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1. Learning Outcomes
2. Expansion of ideal gas
3. Isothermal expansion
3.1 Work done in reversible isothermal expansion
3.2 Work done in Reversible Isothermal Compression
3.3 Work done in Irreversible Isothermal Expansion
4. Adiabatic expansion
4.1 Final temperatures in reversible and irreversible adiabatic expansion
4.1.1. Reversible adiabatic expansion
4.1.2. Irreversible adiabatic expansion
5. Reversible isothermal expansion of real gas
5.1 Work of expansion, w
5.2 Internal energy change, U
5.3 Enthalpy change, H
5.4 Heat change, q
6. Comparison of work of expansion of an ideal gas and van der Waal gas
7. Summary
From the first law of thermodynamics we can calculate the possible changes in
thermodynamic properties such as q, w, ΔU and ΔH when expansion occurs in ideal gas. The
expansion may be isothermal or adiabatic and expansion can be reversible or irreversible.
3. Isothermal expansion
Calculation of ΔU
In isothermal expansion, the temperature of the system does not vary. The internal energy U
of an ideal gas is the function of temperature, so at constant temperature (isothermal process)
the internal energy of the system remains constant. Therefore, ΔU=0.
Calculation of ΔH
Thermodynamically, H=U+PV …(1)
Therefore, ΔH=Δ(U+PV)
= ΔU+ΔPV = ΔU+Δ n RT (from ideal gas equation) …(2)
But in isothermal process, ΔT=0 and ΔU=0, therefore ΔH=0
Calculation of q and w
From the first law of thermodynamics we derived that ΔU= q + w. Since in isothermal process
ΔU = 0, hence w= -q. This shows that by absorption of heat the work is done by the system in
isothermal expansion.
Substituting P = RT/V in the above expression for one mole of an ideal gas thus giving,
V2
V1
dV V
w RT RT ln 2 …(5)
V V1
At constant temperature, P1V1 P2 V2 for the case of ideal gas, thus work done can also be
written as
w RT ln (P1 / P2 ) …(6)
For n moles of the gas, the work done can be written as:
𝑃1
w nRT ln (V2 / V1) nRT ln (P1 / P2 ) =−2.303 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑜𝑔 …(7)
𝑃2
Since during compression the initial volume V2 > V1 and P2 < P1 thus w’ will always be
positive.
Free expansion
In free expansion the external pressure is zero, therefore the work done is given by
w
dw P
ext
dV 0 …(11)
Intermediate expansion
Let the volume expands from V1 to V2 against an external pressure Pext then the work done will
be
V2
w
V1 Pext dV Pext (V2 V1 ) …(12)
The work done during intermediate isothermal expansion is less than the work done during
reversible isothermal expansion since Pext is less than P in the case of intermediate isothermal
expansion while Pext is almost equal to P in the case of reversible isothermal expansion.
The work done by the gas during expansion is (-w),
𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Therefore, −𝑤 = 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 ( − )
𝑃2 𝑃1
𝑃
−𝑤 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 (1 − 𝑃2 ) (if P2 ≈ Pext)
1
4. Adiabatic expansion
In adiabatic expansion no heat is transferred between the system and the surroundings i.e. q=0
Thus equation for first law of thermodynamics becomes
U 0 w or w U …(13)
Since in expansion, work is done by the system so w will be negative. Thus U will also be
negative. Due to the decrease in internal energy the temperature of the system also decreases.
This states that work is done at the expense of internal energy of the gas. While in compression
w is positive therefore U will be positive which consequently increases the temperature of the
system. This states that the work is stored in the system in the form of rise in internal energy.
Calculation of H
From classical thermodynamics, enthalpy is given by
H = U + PV
So, change in enthalpy for one mole of the gas is
H U (PV) U RT …(16)
Calculation of w
In adiabatic process q=0, thus from the first law equation U = q + w, the work done will be
given by:
w U CV T
Thus from the above equations we can say that all the three quantities U , H and w are
dependent on temperature. Since the variation in temperature depends upon the nature of the
process i.e. whether the process is reversible or irreversible, thus the magnitude of
thermodynamic properties will also vary with the nature of the process.
4.1 Final Temperatures in Reversible and Irreversible Adiabatic Expansions
4.1.1 Reversible Adiabatic Expansion. The final temperature in the case of reversible
adiabatic expansion is obtained from the expressions which relate the initial and final
temperatures to the respective volumes or pressures.
Relation between Temperature and Volume. Let the expansion is done against the external
pressure P and V be the increase in volume. Then, the external work done by the system is
equal to – P V . Hence, according to the First law equation,
U = – P V …(18)
CHEMISTRY Paper No. 10: Physical Chemistry- III (Classical
Thermodynamics, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics,
Surface chemistry, Fast kinetics)
Module No. 4: Isothermal and Adiabatic expansion
Let the fall in temperature be T and U = CV T
Or CV d(ln T) R d(ln V)
𝐶𝑣
Or 𝑑(ln 𝑇) = −𝑑(ln 𝑉) ...(20)
𝑅
Integrating the above equation between the limits of temperatures T1 and T2 with the
corresponding volumes V1 and V2 then we get,
CV ln (T2 / T1) R ln (V2 / V1) R ln (V1 / V2 ) ...(21)
𝑛𝑅 𝑅
𝑉 𝐶 𝑉 𝐶
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 (𝑉1 ) 𝑣 = 𝑇1 (𝑉1 ) 𝑣,𝑚
2 2
𝑉 𝛾−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 (𝑉1 ) …(22)
2
Since in the case of expansion V2 V1and T2 T1 . Hence, a gas cools during reversible
adiabatic expansion.
