Date : (1C) 20March (1D) 21 March (1E) 20March (1F) 22 March

Students will be able to

analyze in
typical heating and cooling
applications by applying the

.
 Concepts
A. Conservation of thermal energy
B. Energy graphs
C. Low temperature physics
D. Thermodynamic processes
( isothermal – isovolumetric- isobaric-
adiabatic )
E. Phase changes
 Skills
A. Explain p-v graphs
B. Calculate the work done as gases are
compressed/expanded both mathematically and
graphically
C. Determine equilibrium temperatures in
heating/cooling situation
D. Describe how 1st Law of thermodynamics is
applicable for each type of thermodynamic process.
E. Explain methods to produce low temperature near
absolute zero.
F. Describe applications for low temperature physics.
A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
• A system is a closed environment in
which heat transfer can take place.
• For example, the gas, walls, and
cylinder of an automobile engine.
 Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed
The first law of thermodynamics
is a generalization of the principle
of conservation of energy to
include energy transfer through
heat as mechanical work.
 Specific Latent
heat heat
Q = mc∆T Q = mL
Heat flow into the system
Heat flow out of the system
 INTERNAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM
• The internal energy U of a system is the
total of all kinds of energy possessed by
the particles that make up the system.
Usually thehere.
Type equation internal energy
consists of the sum of the
potential and kinetic energies
of the working gas molecules.

T cons.
T 𝑼 ∆𝑼+ T 𝑼 ∆𝑼− U cons. ∆ 𝑼 = 𝟎
TWO WAYS TO INCREASE THE INTERNAL
ENERGY, U.

+U

WORK DONE HEAT PUT INTO

ON A GAS A SYSTEM
W is negative Q is positive
TWO WAYS TO DECREASE THE INTERNAL
ENERGY, U.
Wout
Qout

-U
hot hot

WORK DONE BY
HEAT LEAVES A
EXPANDING GAS SYSTEM
W is positive Q is negative
❖ Consider the infinitesimal
work done by the gas
(system) during the small
expansion, dy in a cylinder
with a movable piston as
shown in the figure.
A
dy
❖ Suppose that the cylinder 
has a cross sectional area, A Gas F
and the pressure exerted by
the gas (system) at the piston
face is P.
❖ Work done by gas Motion of piston
(Expansion)
Air
When the air is expanded, the
molecule loses kinetic energy
and does positive work on
piston. Expansion
❖ Work done on gas Air
(Compression)
Initially

When the air is compressed,

the molecule gains kinetic
Air
energy and does negative Motion of piston
work by piston. Compression
 dW = F. dy
= PA. dy
dW = P dV
𝒇
W = ‫𝑽𝒅𝑷 𝒊׬‬
W   PdV  PV2  V1 
V1 : initial volume of the gas
V2 : final volume of the gas Work done
Work done
By the On the
system dy system
A
P
dV + dV -
W+ dV = 0 W = 0 W-
 Work done is the area
State under the curve

Process
State
Compression Path
Expansion
 P 1 2
W  PV P1

Work done
W  PV2  V1  at 0 V
constant W  P1 V2  V1   0
pressure
P
P2 2

Work done
W 0
at
W 0 constant P1 1
volume 0 V
V1
 V2
W   V1
pdV

P
When a gas is expanded from 1
P1
V1 to V2

Work done by gas,

P2 2
W 0
0 V1 V2 V
Expansion
P
When a gas is compressed from
V1=> V2 P2 2
Work done on gas,
P1 1
Since V2< V1 the value of work done is (-)
W 0
0 V2 V
Compression 1 V
• The change in the
internal energy P
(U) of a system 1 3
P1
during any
thermodynamic
process is
independent of P2
4 2
path. 0 V1 V2 V

U is constant U12  U142  U132

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

U=Q-W final - initial)

“When heat is added to a system, some of

it remains in the system increasing its
internal energy, while the rest leaves the
system as the system does work.”
• The net heat put into a system is
equal to the change in internal
energy of the system plus the work
done BY the system.

