Adiabatic

Process
Isothermal process

• P,V may change but temperature is

constant.
• The cylinder must have conducting walls
• It must happen very slowly so that heat
produced during compression is
absorbed by surroundings and heat lost
during compression is supplied by
surroundings.
Adiabatic process

• In an adiabatic process, the system is

insulated from the surroundings and heat
absorbed or released is zero. Since there is
no heat exchange withthe surroundings,

• When expansion happens temperature falls

• When gas is compressed, temperature

rises.
Kinds of Processes

Often, something is held constant.

Examples:

dV = 0 isochoric or isovolumicprocess
dQ = 0 adiabatic process
dP = 0 isobaric process
dT = 0 isothermal process
 Isothermal processes
• Work done when PV = nRT = constant  P = nRT / V
final
W   p dV  (area under curve)
initial
Vf Vf

W    nRT dV /V   nRT  dV /V
Vi Vi

W  nRT n(Vf/Vi )
3 T1
p
T2
T4 T3

V
 Adiabatic Processes
An adiabatic process is process in which there is no thermal
energy transfer to or from a system (Q = 0)

A reversible adiabatic
process involves a
“worked” expansionin 4
which wecan return all of 2
3 T1
the energytransferred. p
1 T2
In this case
T4 T3
PV = const.
V
All real processes are
not.
Adiabatic Process

•For an ideal gas, and most real gasses,

•đQ = dU + PdV
•đQ = CVdT + PdV,.

•Then, when đQ = 0, dT  
PdV
CV

8
Adiabatic Process

For an ideal gas, PV=nRT,

so PV PdV  VdP
T , and dT 
nR nR
Then,
 PdV PdV  VdP

CV nR

9
 Adiabatic Process

T  pV , and dT  PdV  VdP

nR nR
Then,
PdV PdV  VdP  1  1  VdP
0   PdV  
CV nR CV nR  nR
nR  CV  VdP
0  PdV 
 C nR  nR
V

10
Adiabatic Process

nR  CV 
0  PdV   VdP
 CV 
nR  CV  C P
C P 
0  PdV   VdP   PdV VdP
CV 
Cp
where,  
CV
11
Adiabatic Process

 PdV VdP  0
dV dP
   0, which can beintegrated,
V P
 lnV  ln P  constant
lnV  ln P  lnPV constant
 

PV   constant
12
 Adiabatic Process
 PV

 constant
 With the help of PV  nRT
 this can also be expressed as,

 TV
 1
 constant
T 

 1
 constant
P

13
 for “Ideal Gasses”

2
  1

2
monatomic :   1  1.67
3
2
diatomic :   1  1.40
5
2
polyatomic:   1  1.33
6
14
Combinations of Isothermal & Adiabatic Processes
All engines employ a thermodynamiccycle
W = ± (area under each pV curve)

Wcycle= area shaded in turquoise

Watch sign of thework!

 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS:
CONST. TEMPERATURE, T = 0, U =
0
Q = U + W AND Q = W
QIN QOUT
Work Out Work
U = 0 U = 0
In

NET HEAT INPUT = WORK OUTPUT

WORK INPUT = NET HEAT OUT
ISOTHERMAL EXAMPLE (Constant T):
A
PA
B
PB

U = T = 0 V2 V1

Slow compression at
constant temperature:
PAVA = PBVB
----- No change in U.
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION (Constant
T):
A
PA PAVA = PBVB
B
PB
TA = TB
VA VB
U = T = 0

400 Jof energy is

Isothermal Work
absorbed by gas as 400 J
of workis done on gas. VB
W  nRT ln
T = U = 0 VA
 ADIABATIC PROCESS:
NO HEAT EXCHANGE, Q = 0

Q = U + W ; W = -U or U = -W
W = -U U = -W
Work Out Wor
U +U
k
Q = 0
In

Work done at EXPENSE of internal energy

INPUT Work INCREASES internal energy
 ADIABATIC EXAMPLE:

A
PA
B

PB

V1 V2

Insulated Expanding gas does

Walls: Q = 0 work withzero heat
loss. Work = -U
 ADIABATIC EXPANSION:
A
PA PAVA PBVB
B =
PB TA TB
Q = 0 VA VB

400 Jof WORK is done,

DECREASING the internal
energy by 400 J: Net heat PV  P V

A A

B B
exchange is ZERO. Q =
0
 ADIABATIC EXAMPLE:

Example 2: A diatomic gas at 300 K and

1 atm is compressed adiabatically, decreasing
its volume by 1/12. (VA = 12VB). What is the
new pressure and temperature? ( = 1.4)

 
B
PB PAVA = PBVB
A
PA PAVA PBVB
=
Q = 0 VB VA TA TB
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): FIND PB
 
B PAVA = PBVB
PB
300 K Solve for PB:
1 atm
A 
 VA 
PB  P A  
Q = 0 VB 12VB  VB 

 12VB 
1.4

PB  PA   PB = 32.4 atm
 VB 
or 3284 kPa
PB  (1 atm)(12)1.4
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): FIND TB

B TB=? PAVA PBVB


32.4 atm
TA TB
300 K
1 atm
A
Solve for TB
Q = 0 VB 12VB

(1 atm)(12VB) (32.4 atm)(1VB)

=
(300 K) TB

TB = 810 K
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): If VA= 96 cm3
and VA= 8 cm3, FIND W

B 810 K
32.4 atm Since Q =
300 K 0,
1 atm
A
W = - U
Q = 0 8 cm3 96 cm3

W = - U = - nCV T & CV= 21.1 j/mol K

PV
Find n from n=
point A
PV = nRT
RT
ADIABATICand VA=If8Vcm
(Cont.): A= 3, FIND
96 cm3 W

PV (101,300 Pa)(8 x10-6 m3)

n= =
RT (8.314 J/mol K)(300 K)

n = 0.000325 mol & CV= 21.1 j/mol K

T = 810 - 300 = 510 K B 810 K

32.4 atm
W = - U = - nCV T 300 K
1 atm
A
W = - 3.50 J 8 cm3 96 cm3