4.1.2 Irreversible Adiabatic Expansion.
In this section, two cases are considered:
Free Expansion.
In the case of free expansion the external pressure is zero, thus the work done in this expansion
is also zero. Therefore, U which is equal to w, is also zero. In the case of ideal gas, the change
CHEMISTRY Paper No. 10: Physical Chemistry- III (Classical
Thermodynamics, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics,
Surface chemistry, Fast kinetics)
Module No. 4: Isothermal and Adiabatic expansion
in the internal energy is function of temperature thus accordingly if U is zero then T is also
zero. The change in enthalpy is given by H = U + nR T , as U and T are zero therefore
H is also zero. Thus, in a free adiabatic expansion, T = 0, w = 0 and H = 0.
Intermediate Expansion.
Let the gas expands from the volume V1 to V2 against a constant pressure P Ext of the gas. Then
the work done in this case will be:
Thus, T2 can be calculated from the values of CV , T1, P1, P2 and P Ext .
Now finding the expressions for w, U , H and q for reversible isothermal expansion of a
real gas
5.1 Work of expansion, w.
It is already stated that in the expansion of the gas the work done is given by:
– dw = PdV.
Which can be written as
an 2
P 2 (V nb) nRT …(27)
V
Rearranging the above equation to get the expression for pressure, we get:
nRT an 2
P …(28)
V nb V2
V nb 2 1 1
w nRT ln 2 an …(29)
V1 nb V2 V1
In the form of heat capacity, the above equation can be written as:
𝜕𝐸
= 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇 + (𝜕𝑉) 𝑑𝑉
𝑇
𝜕𝐸
(𝜕𝑉) is called internal pressure for Vander Waals gas and is given by:
𝑇
𝜕𝐸 𝑎𝑛2
(𝜕𝑉) =
𝑇 𝑉2
Rearranging the above equation, change in internal energy at constant temperature will be
dU an 2 (dV / V2 )
Integrating the above equation, the change in internal energy will be:
V2 1 1
V1 an
2 dV
dU U2 U1 U an 2 …(30)
2
V V2 V1
Now considering the equation for van der Waals gas i.e.
nRT an 2
P
V nb V2
nRTV an 2
PV
V nb V
Now substituting this expression of PV in the form of P2V2 and P1V1 in equation (33), we get
V2 V1 2 1 1
H U nRT an …(34)
V2 nb V1 nb V1 V2
V2 V1
Solving for we obtain
V2 nb V1 nb
nb (V1 V2 ) nb nb
…(35)
(V2 nb) (V1 nb) V2 nb V1 nb
nb nb 2 1 1
H U nRT an
V2 nb V1 nb V1 V2
1 1 2 1 1
H n 2 bRT 2an …(36)
V2 nb V1 nb V2 V1
Now substituting the expressions for w and U obtained from equation (29) and (30) we finally
get
𝑉 −𝑛𝑏 1 1
−𝑤 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 (𝑉2 −𝑛𝑏) + 𝑎𝑛2 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
1 2 1
V nb
q nRT ln 2
V1 nb
While that for van der Waals gas the work done is
V2 nb 2 1 1
- w vdw nRT ln an …(37)
V1 nb V2 V1
1 1 an 2 (V2 V1 )
- w ideal ( w vdw ) an 2 …(38)
V2 V1 V1V2
Since in expansion, final volume V2 is greater than the initial volume V1 therefore using
this in equation (38) we conclude that the reversible work done in the case of ideal gas is greater
than that for van der Waal gas. This can also be explained physically. An ideal gas has no
intermolecular forces whereas a real (van der Waals) gas has considerable intermolecular
forces. Thus, in an ideal gas, the heat supplied is fully utilized in doing the work of expansion
whereas in a real gas, a part of the heat supplied is used in overcoming the intermolecular forces
of attraction and the balance amount of heat is utilized in doing the work of expansion.
Consequently, the work done in the expansion of an ideal gas is numerically greater than the
work done in the expansion of a real gas.
Exercise
Question 1: One mole of benzene is converted reversibly into vapour at its boiling point 80.2ºC
by supplying heat. The vapour expands against the pressure of 1 atm. The heat of vaporization
of benzene is 395 J g-1. Calculate q, w, ΔE and ΔH for the process.
Solution: The process is
𝐶6 𝐻6 (𝑙𝑖𝑞) 𝐶6 𝐻6 (𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟)
Heat supplied for conversion of 1 mole of benzene into its vapour.
q = Heat of Vapourization per g * molecular weight of benzene
q = (395 J g-1)*(78 g mol-1)
q = 30810 J mol-1
Work done will be:
-w = PΔV
= P ( Vf – Vi) = P Vf = RT (Vf >> Vi)
T= 273 + 80.2 = 353.2 K
-w = 8.314 * 353.2 = 2936.5 J mol-1
50
−𝑤 = 2.303 ∗ (0.082 ∗ 273) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 1 )
−𝑤 = 8352 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
1 1
∆𝐸 = −𝑎 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
2 1
1 1
= −(6.5) (50 − 1) = 645.4 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑞 = ∆𝐸 − 𝑤
= 8997.6 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
V nb 2 1 1
w nRT ln 2 an - real gas
V1 nb V2 V1
Heat change, q
q = -w
V2
dV V2
Thus, q RT RT ln - ideal gas
V1 V V1
V nb
q nRT ln 2 - real gas
V1 nb
Enthalpy change , ΔH
ΔH=0 - ideal gas
1 1 2 1 1
H n 2 bRT 2an - real gas
V2 nb V1 nb V2 V1