Q = U + W
• Conversely, the work done ON a
system is equal to the change in
internal energy plus the heat lost in
the process.
SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR
FIRST LAW
+Wout
• Heat in is positive +Qin
• Work BY a gas is positive U
-Win
• Work ON a gas is negative U

• Heat OUT is negative -Qout

Q = U + W
 APPLICATION OF FIRST
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Example 1: In the figure, the
gas absorbs 400 J of heat and Wout =120 J
at the same time does 120 J
of work on the piston. What
is the change in internal
energy of the system? Qin
400 J
Apply First Law:

Q = U + W
 Example 1 (Cont.): Apply First Law

Q is positive: +400 J (Heat IN) Wout =120 J

W is positive: +120 J (Work OUT)
Qin
Q = U + W
400 J
U = Q - W

U = Q - W
U = +280 J
= (+400 J) - (+120 J)= +280 J
The 400 J of input thermal energy is used to
Energy is perform 120 J of external work, increasing the
conserved internal energy of the system by 280 J
 P(kPa )
Example 2 : D
300 C

150 B
A
0 V (10 2 m 3 )
2.0 4.0
A vessel contains an ideal gas in condition A. When the
condition of the gas changes from A to that of B, the
gas system undergoes a heat transfer of 10.5 kJ.
When the gas in condition B changes to condition C,
there is a heat transfer of 3.2 kJ. Calculate

a. the work done in the process ABC,

b. the change in the internal energy of the gas in the process ABC,
c. the work done in the process ADC,
d. the total amount of heat transferred in the process ADC.
a. The work done in the process ABC is given by :

WABC  WAB  WBC

W = P.dV
but WBC  0 as dV = 0
WABC  WAB  W0BC

WABC  PA VB  VA 

WABC  150  10 4.0  10
3 2
 2.0  10 2

WABC  3000 J
B. The change in the internal energy of the gas in the
process ABC

By applying the 1st law of thermodynamics for abc, thus

QABC  U ABC  WABC

U ABC  QAB  QBC   WABC


U ABC  10.5  10  3.2  10  3000
3 3

U ABC  1.07 10 4 J
c. The work done in the process ADC is given by :

ADC  WAB
WABC AD  WBC
DC

W = P.dV
but DC  0
WBC as dV = 0
ADC  WAB
WABC AD  W0BC

ADC  PA VBD  VA 
WABC
ADC  300
WABC 
150  10 4.0  10
3 2
 2.0  10 2

WABC  6000
3000 J
d. The total amount of heat transferred in the process
ADC

By applying the 1st law of thermodynamics for ADC, thus

QADC  U ADC  WADC

and U ADC  U ABC

QADC  U ABC  WADC

QADC  1.07 10 4  6000

QADC  1.67 10 4 J

 FOUR THERMODYNAMIC
PROCESSES
• Isochoric (Isovolumetric) Process:
V = 0, W = 0
• Isobaric Process: P = 0
• Isothermal Process: T = 0, U = 0
• Adiabatic Process:
Q = 0

The ideal gas law PV = nRT

 0
Q = U + W so that Q = U
QIN QOUT

No Work
+U -U
Done

HEAT IN = INCREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

HEAT OUT = DECREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

 ISOCHORIC EXAMPLE
No Change in
volume: P2 B
Heat input
increases P P1 A
with const. V
V1= V2
400 J
400 J heat input increases
internal energy by 400 J
and zero work is done.
For example, heating a gas in a
closed constant volume container
 Q = U + W But W = P V
QIN QOUT

Work Out
+U -U Work In

HEAT IN = Wout + INCREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

HEAT OUT = Win + DECREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY
 ISOBARIC EXAMPLE (Constant Pressure):
A B
P
Heat input
increases V
V1 V2 with const. P
400 J

400 J heat does 120 J of

For example, work, increasing the
boiling water at internal energy by 280 J.
constant pressure Work = Area under PV curve
 Q = U + W AND Q = W
QIN QOUT
Work Out Work
U = 0 U = 0
In

Isothermal Work
NET HEAT INPUT = WORK OUTPUT
WORK INPUT = NET HEAT OUT VB
W  nRT ln
VA
 ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION (Constant T):
A
PA PAVA = PBVB
B
PB
TA = TB
VA VB
U = T = 0
Slow compression at constant temperature
400 J of energy is absorbed
by gas as 400 J of work is
done on gas.
T = U = 0
Q = U + W ; W = -U or U = -W
W = -U U = -W
Work Out Work In
U +U
Q = 0

Work done at EXPENSE of internal energy

INPUT Work INCREASES internal energy
 ADIABATIC EXPANSION:
A
B
Q = 0 PB

Insulated Walls VA VB

400 J of WORK is done,

DECREASING the internal
energy by 400 J: Net heat
exchange is ZERO. Q = 0
 Example 3 :
Air is contained in a cylinder by a
frictionless gas-tight piston.
Calculate the work done by the air as it expands from a
volume of 0.015 m3 to a volume of 0.027 m3 at a
constant pressure of 2.0  105 Pa.
Solution :
Given
W  P1 V2  V1 
V1  0.015 m ; V2  0.027 m ;
3 3

P1  2.0 10 Pa
5 W  2.0 105 0.027  0.015

The work done by the air is: W  2400 J