.
As pb is lowered below that needed to just choke the flow a region of supersonic flow forms
just downstream of the throat. Unlike a subsonic flow, the supersonic flow accelerates as the
area gets bigger. This region of supersonic acceleration is terminated by a normal shock
wave. The shock wave produces a near-instantaneous deceleration of the flow to subsonic
speed. This subsonic flow then decelerates through the remainder of the diverging section and
exhausts as a subsonic jet. In this regime if you lower or raise the back pressure you increase
or decrease the length of supersonic flow in the diverging section before the shock wave.
If you lower pb enough you can extend the supersonic region all the way down the nozzle
until the shock is sitting at the nozzle exit (figure 3d). Because you have a very long region of
acceleration (the entire nozzle length) in this case the flow speed just before the shock will be
very large in this case. However, after the shock the flow in the jet will still be subsonic.
Lowering the back pressure further causes the shock to bend out into the jet (figure 3e), and a
complex pattern of shocks and reflections is set up in the jet which will now involve a
mixture of subsonic and supersonic flow, or (if the back pressure is low enough) just
supersonic flow. Because the shock is no longer perpendicular to the flow near the nozzle
walls, it deflects it inward as it leaves the exit producing an initially contracting jet. We refer
to this as overexpanded flow because in this case the pressure at the nozzle exit is lower than
that in the ambient (the back pressure)- i.e. the flow has been expanded by the nozzle too
much.
A further lowering of the back
pressure changes and weakens
the wave pattern in the jet.
Eventually we will have lowered
the back pressure enough so that
it is now equal to the pressure at
the nozzle exit. In this case, the
waves in the jet disappear
altogether (figure 3f), and the jet
will be uniformly supersonic.
This situation, since it is often
desirable, is referred to as the
'design condition'.
Finally, if we lower the back
pressure even further we will
create a new imbalance between
the exit and back pressures (exit
pressure greater than back
pressure), figure 3g. In this situation (called 'underexpanded') what we call expansion waves
(that produce gradual turning and acceleration in the jet) form at the nozzle exit, initially
turning the flow at the jet edges outward in a plume and setting up a different type of
complex wave pattern.
The pressure distribution in the nozzle
A plot of the pressure distribution along the nozzle (figure 4) provides a good way of
summarizing its behavior. To understand how the pressure behaves you have to remember
only a few basic rules
When the flow accelerates (sub or supersonically) the pressure drops
The pressure rises instantaneously across a shock
The pressure throughout the jet is always the same as the ambient (i.e. the back
pressure) unless the jet is supersonic and there are shocks or expansion waves in the
jet to produce pressure differences.
The pressure falls across an expansion wave.
The labels on figure 4 indicate the back pressure and pressure distribution for each of the
flow regimes illustrated in figure 3. Notice how, once the flow is choked, the pressure
distribution in the converging section doesn't change with the back pressure at all.
APPENDIX B
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Starting Shock wave
This experiment aims to understand the flow inside CD nozzle during startup time.
At time =0 s,
o the pressure ratio between inlet and exit reads (p/p0) = 0.994658 & inlet and throat
reads (p/p*) = 0.988675
o For which the corresponding mach numbers are Me = 0.087505 and M*= 0.127657,
which means the mach number accelerates from zero at stagnation condition and
reaches maximum value of M =0.12 at throat and again decelerates to M = 0.08 as
dictated by isentropic equation.
o At this moment flow through the nozzle is completely subsonic.
o This can be verified by area velocity relation.
At time =0.2 s
o The flow reaches M=1 at throat. (where (p/p*) = ________ )
o At this moment the flow rate of CD nozzle reached it maximum value and nozzle is
said to be “CHOCKED”.
o Any further decrease in (p/p0) ratio would not affect the mass flow rate inside the
nozzle.
o Downstream throat, it is observed that the value of Mach number immediately
decreases to subsonic. This sudden decrease in Mach number from supersonic to
subsonic indicated presence of normal shock in that particular area.
o We have learned that the stagnation pressure drops across normal shock. So, in
order to compute exact Mach number behind normal shock, we should first find out
stagnation pressure behind normal shock (due to stagnation pressure loss/change in
entropy) based on the Mach number ahead of the normal shock.
o Once we know the stagnation pressure behind normal shock, the downstream
Mach numbers can be calculated using isentropic flow assumptions.
Between t = 0.2 to 0.5 s
o It is observed that, the normal shock position inside the divergent portion of the CD
nozzle moves in downstream direction as time progress.
o These (change in location) indicate the movement of normal shock, between the
time of 0.2 to 0.5 second, from the throat to nozzle exit.
o At t = 0.5 sec, we can observe the presence of normal shock at nozzle exit. Where
(p/p0) = ______
o From the above data, we can easily calculate the speed of the normal shock. Which
is ______ m/s
At time = 3.1 sec
o The flow inside the CD nozzle reached the design condition/ isentropic flow (i.e: M=
2 for (p/p0) = _____).
o At this exact pressure ratio, the flow is considered to be completely isentropic or
shock free.
o This is the desired flow condition for conducting any experiment inside test section
for M= 2.
“From this experiment we can say that there will be a normal shock at the
beginning of experiments and it moves downstream as the pressure gradient
between inlet and exit increases and finally sucked into the second throat as the
test section reaches design Mach number.”
keep in mind:
Sometimes dust particle or water particle may clog the path between pressure ports and
pressure scanner. Care must be taken to avoid any error in results. In order to get exact
values, we must do periodic calibration of the pressure sensors present in pressure scanner
instrument.
Also we should remember that the pressure readings from the CD nozzle are extracted from
the surface of the nozzle, where the boundary layer effect is really predominant. These
boundary layer presences interact with the flow properties (especially if there is normal
shock interaction) may result in irregular pressure values (the flow may become viscous and
rotational within the boundary layer!). To obtain correct values of pressure distribution, we
must record the value at the central axis/line of the nozzle. This could be achieved by
inserting a pitot-static tube inside CD nozzle. But, inserting Pitot tube again produces shock
waves and changes the flow inside CD nozzle into non-isentropic!.
PLO T 1
PlOT 2
